the nature of our solar system
DESCRIPTION
The Nature of Our Solar System. 8. Uranus. Neptune. Jupiter. Saturn. Outer planets Jovian planets Gas planets. Earth. Mars. Venus. Mercury. Inner planets Terrestrial planets. SUN. Asteroid Belt. Astronomical Unit (AU) distance from the sun to earth. SUN. 1 astronomical unit. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Nature of OurSolar System
8.8.
SUNSUNMercuryMercury
VenusVenus
EarthEarthMarsMars
JupiterJupiter SaturnSaturn
UranusUranus NeptuneNeptune
Asteroid BeltAsteroid Belt
Outer planetsJovian planets
Gas planets
Inner planetsTerrestrial planets
SUNSUN
Astronomical Unit (AU)Astronomical Unit (AU)• distance from the sun to earthdistance from the sun to earth
1 astronomical unit1 astronomical unit
93 million miles93 million miles
So, how many miles is 3 AU?So, how many miles is 3 AU?3 X 93 million = 279,000,000 miles3 X 93 million = 279,000,000 miles
I I the planets.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:
1.Write down the order of planets. Know them backwards and forwards.
2. Define an astronomical unit.
How big do you think the EarthHow big do you think the Earthis comparedis compared
with other celestial bodieswith other celestial bodies??
The sun represents 99.85% The sun represents 99.85% of the solar system mass.of the solar system mass.
Our sun (star) is compared to otherOur sun (star) is compared to otherstars in the universe.stars in the universe.
Our sun (star) is compared to other stars in the universe.
What beliefs existed about our solar system?What beliefs existed about our solar system?Ancient astronomy:Ancient astronomy:
The Early Greeks:The Early Greeks:• 600 BC – 150 AD600 BC – 150 AD• used geometry / trigonometry principlesused geometry / trigonometry principles
• presented the “geocentric” modelpresented the “geocentric” model• all heavenly bodies move around all heavenly bodies move around the earth – the earth is motionlessthe earth – the earth is motionless• presented by Claudius Ptolemy – presented by Claudius Ptolemy – The The AlmagestAlmagest, 141 AD, 141 AD
The solar system was viewed as a geocentric model.The solar system was viewed as a geocentric model.• based on planetary motion observationsbased on planetary motion observations
Earth-centeredEarth-centered
GeoGeocentriccentric
EarthEarth centercenter
Proposed byProposed byPtolemyPtolemy
RetrogradeRetrogrademotionmotion
Geocentric modelGeocentric modelproposed byproposed byPtolemyPtolemy
RetrogradeRetrogrademotionmotion
I astronomy.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:1. Describe the geocentric model.2. What is retrograde motion?3. Describe what an observer would see during a planet’s retrograde motion.
The Birth of Modern Astronomy:The Birth of Modern Astronomy:The breakthrough from philosophical and The breakthrough from philosophical and
religious views:religious views:
Nicholas CopernicusNicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543) (1473 – 1543)• Concluded the earth is another planetConcluded the earth is another planet• Daily motions of earth can be explained byDaily motions of earth can be explained by a rotating eartha rotating earth• Developed the heliocentric model – the sun-Developed the heliocentric model – the sun- centered earthcentered earth• Used circles as orbital paths for each planetUsed circles as orbital paths for each planet
The Copernican view of the solar systemThe Copernican view of the solar system
Sun-centeredSun-centered
heliocentriccentric
SunSun centercenter
Proposed byProposed byCopernicusCopernicus
SUNSUN
EarthEarth
I solar system history.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
1.How does geocentric retrograde motion compare to heliocentric retrograde motion?
2. Describe the differences between the geocentric and heliocentric solar system models.
The Birth of Modern AstronomyThe Birth of Modern Astronomy
Tycho BraheTycho Brahe (1546 – 1601) (1546 – 1601)• Danish nobility – CopenhagenDanish nobility – Copenhagen• Designed and built “pointers” that accuratelyDesigned and built “pointers” that accurately predicted the positions of planets in the skypredicted the positions of planets in the sky• DID NOTDID NOT believe in the heliocentric model believe in the heliocentric model
• Stars in the background should be Stars in the background should be shifting every six months?shifting every six months?• The stellar parallax conceptThe stellar parallax concept “ “thumb demonstration”thumb demonstration”
Stellar ParallaxStellar Parallax
How far is far? - Astronomical distances?How far is far? - Astronomical distances?
Using parallax• the “slight” shifting of a star due to the orbit of the earth around our sun
6 months later
From earth theobserved star is shifted relative tothe background stars.
Close stars willshift at larger angles.Distant stars will shift at smaller angles.
I Tycho Brahe.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
1.What is Tycho Brahe’s contribution to our understanding of the solar system?2. 2. Explain the concept of stellar parallax.3. How does the “thumb” test show stellar parallax?
The Birth of Modern Astronomy:The Birth of Modern Astronomy:
Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)• Used Brahe's data to enhance the three laws ofUsed Brahe's data to enhance the three laws of planetary motionplanetary motion • A mathematical mindA mathematical mind• An emphasis on interstellar accuracy!An emphasis on interstellar accuracy!• Proposed 3 laws of planetary motionProposed 3 laws of planetary motion• based on 10 years of mathematical computingbased on 10 years of mathematical computing• “ “Mars” did not fit the Brahe modelMars” did not fit the Brahe model
Kepler’s 1Kepler’s 1stst law of planet motion law of planet motionThe Law of EllipsesThe Law of Ellipses
• All planets follow All planets follow ellipticalelliptical orbit orbit paths (not circular paths!)paths (not circular paths!)
Kepler’s 2Kepler’s 2ndnd law of planet motion law of planet motion• The closer the planet is to the sun,The closer the planet is to the sun, the faster it “sweeps” around the faster it “sweeps” around the sun ---the sun ---
Close / fastClose / fastFar / slowFar / slow
Kepler’s 3Kepler’s 3rdrd law of planetary motion law of planetary motionTTaa
22 / T / Tbb22 = R = Raa
33 / R / Rbb33
•Square of any planet's orbital period (sidereal) is proportional to cube of its Square of any planet's orbital period (sidereal) is proportional to cube of its mean distance (semi-major axis) from Sun mean distance (semi-major axis) from Sun •Mathematical statement: T = kRMathematical statement: T = kR3/23/2 , where T = sidereal period, and R = semi- , where T = sidereal period, and R = semi-major axis major axis •Example - If a is measured in astronomical units (AU = semi-major axis of Example - If a is measured in astronomical units (AU = semi-major axis of Earth's orbit) and sidereal period in years (Earth's sidereal period), then the Earth's orbit) and sidereal period in years (Earth's sidereal period), then the constant k in mathematical expression for Kepler's third law is equal to 1, constant k in mathematical expression for Kepler's third law is equal to 1, and the mathematical relation becomes Tand the mathematical relation becomes T22 = R = R33
Examples of Kepler's Third Law Planet P (yr) a (AU) T2 R3
Mercury 0.24 0.39 0.06 0.06Venus 0.62 0.72 0.39 0.37Earth 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Mars 1.88 1.52 3.53 3.51
Jupiter 11.9 5.20 142 141Saturn 29.5 9.54 870 868
The third law says:One can calculate thedistance of a planetfrom the sun – That’sall folks!
SUNSUN
Orbital periods - Elliptical patternsOrbital periods - Elliptical patterns
..62 y62 y
1.0 y1.0 y
1.88 y1.88 y11.86 y11.86 y
29.46 y29.46 y
The more distance – the longer the orbital periodThe more distance – the longer the orbital period
I Johannes Kepler.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.Describe EACH law of planetary motion presented by Johannes Kepler.2. How do these laws influence our knowledge and travel in our solar system?
April 25, 2012
Agenda: SILENCE YOUR CELL PHONESILENCE YOUR CELL PHONE• SAF field trip – Sign-upSAF field trip – Sign-up• Solar System LectureSolar System Lecture• Need 8 X 11 sheet of paperNeed 8 X 11 sheet of paper• All QR’s graded – All QR’s graded – • Solar System QR DUE TODAYSolar System QR DUE TODAY• TH-Quiz onlineTH-Quiz online• EXAM-3 Wednesday May 2, 2012EXAM-3 Wednesday May 2, 2012
• Buena Vista Museum Buena Vista Museum
The Birth of Modern AstronomyThe Birth of Modern Astronomy
Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) (1564 – 1642)• Strongly supported the heliocentric modelStrongly supported the heliocentric model• Greatest contribution to astronomy – the Greatest contribution to astronomy – the descriptions of moving objectsdescriptions of moving objects
All astronomical discoveries were made withoutAll astronomical discoveries were made withouta telescope a telescope • 1609 – constructed the first telescope1609 – constructed the first telescope• 3 times the actual size3 times the actual size• 30 times the actual size 30 times the actual size
With the telescope – Galileo made severalWith the telescope – Galileo made severaldiscoveries that supported the Copernicandiscoveries that supported the Copernicanmodel.model.
Galileo’s discoveries in a “nutshell”Galileo’s discoveries in a “nutshell”
1.1. Discovery of Jupiter's moons (4) – predicted the Discovery of Jupiter's moons (4) – predicted the periods and showed the earth is not in the centerperiods and showed the earth is not in the center2. The planets are “spheres,” not points of light2. The planets are “spheres,” not points of light3. Discovery of phases of Venus – and it is the 3. Discovery of phases of Venus – and it is the second planet from the sunsecond planet from the sun4. Discovered the topography of the moon – NOT 4. Discovered the topography of the moon – NOT smooth and made of cheesesmooth and made of cheese5. Discovered that the sun had sun-spots – leading to5. Discovered that the sun had sun-spots – leading to the calculation of the sun’s rotationthe calculation of the sun’s rotation
The Birth of Modern AstronomyThe Birth of Modern Astronomy
Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)• ““Greatest genius ever to exist in mathematics andGreatest genius ever to exist in mathematics and physics”physics”• Realized what the gravitational force isRealized what the gravitational force is•Keeps the planets from leaving --- and not Keeps the planets from leaving --- and not following a straight line (the tetherball conceptfollowing a straight line (the tetherball concept))
Universal Gravitational TheoryUniversal Gravitational TheoryEvery body in the universe attracts every otherEvery body in the universe attracts every other
body with a force that is directly proportional body with a force that is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to to their masses and inversely proportional to
the distance between them – the distance between them – BIGGER OBJECTS ATTRACT SMALLER OBJECTS.BIGGER OBJECTS ATTRACT SMALLER OBJECTS.
Universal Gravitation:Universal Gravitation:• Gravity gets weaker as distance increases.Gravity gets weaker as distance increases.• Smaller objects are attracted to bigger Smaller objects are attracted to bigger objects.objects.
Big ObjectBig Object
SmallSmallobjectobject
MoonMoonBig Big objectobject
SmallSmallobjectobject
Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton• Proved the force of gravityProved the force of gravity• Earth moves forward about 30 km/s (18.5 mi/s)Earth moves forward about 30 km/s (18.5 mi/s)• The sun pulls the earth about .5 cmThe sun pulls the earth about .5 cm
18.5 km/s18.5 km/s
.5 cm.5 cm
I Galileo and Newton.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.How did Galileo contribute to our understanding of the solar system?2. What is Newton’s contribution to our solar system --- the way we look at the solar system today?
23.523.5oo
As the earth orbits around the sun, insolation is directed above and below
the equator during the year.
Reasons for the Earth’s SeasonsReasons for the Earth’s Seasons
Earth’s axis is tilted atEarth’s axis is tilted at23.523.5oo
Why does the earth have seasons?Why does the earth have seasons?The most common wrong answer:The earth gets close and far from
the sun during its one-year revolution.
June 21June 21Summer solsticeSummer solstice
Sept 21Sept 21Autumn equinoxAutumn equinox
Dec 21Dec 21Winter solsticeWinter solstice
March 21March 21Vernal equinoxVernal equinox TodayToday
Northern Hemisphere SeasonsNorthern Hemisphere Seasons
AprilApril
SunSun
Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of CancerEquator
When is the sun directly over your head?
June 21Summer solstice
Vernal and Autumnalequinox
March 21 / Sept 21
Dec 21Winter solstice
Seasons in the Northern HemisphereSeasons in the Northern Hemisphere
23.5 North23.5 North
23.5 South23.5 South
0 degrees0 degrees
The view of earth from the sun’s perspectiveThe view of earth from the sun’s perspective
simulated path of the sun over 1 year
SUN SUN
June 21(longest day)June 21(longest day)
Dec 21(shortest day)Dec 21(shortest day)
July July AugustAugustSeptemberSeptemberOctoberOctoberNovemberNovemberJanuaryJanuary
FebruaryFebruaryMarchMarchAprilApril
MayMay
Bakersfield, CaliforniaBakersfield, California
Bakersfield College
I The seasons.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:1.Describe why the earth experiences the four seasons. Use terms such as:
tilt of earth, equinoxes, solstice, tropics of Capricorn and Cancer
An Overview of the PlanetsAn Overview of the Planets
1500 years of astronomicalcontributions
Know the “common differences” betweenKnow the “common differences” betweeninner and outer planetsinner and outer planets
MercuryMercury
4878 km4878 km3105 mi3105 mi
Axial tilt: Axial tilt: 0000
1 day1 day 167 days167 days
MoonsMoons 00Surface TSurface T 332 332 00CC
Named after the ancientNamed after the ancientgod of messengersgod of messengers
Atmosphere Atmosphere none none
Mercury is 36 million miles from the SUN.Mercury is 36 million miles from the SUN.
Orbital periodOrbital period 88 days88 days
VenusVenus Axial tilt: Axial tilt: 17717700
1 day1 day 116 days116 days
MoonsMoons 00
Named after the Roman Named after the Roman goddess of lovegoddess of love• All features are namedAll features are named after womenafter women• Maxwell Montes (Mt. range)Maxwell Montes (Mt. range) “ “only man on Venus”only man on Venus”
Atmosphere Atmosphere Thick CO Thick CO22
12,102 km12,102 km7520 mi7520 mi
Venus is 67 million miles from the SUN.Venus is 67 million miles from the SUN.
Surface TempSurface Temp 867 867 00FF
Orbital PeriodOrbital Period 225 days225 days
EarthEarthAxial tilt: Axial tilt: 23.523.500
1 day1 day 1 day1 day
MoonsMoons 11
Named after Gaea (Greek)Named after Gaea (Greek)• Named for all livingNamed for all living thingsthings
Atmosphere Atmosphere O, N O, NSurface TempSurface Temp 60 60 00FF
Orbital PeriodOrbital Period 365 days365 days12,756 km7926 mi
Earth is 93 million miles from the SUN.Earth is 93 million miles from the SUN.
MarsMarsAxial tilt: Axial tilt: 25.225.200
1 day1 day 24.6 hr24.6 hr
MoonsMoons 22
Named after Roman godsNamed after Roman godsof war (the red planet)of war (the red planet)
Atmosphere Atmosphere CO CO22
Surface TempSurface Temp -85 -85 00FF
Orbital PeriodOrbital Period 687 days687 days
Mars is 141 million miles from the SUN.Mars is 141 million miles from the SUN.
6794 km6794 km4221 mi4221 mi
JupiterJupiterAxial tilt: Axial tilt: 3.133.1300
Length of dayLength of day 10 hr10 hr
MoonsMoons 6363
Named after the RomanNamed after the Romangod of lightninggod of lightning
Atmosphere Atmosphere H H22, He, HeSurface TempSurface Temp -166 -166 00FF
Orbital PeriodOrbital Period 11.9 yr11.9 yr
Jupiter is 483 million miles from the SUN.Jupiter is 483 million miles from the SUN.
142,984 km142,984 km88,846 mi88,846 mi
SaturnSaturnAxial tilt: Axial tilt: 26.726.700
Length of dayLength of day 10.6 hr10.6 hr
MoonsMoons 4747
Named after RomanNamed after Romanlord of the ringslord of the rings
Atmosphere Atmosphere H H22, He, HeSurface TempSurface Temp -140 -140 00FF
Orbital PeriodOrbital Period 29.5 yrs29.5 yrs
Saturn is 887 million miles from the SUN.Saturn is 887 million miles from the SUN.
120,536 km
120,536 km
74,897 mi
74,897 mi
UranusUranusAxial tilt: Axial tilt: 97.797.700
1 day1 day 17.2 hr17.2 hr
MoonsMoons 2727
Named after god (Greek)Named after god (Greek)of heavensof heavens
Atmosphere Atmosphere H H22, CH, CH44
Surface TempSurface Temp -319 -319 00FF
Orbital PeriodOrbital Period 83.8 yrs83.8 yrs
Uranus is 1784 million miles from the SUN.Uranus is 1784 million miles from the SUN.
51,1
18 k
m51
,118
km
31,7
63 m
i31
,763
mi
NeptuneNeptuneAxial tilt: Axial tilt: 28.328.300
Length of dayLength of day 16 hrs16 hrs
MoonsMoons 1313
Named after Roman godNamed after Roman godof the seaof the sea
Atmosphere Atmosphere CH CH44, H, H22
Surface TempSurface Temp -200 -200 00FF
Orbital PeriodOrbital Period 163.7 yrs163.7 yrs
Neptune is 2795 million miles from the SUN.Neptune is 2795 million miles from the SUN.
49,528 km49,528 km
30,775 mi30,775 mi
I those planets.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.Give at least 3 characteristics of each planet:
Mercury JupiterVenus SaturnEarth UranusMars Neptune
Moon Phases and EclipsesMoon Phases and Eclipses
238,000 miles
238,000 miles
1/6 Earth’s gravity220 lb = 36 lb
3.3 g/cm3 = density
2150 miles
12,756 miles(Your weight) X (.16)
The moon’s surfaceThe moon’s surfaceMariaMaria – Latin for – Latin for seasea
lowlandslowlandsbasalt flowsbasalt flows
Craters Craters – – highlands – most of the surfacehighlands – most of the surface craters within craters within craterscraters within craters within craters
Phases of the moonPhases of the moon• 7 major phases in a period of 1 month7 major phases in a period of 1 month• 1 orbital moon period = 29 days1 orbital moon period = 29 days
Fast speedFast speed - What the moon would - What the moon would look like over a month-long periodlook like over a month-long period
View from earthView from earth
Full moonFull moon
New MoonNew Moon
First QFirst Q
Last QLast Q
WaxingWaxingcrescentcrescent
WaxingWaxinggibbousgibbous
WaningWaninggibbousgibbous
Waning Waning crescentcrescent
WaxingWaxing = increasing brightness = increasing brightness
WaningWaning = decreasing brightness = decreasing brightness
Eclipses of the Moon• Lunar Eclipse• Solar Eclipse
Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse
Penumbra
Umbra
PenumbraPenumbra
Umbra
Penumbra
Penumbra
Penumbra
UmbraUmbra
Penumbra
PenumbraPenumbra
Total Eclipse of the SunTotal Eclipse of the Sun
Partial eclipse – the view outsidethe penumbra
Spectators pay BIG money to be in the umbra.
SUN – EARTH---MOON SUN – MOON – EARTHSUN – MOON – EARTH
Sun Sun
Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse Solar EclipseSolar Eclipse
I the nebular hypothesis.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.Draw a diagram that shows the various phases of the moon – use the vocabulary (waxing / waning).2. Draw a diagram depicting the differences between a lunar and a solar eclipse.
Minor members of the solar systemMinor members of the solar system
Asteroid - Asteroid - small rocky bodies that are irregularsmall rocky bodies that are irregular in shape – 10,000 or more lie betweenin shape – 10,000 or more lie between Jupiter and Mars (the asteroid belt)Jupiter and Mars (the asteroid belt)
Proposed asteroid impact on EarthProposed asteroid impact on Earth
250,000 miles
250,000 miles
Astero
id dir
ectio
n
Astero
id dir
ectio
n
Astero
id dir
ectio
n
Asteroid direction
March 21, 2014April 13, 2029 - Friday
Minor members of the solar systemMinor members of the solar system
CometComet: - : - A large “ice-ball” composed of dustA large “ice-ball” composed of dust and space debris which enters the solar and space debris which enters the solar system from an outside source system from an outside source
CometComet
Head Head (coma)(coma)
Tail (Tail (dust left over)dust left over)
Hypothesized to originate from a distant Ort cloudHypothesized to originate from a distant Ort cloud
How a comet orbits our sun – enters from the ortHow a comet orbits our sun – enters from the ortcloudcloud
Halley’s Comet• 1986 was its last appearance• appears every 76 years• next appearance -- 2062
What year should a person have been born to seeHalley’s comet twice in their lifetime?
Halley’s CometHalley’s Comet
Astronomy VocabularyAstronomy Vocabulary
MeteorMeteor – – small to boulder-size rock particle thatsmall to boulder-size rock particle that enters the earth’s atmosphere – air enters the earth’s atmosphere – air friction causes the rock to “burn” friction causes the rock to “burn” creating a “falling-star”creating a “falling-star”
Meteor shower Meteor shower
I comets, asteroids, andmeteorites.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.Describe the differences between an asteroid, meteorite, and comet.