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Name: Period: 7 The Nervous System

Study Guide !THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:

The nervous system is the master coordinating system of the body. Every thought, action, and sensation reflects its activity. The structures of the nervous system are described in terms of two principal divisions-the central ner-vous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS (brain and spinal cord) interprets incom-ing sensory information and issues instructions based on past experience. The PNS (cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia) provides the communication lines between the CNS and the body's muscles, glands, and sensory re-ceptors. The nervous system is also divided functionally in terms of motor activities into the somatic and autonom-ic divisions. It is important, however, to recognize that these classifications are made for the sake of convenience and that the nervous system acts in an integrated manner both structurally and functionally. !Activities provided in this chapter review neuron anatomy and physiology, identify the various structures of the central and peripheral nervous system, consider reflex and sensory physiology, and summarize autonomic ner-vous system anatomy and physiology. Because every body system is controlled, at least in part, by the nervous system, these understandings are extremely important to understanding how the body functions as a whole. !

1. List the three major functions of the nervous system. a. !b. !c. !

2. Choose the key responses that best correspond to the descriptions provided in the following statements. Insert the appropriate letter or term in the answer blanks. !!

Autonomic nervous system Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) Somatic nervous system !! a. ________________________ Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord

b. ________________________ Subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles

c. ________________________ Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia

d. ________________________ Subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth mus-cle, and of glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system

e. ________________________ A major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders

f. ________________________ A major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS !!!!!!!!

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3. Relative to neuron anatomy, match the anatomical terms given in Column B with the appropriate descriptions of functions provided in Column A. Place the correct term or letter response in the answer blanks. !

!4. This figure is a diagram of a neuron. First, label the parts indicated on the illustration by leader lines and the

terms below. Next, circle the term in the list of three terms to the left of the diagram that best describes this neu-ron's structural class. Finally, draw arrows on the figure to indicate the direction of impulse transmission along the neuron's membrane.

Axon Dendrites Cell body Myelin sheath

Column A Column B

a. ________________________ Releases neurotransmitters Axon

b. ________________________ Conducts electrical currents toward the cell body Axon terminal

c. ________________________ Increases the speed of impulse transmission Dendrite

d. ________________________ Location of the nucleus Myelin sheath

e. ________________________ Generally conducts impulses away from the cell body Cell body




5. Label the following diagram of a synapse. !

!!6. Using the key choices, identify the terms defined in the following statements. Place the correct term or letter re-

sponse in the answer blanks.

!a. ________________________ Period of repolarization of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a sec-

ond stimulus b. ________________________ State in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neu-

ron c. ________________________ Electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron !d. ________________________ Period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron !e. ________________________ Transmission of the depolarization wave along the neuron's membrane !f. ________________________ The chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron !g. ________________________ Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium

ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron !

Action potential Potassium ions Sodium ions

Depolarization Refractory period Sodium-potassium pump

Polarized Repolarization




7. The figure is a diagram of the right lateral view of the human brain. Match the letters on the diagram with the fol-lowing list of terms and insert the appropriate letters in the answer blanks. !!

!

!

a. ________ Frontal lobe g. ________ Lateral sulcus

b. ________ Parietal lobe h. ________ Central sulcus

c. ________ Temporal lobe i. ________ Cerebellum

d. ________ Precentral gyrus j. ________ Medulla

e. ________ Parieto-occipital fissure k. ________ Occipital lobe

f. ________ Postcentral gyrus l. ________ Pons




8. This figure is a diagram of the sagittal view of the human brain. First, match the letters on the diagram with the following list of terms and insert the appropriate letter in each answer blank. Then, color the brain-stem ar-eas blue and the areas where cerebrospinal fluid is found yellow.

!

a. ________ Cerebellum j. ________ Mammillary body

b. ________ Cerebral aqueduct k. ________ Medulla oblongata

c. ________ Cerebral hemisphere l. ________ Optic chiasma

d. ________ Cerebral peduncle m. ________ Pineal body

e. ________ Choroid plexus n. ________ Pituitary gland

f. ________ Corpora quadrigemina o. ________ Pons

h. ________ Corpus callosum p. ________ Thalamus

i. ________ Fourth ventricle




9. Referring to the brain areas listed in Exercise 8, match the appropriate brain structures with the following de -scriptions. Insert the correct terms in the answer blanks. !

a. ________________________ Site of regulation of water balance and body temperature !b. ________________________ Contains reflex centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm in conjunction

with lower brain-stem centers c. ________________________ Responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle

movements d. ________________________ Important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for

interpretation e. ________________________ Contains autonomic centers, which regulate blood pressure and respiratory

rhythm, as well as coughing and sneezing centers f. ________________________ Large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres !g. ________________________ Connects the third and fourth ventricles !h. ________________________ Encloses the third ventricle !i. ________________________ Forms the cerebrospinal fluid !j. ________________________ Midbrain area that is largely fiber tracts; bulges anteriorly !k. ________________________ Part of the limbic system; contains centers for many drives (rage, pleasure,

hunger, sex, etc.) !10. The figure below illustrates a "see-through" brain showing the positioning of the ventricles and connecting canals

or apertures. correctly identify all structures having leader lines by using the key choices provided below. One of the lateral ventricles has already been identified. color the spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid blue. ! !!

!!!!! 6

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11. This figure shows a frontal view of the meninges of the brain at the level of the superior sagittal (dural) sinus. First, label the arachnoid villi on the figure. Label the following structures on the diagram. !

Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Subarachnoid space !!!

!12. This figure is a diagrammatic view of a nerve wrapped in its connective tissue coverings. Identify the following

structures and use them to color the coding circles and corresponding structures in the figure. !Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium !!

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7The Nervous

System

1.

2.

3.

functions

organization

CNS PNS

4.

5.

6. 7.

8. 9.

10. 11.

supportingcells of CNS

12.

13.

14.

15.

supportingcells of PNS

16.

17.

Nerve Impulses

Reflexes

18.

also called

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

components

24.

25.

3-neuron arc

2-neuron arcRegions of the Brain

26. 27. 28. 29.

2 hemispheres

thalamus, hypothalamus,epithalamus

midbrain, pons,medulla oblongata

involuntary coordination of body movements



Chapter 7 - The Nervous System Chapter Objectives !

Organization of the Nervous System !13. List the general functions of the nervous system. !!!!14. Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system. !!!!!15. Define central nervous system and peripheral nervous system and list the major parts of each. !!!!!!

Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function !16. State the function of neurons and neuroglia. !!!!!17. Describe the general structure of a neuron, and name its important anatomical regions. !!!!!18. Describe the composition of gray matter and white matter. !!!19. List the two major functional properties of neurons. !!20.Classify neurons according to structure and function. !!!21. List the types of general sensory receptors and describe their functions. !!!!!!




22.Describe the events that lead to the generation of a nerve impulse and its conduction from one neuron to an-other. !!!!!!!!!

23.Define reflex arc and list its elements. !!!!!Central Nervous System !

24.Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum on a human brain model or diagram. !!!!!!!!!

25.Name the three meningeal layers and state their functions. !!!!26.Discuss the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier. !!!!!!!!!!27.List two important functions of the spinal cord. !!!28.Describe spinal cord structure. !!!!!




Peripheral Nervous System !29.Describe the general structure of a nerve. !!!!30. Identify the cranial nerves by number and by name, and list the major functions of each. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!31. Name the four major nerve plexuses, give the major nerves of each, and describe their distribution. !!!!!!32.Identify the site of origin and explain the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the au-

tonomic nervous system. !!!!!33.Contrast the effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the following organs: heart, lungs,

digestive system, blood vessels. !!!!!!!!!! 11




Notes: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 12




Notes:



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