the nervous system chapter 11. functions of the nervous system i sensory (input): light sound touch...
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The Nervous System
Chapter 11
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Functions of the Nervous system I Sensory (input): Light Sound Touch Temperature Taste Smell Internal Chemical Pressure Stretch
External Chemical
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Functions of the Nervous system II Integration: Integration means making sense of
sensory input. Analyzing stimuli based on experience, learning, emotion & instinct and reacting in a useful way (you hope).
Motor (output): The response to the sensory input and
subsequent integration. Sending signals to the muscles and other organs of the body instructing them how to respond to the stimuli.
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The Basic Scheme
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Organization of the Nervous system
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The CNS compared with thePNS
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Support Cells of the Nervous system
the Central Nervous System Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Ependymal Cells
the Peripheral Nervous System Schwann Cells
(a.k.a. Neurolemmocytes)
Satellite Cells
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Astrocytes & microglia
Astrocytes & microglial cells protect the neurons of the CNS.
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Astrocytes & microglia Functions of astrocytes:1. Connect neurons to capillaries. This makes up
the “blood-brain barrier”. 2. Maintain the the electrochemical environment• Capture and recycle neurotransmitters• Absorb and return K+ and other ions.• Connected to one another and capable of
communicating via gap junctions.Function of microglial cells:1. Dendritic macrophages that phagocytize
microbes and necrotic (dead) tissue.
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Ependymal Cells & oligodendrocytes
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Ependymal Cells & oligodendrocytes
Functions: Ependymal Cells - Line the ventricles of
the brain an central canal of the spinal cord. They aid in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Oligodendrocytes - These cells have processes that wrap around the axons of neurons. This creates an insulation coating called a myelin sheath.
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Schwann Cells & satellite cells
•These are the support cells in the peripheral nervous system.•Schwann cells provide the myelin sheath for peripheral axons.•Satellite cells serve a slightly similar function to astrocytes, supporting the cell bodies of peripheral neurons.
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Neurons - the “action cells”
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Characteristics of neurons
Long-lived Generally last a life time with 90% are formed
by the time you are 6 years old. The rest are produced when as you go through puberty.
Amitotic Until recently it was thought that neurons
didn’t regenerate at all! Some may but generally what you have at adulthood is all you get.
High metabolic rate This means high oxygen demand and lots of
mitochondria. Neurons also require glucose.
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MyelinMyelin is a lipid-rich component of the cell membranes of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.It acts kind of like the insulation on an electrical wire.
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Chemically gated ion channels
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Voltage gated ion channels
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A Resting Membrane Potential
Because there is a higher concentration of Na+ outside than there is K+ inside.This leads to an electric charge or electric potential.
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Relative ion concentrations
Ions have differential permeability. The RMP is maintained by the pumping action of a Na+/K+ pump, powered by ATP
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Polarization (subthreshold) and hyperpolarization
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A stimulus leads to a depolarization
A change in ion concentrations leads to a reversal of the charge separation.
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Ion flow in a neuron
The depolarization spreads along the cell membrane by serial opening and closing of ion gates.
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A graded potential
Graded potentials are not “all-or-none”, like action potentials
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The cycle of an Action Potential
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Propagation of an Action Potential
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Propagation of an Action Potential
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Propagation of an Action Potential
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Temporal summation
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Anatomy of an Action Potential
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Salutatory conduction
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Different types of synapses
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A Chemical Synapse
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EPSPs & IPSPs
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Integration: summation of potentials
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Synthesis of Neurotransmitters
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Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter activity
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A Basic Neural Circuit
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Type of neurons
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Three structural classes of neurons
Multipolar Most numerous Many dendrites Motor and association neurons
Unipolar Second most numerous Rounded body with one process Somatic & general sensory neurons
Bipolar Least common, found in special sensory organs
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Comparison of neuron types
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Functional categories of neurons
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This is it for 231
Lecture Final at 10 am next Tuesday.
Lab Practicals: Tuesday, 6/8 @ 2 pm
Thursday, 6/10 @ 10 am
.