the neuromuscular basis for stretching
TRANSCRIPT
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The Neuromuscular Basis
for Stretching
By
Martin MeyerMasters of Sports Physiotherapy
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Neuroanatomy
Afferent- in going, sensory nerves.
Efferent- out going motornerves.
Alpha-motorneurones- motorneurones in
anterior cord responsible for stimulation
muscles.
Gamma- motorneurones- motorneurones
that supply muscle spindle fibres.
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Neuroanatomy comt.
Muscle Spindle
– Found in muscle
– Responds to stretch
– Causes excitation
– Stretch reflex loop
– Stretch reflex(Barr and Kiernan 1988, Smith 1994)
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Neuroanatomy cont.
Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
– Found in tendons/ligaments
– Responds to stretch
– Causes inhibition
– Flexor reflex loop
– Inverse stretch reflex
– Autogenic inhibition(Barr and Kiernan 1988, Smith 1994)
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Neuroanatomy cont.
Hoffman reflex (H-Reflex)
– Poorly described
– Occurs within alpha-motorneurone pool
– Tests measure alpha-motorneurone excitability
(Wilkinson 1992)
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Types of Stretching
Ballistic
Static
Contract Relax
Reciprocal Relaxation
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Ballistic Stretching
Momentum
Stimulates stretch reflex
Movement too large for any effect
Stretch occurs
Support????
(Smith 1994, Wilkinson 1992)
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Static Stretching
Slow speed
No effect of on muscle spindle
Possible effect on GTO
Literature support for EMG output
15 seconds best timing(Moore and Hutton 1980, Wilkinson 1992)
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Contract Relax Stretching
Muscle on stretch with max vol contraction
Increase tension in GTO
Inhibition of stretch reflex
Stimulation of inverse stretch reflex
Result autogenic inhibition
(Wilkinson 1992)
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Timing??
Post tetanic potentiation» increase in EMG activity post stretch
» 10-20 secs post contraction
» lack of GTO inhibition
» transmitter remnants
(Hutton 1992, Wilkinson 1992)
Contract Relax Stretching cont.
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Reciprocal Relaxation Stretching
40% contraction of agonist at end range
Theory of Reciprocal Inhibition» Renshaw cells inhibit alpha-motorneurone pool
Evidence » high levels of EMG in anatgonist
» not corresponding rise in H-reflex though
» most effective to gain length (Moore and Hutton 1980)
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Summary
Neuroanatomy
Types of stretching
Theories driven by hypotheses
More research
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References
Barr ML and Kiernan JA (1988): The human nervous system. An anatomical viewpoint
(5th ed.). Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company.
Hutton RS (1992): Neuromuscular basis of stretching exercises. In Komi TV (Ed):
Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine. Volume III. London: Blackwell Scientific
Publications, pp. 29-38.
Moore MA and Hutton RS (1980): Electromyographic investigation of muscle stretching
techniques. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 12: 322-329.
Smith CA (1994): The warm-up procedure: To stretch or not to stretch. A brief review.
Journal of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy 19(1): 12- 17.
Wilkinson A (1992): Stretching the truth. A review of the literature on muscle stretching.
Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 38(4): 283-287.