the nervous system and the endocrine system module 04
TRANSCRIPT
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The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
Module 04
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Module Overview
• Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System
• How Neurons Communicate• The Structure of the Nervous System• The Endocrine System
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
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Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous
System
Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Nervous System
• The electrochemical communication system of the body
• Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement
• Brings information to the brain from the senses
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Neuron• A nerve cell; • the basic building
block of the nervous system.
• Neurons perform three basic tasks–Receive information–Carry the information–Pass the information on to the next
neuron
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Parts of the Neuron
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Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites
• Dendrite – The branching extensions of a neuron that receive information and conduct impulses toward the cell body (soma).
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Parts of the Neuron - Soma
• Soma – The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy
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Parts of the Neuron - Axon
• Axon – The extension of a neuron through which neural impulses are sent.
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Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath
• Myelin Sheath – protects the axon and influences the speed of the neural impulse.
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Parts of the Neuron - Terminals
• Axon terminals – The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored.
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How Neurons Communicate
Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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How Neurons Communicate:
The Neural Impulse
Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Action Potential
• A neural impulse; • a brief electrical charge that travels
down the axon of a neuron.• Considered an “on” condition of the
neuron
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Action Potential
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Refractory Period
• The “recharging phase” during which a a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential
• Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again
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Refractory Period
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Resting Potential
• The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential.
• The neuron is set and ready to fire
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Resting Potential
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All-or-None Principle
• The principle stating that if a neuron fires, then it always fires at the same intensity;
• all action potentials have the same strength.
• A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.
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How Neurons Communicate:
Communication Between Neurons
Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Synapse
• The tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
• The action potential cannot jump the gap
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Neurotransmitters
• A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will generate an action potential.
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Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
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Excitatory Effect
• A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire.”
• The second neuron is more likely to fire.
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Inhibitory Effect
• A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire.”
• The second neuron is less likely to fire.
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How Neurons Communicate:
The Neural Chain
Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Receptor Cells
• Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials (neural impulses) that the brain can process.
• Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.
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Sensory Nerves
• Nerves that carry information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
• Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord
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Interneurons
• Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information.
• Related to sensory input and motor output
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Motor Nerves
• Nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
• Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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The Structure of the Nervous System
Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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The Nervous System
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
• The brain and spinal cord.• The brain is the location of most
information processing.• The spinal cord is the main pathway to
and from the brain.
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• The sensory and motor nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body.
• Peripheral means “outer region”• The system is subdivided into the
somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System
• The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.
• Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System
• The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs;
• its subdivisions are the sympathetic (arousing) division and the parasympathetic (calming) division.
• Monitors the autonomic functions• Controls breathing, blood pressure, and
digestive processes
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
• The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats.
• Fight or flight response
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
• The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body.
• Brings the body back down to a relaxed state
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Endocrine System
Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Endocrine System
• One of the body’s two communication systems;
• a set of glands that produce hormones, chemical messengers that circulate in the blood.
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Hormone
• A chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood.
• Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers
• Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects
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Pituitary Gland
• The endocrine system’s “master gland” that,
• in conjunction with adjacent the brain area, controls the other endocrine glands.
• Called the “master gland”• Located at the base of the brain and
connects to the hypothalamus
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Endocrine System – Pituitary Gland
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Hypothalamus
• the brain region controlling the pituitary.
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Endocrine System – Pituitary Gland
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Thyroid Gland
• Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body
• Located in the neck
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Endocrine System – Thyroid Gland
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Adrenal Gland
• Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress
• Located just above the kidneys• Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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Endocrine System – Adrenal Gland
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Pancreatic Gland
• Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood
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Endocrine System – Pancreatic Gland
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Sex Glands
• Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development.
• Testosterone – primary males hormone• Estrogen – primary female hormone• Males and females have both estrogen
and testosterone in their systems.
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Endocrine System – Sex Glands
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The End