the nervous system -...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Nervous System
Lecture 3
Lecture 3
1. Introduction
2. Functions of Nervous System
3. Parts of the Nervous System
– Neurons
– Brain
– Spinal Cord
4. Nervous System Health Concerns
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The Nervous System
• Control center for all body activities:
– Communicating, Coordinating, Controlling,
Regulating
The Nervous System
Responds and adapts to changes that occur
both inside and outside the body
(Ex: pain, temperature, pregnancy)
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Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively constant internal
state under a much wider range of
environmental conditions.
Functions
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• Sensory - gathers info about changes occurring within and around the body;
Functions of the Nervous System
• Integrative - information is “brought together,” interpreted, to create sensations, create thoughts, add to memory, make decisions, etc.
Functions of the Nervous System
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• Motor - sending of signals to muscles and/or glands to elicit a response
Functions of the Nervous System
Bottom Line = Maintenance of Homeostasis
Functions of the Nervous System
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Parts of the
Nervous System
Main Divisions of the Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
– Brain and Spinal Cord
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2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
– Nerves and Ganglia (bundles of nerve cells)
located outside of the brain and spinal cord
Main Divisions of the Nervous System
Common to both systems:
Neurons (Nerve Cells) -
microscopic cells that
make up the brain, spinal
cord, and nerves
- 30,000 neurons can fit on a
pinhead
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Neurons
Cell Body with nucleus
Dendrites - fibers that
receive messages
from other neurons
Axons - fibers that send
messages to other neurons
Neuron
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Neuron
Action Potential – electrical signal
Signal Propagation in Neurons
Saltatory (jumping) Conduction Speed- 100 meters/second!
Myelin Sheath
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Neuron
• Neurons do NOT
touch each other; there
is a gap between them
called a synapse
• Messages are sent across
the synapses by special
chemicals called
neurotransmitters
Neuron - Synapse
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Multiple Sclerosis
Communication Between
Neurons
• The use of
neurotransmitters
causes an electrical
current
• There is enough
electrical current in the
brain to power a
flashlight
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CNS - The Brain
The Brain • weighs 1300 - 1400 g
• made up of about 100
billion neurons
• “the most complex living
structure on the
universe” Society for Neuroscience
• makes us who we are
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Cerebrum -The largest division of the brain. It
is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is
divided into four lobes.
Cerebrum Cerebrum
Anatomy of the Brain
Cerebrum - Responsible
for:
- Thought
- Language
- Senses
- Memory
- Voluntary movement
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Brain Surface Features
• Gyri – Elevated ridges “winding” around the
brain.
Brain Surface Features
• Sulci – Small grooves dividing the gyri
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Brain Surface Features
• Fissures – Deep grooves, generally dividing
large regions/lobes of the brain
Gyri (ridge)
Fissure
(deep groove)
Sulci
(groove)
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Wilder Penfield 1891 - 1976
Cortical Homunculus
Anatomy of the Brain
Cerebellum : at base of
brain
Does not initiate
movement, but is..
Responsible for:
- Muscle coordination
- Balance
- Posture
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Cerebellar Agenesis Born without a cerebellum
Anatomy of the Brain
Brain Stem : connects
brain to spinal cord
Responsible for:
- Breathing
- Swallowing
- Heartbeat
- Blood pressure
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CNS – Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord - Column of nerves from brain to tailbone – protected by vertebral column
Responsible for:
- Conducting impulses between the brain and the rest of the body
CNS – Spinal Cord
Coccygeal region
Cervical region
Thoracic region
Lumbar region
Sacral region
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The part of the
nervous system
comprising the nerves
and ganglia outside of
the brain and spinal
cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The main function of the PNS:
− connects the central nervous system (CNS) to
the limbs and organs
− Serves as a communication relay between the
brain and the extremities
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerves - visible bundles of nerve cells
that extend from the brain and
spinal cord to all other parts of the
body
Types of Nerves
Sensory nerves - carry
messages from body to
brain (pain, pressure,
temperature)
Motor nerves – carry
messages from brain to
body to respond
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Reflex Action
• If you were cooking and you accidentally
touched a hot pot on your stove, you would
involuntarily (and nearly instantaneously)
snatch your hand away from the pot. This
response is called a ‘reflex action'.
Reflex Arc Bypasses the brain…
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Nervous System Health Concerns
Nervous System Health Concerns
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Nervous System Health Concerns
Concussion A temporary
disturbance of the
brain’s ability to
function due to a hard
blow to the head
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a
progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in
athletes (and others) with a history of repetitive brain
trauma.
Paralysis
A loss of sensation and movement of part of the body
due to an injury of the spinal cord or brain
Nervous System Health
Concerns
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Parkinson’s Disease
The brain does not produce enough of the neurotransmitter that
transmits messages from the brain to the muscles
Symptoms: tremors, rigid muscles, shuffling walk, and loss of
facial expression
Alzheimer’s Disease A gradual shrinking of the neurons in the cerebrum
and a build up of tangles and plaques that disrupt
nerve function.
Symptoms: memory loss, emotional disturbances,
inability to function on own, death
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