the nature of time - gs journal

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THE NATURE OF TIME

By Lew Paxton Price

www.lewpaxtonprice.us

Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, and 2013 by Lew Paxton Price

The past and the future are veiled; but the past wears the widow's veil,

the future the virgin's. Richter

Explanatory Note

The illustrations come from Book Five - Time of Behind Light's Illusion which is why there are page numbers at the bottom of each one.

The Pythagorean Theorem

The Pythagorean Theorem was named after a man who lived in ancient Greece and was called Pythagoras (birth name unknown). He did much to publish the theorem which bears his name, but he should not be credited with its discovery. He probably learned it while in a secret school when he was in Egypt, but it is a very old theorem that predates even those who taught it to the Egyptians. We acquired this theorem much later as a consequence of our scientific and mathematical heritage from ancient Greece.

The Pythagorean Theorem states that "for any right triangle, the sum of the squares of the sides equal the

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square of the hypotenuse". If you need a memory refresher, a right triangle has one angle of ninety degrees (a right angle), the hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle, and the sides that form the right angle are simply called the "sides" of the triangle.

The sides of a right triangle, being ninety degrees from one another, when made to vectorially represent forces, velocities, accelerations, etc., are such that one does not effect the other. To elaborate, in our space of three dimensions, each dimension is at right angles to the other two. A single line of force acting along one dimension can be applied to an object at rest. If we apply a second force at right angles to our first force, the two forces have a resultant which can be found by using the Pythagorean Theorem. However, the first force is still operating as the ONLY force along its dimension, and the second force is still operating as the ONLY force along its dimension. The second force does not affect the first force, and the first force does not affect the second force. The same is true if we have velocities or accelerations instead of forces at right angles to one another. In fact, we could define the three dimensions of our universe as three sets of opposing directions from any point, each set of which can have vectors which do not affect any vector of the other two sets. By "not affect", I mean that no vector is diminished or increased in magnitude or altered in direction.

The Pythagorean theorem is actually one of the fundamental principles that are responsible for the existence of our universe. This can be shown as follows:

1. In this universe neither energy nor matter is created or destroyed except in certain special reactions. And even in these reactions, matter can be destroyed only to create energy and energy can be destroyed only to create matter, according to the formula E = mc2.

2. The formula for kinetic energy is actually EK = mad where EK is kinetic energy, "m" is mass, "a" is

acceleration, and "d" is the distance the mass is being accelerated. However, this equation can be stated, in many instances, to be EK = (1/2)mv2, where "v" is velocity.

3. When using the formula EK = (1/2)mv2, an object with a particular velocity vector will have the

kinetic energy of half of the object's mass times the vector's magnitude squared. If we apply a force so that the object also is moving at a velocity at right angles to the original velocity, the kinetic energy of the object in the direction of, and due to, this new velocity will be half of the object's mass times its new velocity squared.

4. So the force we applied caused kinetic energy to be added to the object. Because energy cannot be destroyed or created, the sum of the original kinetic energy and the added kinetic energy must be equal precisely to the object's total kinetic energy.

5. The object's total kinetic energy is that of half of its mass times the square of the magnitude of its resultant velocity vector. This is found be adding the kinetic energies of the original and the added velocity vectors. So we find the total kinetic energy equal to the square of the first velocity vector plus



the square of the second velocity vector, the quantity times half of the object's mass. And if we wish to find the magnitude of the resultant velocity vector, we divide the object's total kinetic energy by half of its mass, and then take the square root of the answer.

6. The procedure used in five above is simply the use of the Pythagorean Theorem. This means that the Pythagorean Theorem is a consequence of the law of conservation of energy. Thus, this theorem is one of the fundamental principles of this universe and can be used to define the three dimensions of this universe.

The Pythagorean Theorem also is the reason for the Lorentz tranforms used in Einstein's Theory of Relativity and in nether theory.

Why Time?

Time is necessary for the universe to function dynamically. Without time there would be no motion and everything would be "frozen". But we should not assume that time and motion are synonymous. We require time to have motion, and we require motion to measure the passage of time.

Why is Time so Confusing?

"Time" is an overused term because there are different types, facets, or subcategories of time which we fail to designate in different ways. The result is confusion about what we are discussing.

One - Duration

Nothing is there to come, and nothing past, But an eternal Now does always last.

Abraham Cowley

Duration is what is needed for there to be even a modicum of existence. It must exist in any plane with any number of dimensions in any universe because duration is existence. It is listed as a form of time because time is needed for duration to be. Duration is the eternal NOW.

If we were to think of time as a dimension along which we move in our three-dimensional plane, it would be analogous to a two-dimensional plane moving along a time line that is at 90 degrees to that plane. This analogy is easier for us to see because we do not see the fourth dimension very well. The plane that moves along the time line is without any dimension in the direction that is parallel to the time line. It is just a plane that is the present with the future in front of it and the past behind it. This plane might be considered the eternal now that is duration. It is dependent upon the time line for existence to



continue.



Two - Sequential Time

We see time as a sequence of events happening in a linear order that is viewed as cause and effect, past and future, even though it is not always the real cause that seems to precede the effect. Sequence also depends upon a time line because sequence is linear. If we have a series of positions for the plane along the time line, the sequence would "begin" with the position of the plane that is farthest in the past and move forward along the time line to the present - or into the future if one is attempting to plan for it.

This is the only type of time we are capable of remembering, unless we happen to recall that something occurred on a particular date at a particular time. To confirm this, you may wish to use your own memory to see if it can relate any events except as sequences. You might be thinking Cousin Alan graduated just before we went to Seattle to visit Aunt Dorothy. We visited Aunt Dorothy two years before Dad and Mom moved to their new home. They have been there for five years now because Mother said so during our last telephone conversation. So this is 1998, they moved in 1993, we visited Aunt Dorothy in 1991, and that means Cousin Alan graduated in either late May or early June of 1991.

You might have been able to think of another set of concurrent sequences you did not choose to relate to those, but you would probably not have remembered things as precise as dates or times.

Three - Real Time

Real time is the time line itself, the dimension that we never see except in memory and in projections of possible futures. I once thought of it as the last dimension that the universe needs for it to exist. Now I think of it as the first dimension needed for our existence. And this is what I believe the fourth dimension to be, the dimension where nether (dynamic ether) goes when it leaves our three-dimensional plane of existence.

Four - The Illusion of Existence

Time is an illusion produced by the succession of our states of consciousness as we travel through eternal duration,

and it does not exist where no consciousness exists in which the illusion can be produced;

but "lies asleep." H. P. Blavatsky

This is the part of our mental universe that makes up the equation that gives it the illusion of existence as we perceive it. The equation states that rate of change of position equals distance traveled divided by time - like miles per hour or feet per second. All of the things in this equation are needed for the illusion



to exist: rate of change of position, the dimensions of our space as defined by the Pythagorean theorem, and time as a form of convenience to compare one rate of change of position to another. Very much needed is the illusion of our existence that is created with our senses as we use light to look upon quadrillions of molecules in motion as if they were solid objects.

Any change requires a change of position for at least one thing, and usually for many things. And any change of position has a rate of change as compared to other changes of position.

If we plan to meet someone at a restaurant for dinner on Saturday, October 30, 1999, at 6:00PM, we are saying that we wish to meet at the same time the earth is located at a certain position in its orbit about the sun, when its rotation is at a certain point relative to the sun's apparent position in the sky, and at a certain point in the sun's orbit about the Milky Way Galaxy. The point in the sun's orbit about the Milky Way is given approximately as the year. The point in the earth's orbit about the sun is given roughly as the month and more precisely as the day of the month. And the precise point given for the apparent position of the sun which is actually due to earth's rotation, is the time of day.

The position of the sun about the Milky Way, the position of the earth about the sun, and the precise distance of the earth's rotation before the time of the dinner date, are all found by the equation "rate equals distance divided by time." And this type of time is an exercise in relativity; an exercise in relating rates and distances to give us the correct illusion.

This illusion is as real as anything else in our universe, but it is actually the way we measure the passage of time rather than time itself.

Five - Submicroscopic Time

This is the time-type that is identical to the preceding type, but is on a very tiny level. It is part of the equation for the rate of change, but used for chemical, biological, and nuclear processes. Your physiology is based upon this type of time. Chemical processes cannot occur without it, and that includes the processes that must exist for hormones, nerves, muscles, growth, biological repairs, immune systems, and respiratory systems to function.

Temperature is measured by means of vorticle (subatomic "particles" that are actually vortices) motion. The faster the atoms in a piece of matter move, the hotter the piece of matter. Fast motion of atoms or molecules makes chemical processes go faster. Reducing the temperature makes chemical processes slow down. Decay is a chemical process. The time for decay to occur can be retarded with refrigeration, a process that slows this time-type.

Another thing that retards this type of time is motion relative to the nether, such as existing in a gravity funnel where nether is rushing past, being in orbit where both orbital and gravity funnel nether velocity contribute, or having simple linear velocity relative to the nether as a spaceship would have. However,



this is not a practical way to preserve things, such as food, at our present level of technology, because we would be forced to live in the same place with the same rate of time-passage as our food. Perhaps someday we will have a better form of refrigeration using high-speed rotary motion to slow the passage of time, but the centrifugal force involved would be most likely to destroy our food due to the G forces involved.

Six - Subjective Time

When you sit with a nice girl for two hours you think it's only a minute.

But when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it's two hours.

That's relativity. Einstein

Subjective time is mental. It is the time you think that you spend doing things and is governed by (a) the span of life that your conscious memory comprehends, and (b) the degree of enjoyment that you are having.

With (a), time seems long or short relative to the time you remember living. Thus an hour for a child is much longer than that same hour for an adult.

With (b), the more you enjoy your existence, the faster time seems to pass. And the more you dislike your existence, the slower time seems to pass.

In a greater sense, all time-types depend upon duration. The illusion, is the time type we think of when we are speaking of movement through time. It is a convenience of the mind and kind of an invention of humankind. But real time is the time line itself, the dimension along which we must move to have our linear time. So let us examine real time in detail.

The Dimension

The fourth dimension that we supposedly do not see, would still be defined by the Pythagorean Theorem, and it would have no apparent effect upon our three spatial dimensions. To say that we do not see it is untrue. We do see it as a sequence of events which we call our lives, history, and the projected futures of ourselves, other things, and ideas.

If nether were to cease flowing into the fourth dimension, it would mean that (a) there would no longer be any matter in this universe, and (b) there would be so little energy left in this universe that matter could not be created.



As the universe expands and nether continues to flow into the vorticles that we call matter, the nether pressure will drop to a very low level. If we were still in existence then, we probably would not be able to notice the drop in nether pressure, but it would be happening. Perhaps there would come a time when matter and energy would be too sparse for the universe to exist as we know it. And perhaps everything would just slow down and stop, including time, since the fourth-dimensional flow would become slower and then disappear entirely.

But I believe that everything would continue to move more and more slowly and that time would slow at the same rate as the other things, so that we would not notice what was happening - and at some point another universe or series of universes would be created.

Time Dilation

The rate of movement along the time line can vary. When Einstein proposed his special theory of relativity, he introduced this possibility which was later proven and given the name "time dilation." Although time dilation exists and the equation for time dilation is correct, neither time dilation nor its equation are caused by the premise of special relativity.

The equation for time dilation is T = T0 / [(1-(v/c)2]1/2, in which T is the length of a particular span of

time when an object is in motion relative to an observer, T0 is the length of a particular span of time

when an object is not moving (at rest), "v" is the velocity of the moving object relative to the observer, and "c" is the speed of light. If we were moving in a spaceship at a very high velocity, T would be the same as T0 to us, but would be dilated according to an observer watching us.

B = v/c and is called the "speed parameter." Y = 1 / (1 - B2) and is called the Lorentz factor. These names are as good as any even though the means of finding what they represent is a bit different in regard to what will follow here.

Without real time, the illusion of time ceases and so does submicroscopic time. And all three of these time-types are influenced by the Pythagorean Theorem.

When the velocity of an object relative to the nether is zero, the same is true of the average velocity for any part of the object. So all of the object's vorticles will be moving at an average velocity that is zero relative to the nether. Thus, the velocity of inward flow of nether into each vorticle center will be essentially equal to "c", the speed of light. And the movement of vorticles relative to one another will be unimpeded by nether movement. This means that the processes of movement will be at their highest rates, proceeding at their fastest time flow.

However, when this same object is moving relative to the nether around it, the relative velocity of the



nether redirects the velocity of nether flow into the the vorticles and detracts from the movement of the vorticles relative to one another. This is because the flow into each vorticle and the velocities of vorticles relative to one another are limited to the speed of light.

Since the speed of light is the limitation upon vorticle velocity within the nether, then the speed of light is the maximum resultant of any vorticle velocities within the nether. [Actually, the nether reaction speed is "c" times the square root of two. However, a velocity relative to the nether in excess of "c" is not possible without destroying the vorticle that is moving at that speed. At velocities of zero relative to the nether, time-type three is due to the flow of nether into vorticles at the speed of light and a tangential velocity that is also equal to "c". This makes the resultant of the flow forty-five degrees to the tangent and ninety degrees to the direction of vorticle movement. Near lightspeed, the resultant must have rotated to about forty-five degrees from the direction of vorticle movement. "c" cannot actually be attained and, if it were, the vorticle would have infinite length. This can't happen because accelerating energy must approach infinity at velocities near "c".]

"Time Dilation Using Nether Theory" follows. Here we have two vectors at ninety degrees to one another. One is the velocity vector of an object which is "v". The other is the maximum possible velocity perpendicular to the object's direction of motion, "vp". The resultant is "c", the speed of light.

When we are in a spaceship made of vorticles that is at rest relative to the nether, "v" is zero and "vp" is

equal to "c". This is condition one. When the "v" of our spaceship is equal to "c", "vp" is zero. This is

condition two.

Condition two is merely theoretical. In fact, as vorticles approach lightspeed, inward flow of Mass (with respect to time) into the vorticles will increase. Since mass equals Mass over time, mass approaches infinity as the vorticles approach lightspeed. At substantial velocities, the hole in space that is the center of the vorticle appears to be extended forward into a narrow funnel-like shape into which the nether flows at almost "c" relative to the nether in adjoining space and nearly "2c" relative to the hole. The nether flows in at the funnel mouth, through the funnel, and into the disc-shaped hole. If lightspeed could be attained (which is not possible), the funnel would have become a cylinder of infinite length with the same cross-section as the hole into the fourth dimension. No nether would enter from the sides and the entry velocity relative to the hole would be "2c". The mass of a vorticle approaches infinity as its velocity approaches "c".

And from another perspective, the amount of energy necessary to push a vorticle to lightspeed relative to the nether would be infinite simply because it would be like making a wind strong enough to push a sailboat to the speed of sound when the only tools available are those made to use the wind.

The usual condition is between the two given. Here the equation for time dilation is correct to determine T, but T represents a span of time which is dilated due to nether movement relative to the spaceship or vice-versa.



For any event to happen, there must be vorticle movement through time and space, whether we are speaking in the scales of nuclear reactions or of galaxies colliding. In a spaceship at the speed of light, no vorticle movement could occur because the forces that move them cannot exceed "c". Moving at lightspeed, "c" is already "used up" and there is no more room for movement at 90 degrees to the direction of travel. All of the vorticles would be locked in completely to one position each relative to one another, so time for the passengers would not be passing, having been slowed to zero.

This is only one scenario where time is dilated. Because gravity causes nether to pass by quickly to those of us who are feeling its effects, time dilation is occurring in every gravity funnel. The stronger the gravity funnel, the slower the time. Our time is slower than the time passing on Mars or the moon, and faster than time passing on Jupiter or Saturn.

Time dilation is the key to other relativistic equations involving the Lorentz tranforms. The key expression is 1/[1-(v/c)2]1/2 , which is ultimately based upon the Pythagorean Theorem. This expression is usually given a symbol for convenience. Here it will be shown as "Y".

Einstein's theory of special relativity is based upon the speed of light being always equal to "c" and no fundamental inertial reference frame. Everything in Einstein's concept is relative. The only constant is lightspeed.

Supposedly, in Einstein's universe, time dilation will allow space travel at near lightspeed in which time is slowed for those who are traveling. They depart from Earth and return in one hundred years having aged only one or two years. Supposedly, in Einstein's universe, an atomic clock can be placed in orbit about Earth, and when it has been retrieved, it will have lost time. The two preceding examples are correct in a nether theory universe. The spaceship moved relative to the nether and the atomic clock in orbit moved relative to the nether also. But these examples would not work in Einstein's universe.

In Einstein's universe, with no inertial reference frame, Earth can be considered moving away from the spaceship as easily as the spaceship moving away from Earth. In this case, those in the spaceship will have aged normally while those on Earth will have aged only slightly. The atomic clock could be considered to be stationary while the earth moved below it. In fact, in Einstein's universe, centrifugal force could not exist and the clock could never orbit Earth. In a nether universe, centrifugal force exists because there is an inertial reference frame. Time dilation exists because nether exists. And other so-called relativity phenomena exist because nether exists.

Time dilation (TD), a slowing of time, is experienced by those moving at speeds relative to the nether which are a significant fraction of lightspeed. Any dimension along a line which is extending directly away from those experiencing TD, as seen by those experiencing TD, will be foreshortened according to the formula L = L0/Y. Here, "L" is the apparent length of something along such a dimension, and "L0" is

its length as seen by those not experiencing TD. This effect is due to time dilation. Rate equals distance divided by time (r = d/t). So distance equals rate multiplied by time (d = rt). A reduction in time means



a reduction in distance.



Navigating the Escalator

It is stardate 3054 and humanity has been traveling from star to star for many years. To better accommodate starship navigation, beacons have been placed in various star systems which are all sending out radio signals that broadcast the exact Galactic Standard Time (GST).

The starship Escalator has experienced difficulty with its warp drive and is traveling on impulse power at sublight speed. Captain Perk and the crew of the Escalator, are experiencing time dilation (TD), and Perk receives navigation time messages from two beacons in two different star systems behind him. The dates and times are in GST. The messages travel at lightspeed. Both messages were sent at precisely the same time. Each message has its own beacon code to show where it originated. Message A is from beacon Alpha four light-years behind the Escalator. Message B is from beacon Beta one light-year behind the Escalator.

If the Escalator were at rest relative to the nether, Captain Perk would first receive message B. It indicates a GST one year prior to the present time. Three years later, he would receive message A. The times on the messages indicate that they originated simultaneously, and the automatic direction finder (ADF) indicates that they both came from the same direction. Captain Perk would conclude that both beacons were behind the Escalator, beacon Alpha would be four light-years away, beacon Beta would be one light-year away, and the beacons would be separated by three light-years.

But if the Escalator were moving at near lightspeed, and TD were occurring so that one week on the Escalator were equal to one year of "normal" time, Captain Perk would first receive message B. He would then place it in his Doppler de-scrambler to adjust the message to its original frequencies. Last, he would note the time that it was sent. Three weeks later, he would receive message A, place it the Doppler de-scrambler, and note that it was sent at the same time as message B.

An unsophisticated person would then assume that the two beacons were only three light-weeks apart. But Captain Perk is from the 31st century and he uses a star map to see that the beacons are actually three light-years apart. From this, he concludes that he is one light-year from beacon B along the extension of the line between the two beacons, and he computes his speed based upon the time dilation that is occurring.

Note that the high speed of the Escalator caused time dilation which resulted in the illusion of foreshortened distances between the two beacons and between the beacons and the Escalator.



Philosophical Realities of Time

The past influences the present because it adjusts what we do here. The present influences the past because we learn here and begin to realize that the past is not what it seemed at that time. The present influences the future because we learn to take the path of least resistance, more pleasure or less pain. The future influences the present because our conception of the future, its positive and negative possibilities, cause us to take action in the present. The past influences the future by helping us to realize the nature of our actions to come. And the future influences the past because the future becomes the present and illuminates what happened in the past with new light.

The past, present, and future begin to influence one another when one is born, and continue to do so throughout one's life. They are always readjusting things and are never still. This is the personal mental, emotional, and physical reality that corresponds to the larger picture of our quicksand universe.

Quicksand Universe

The speed of light only appears to be constant. It varies from one part of "space" to another in different mediums and gravities. During the time that nether theory was first being published, an experiment was performed in which light was slowed to a crawl. Dimensions vary with velocities relative to the nether. The density of the nether, and the magnitude and direction of its velocity are always changing. And with time dilation a reality, even time is not constant, changing from one gravity funnel to another, and from one velocity to another.

The universe is like quicksand in the sense that nothing is substantial or enduring except change. In fact, the universe is caused by an imbalance as it attempts to correct what can never be corrected. Without this imbalance the universe could not exist, so our entire foundation is based upon it. Living here creates a feeling of insecurity for most of us, but we should never become bored.

Time has only a relative existence. Carlyle
