the new nation faces challenges. essential questions what actions did washington, jefferson,...
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![Page 1: The New Nation Faces Challenges. Essential Questions What actions did Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson take as presidents? What were the](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103023/56649e4a5503460f94b3ec0f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The New Nation Faces Challenges
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Essential Questions
1)What actions did Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson take as presidents?
2)What were the effects of the religious and reform movements that emerged in the eighteenth century?
3)What is Manifest Destiny and how did the U.S. expand to the Pacific coast?
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1) What actions did Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson take as President?
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Washington’s PresidencySet up Cabinet
Dept of State: Thomas Jefferson
Dept of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Dept of War: Henry Knox
Set up Supreme Court w/ Judiciary Act of 1789
Hamilton’s Financial Plan = compromise Fed gov’t take on all debts
Raise revenue by taxing imports
Create national bank
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Conflict Over National Bank
Thomas Jefferson: Strict Constructionist
Alexander Hamilton: Loose Constructionist
Hamilton convinces Washington to sign bill for New National Bank
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Jefferson’s PresidencyMarbury v. Madison 1803
Adams appointed many Federalists to judgeships: “Midnight Judges”
Thomas Jefferson and Madison refused to deliver commissions
Supreme court ruled they did not have power to make Madison deliver Commission (one branch cannot force action on another)
Judiciary Act of 1789 that gave court this power was declared unconstitutional
Established Judicial review: courts can declare laws unconstitutional
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Louisiana Purchase• Purchased from
France• Jefferson felt
uncomfortable: constitutional?
• Decided it was acceptable• Presidents can
negotiate treaties• Doubled the size of
U.S.
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War of 1812
Causes: impressment, helping Nat-Ams
Effects: Foreign respect for U.S., national pride, less Nat-Am resistance
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Monroe’s Presidency“Era of good feelings”
Domestic Policy:
1. McCulloch v. Maryland Agreed w/ idea of National Bank National gov’t interests above state
interests
2. Gibbons v. Ogden National gov’t has right to regulate
trade between states
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Foreign Policy: Adams-Onis Treaty
(1819)Acquired FloridaEstablish
boundary w/SpainMonroe Doctrine
Americas off limits to European colonization
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Missouri Compromise
Missouri petitioned to join union
1819: 11 states free, 11 slave states
Compromise: Maine=free AND Missouri=slave
Slavery banned above compromise line
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Age of JacksonIndian Removal Act
Relocation of five native tribes to area west of Mississippi (Indian Territory)
Known as Trail of Tears
National Bank
2nd Bank charter runs out
Unconstitutional state banks
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Conflict over States Rights
1832 Congress passes Tariff on imported goods
Nullification crisis South declared law
“null and void” Threatened to secede
Compromise: Tariffs would be reduced for 10 years
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Talk to your neighbor:
What are some of the most important events that took place during the Presidencies of Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson?
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2) What were the effects of the religious and reform movements that emerged in the nineteenth century?
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The Second Great Awakening1st Great Awakening
1730s, emphasis on repenting sins, church membership grew
2nd Great Awakening
Americans join churches and attend revival meetings in record #s in 1820s and 1830s
Emphasis: Live well, work hard, do God’s work on earth
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Reform EraTemperance Movement – alcohol awareness
Education Reforms – increased access to education
Prison Reforms – separate mentally ill
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Urban Reform Many immigrants from
Germany and Ireland in mid 1800s
Worked in factories, lived in crowded apt buildings
Local boards of health were est.
Workers began to organize to demand better working conditions
Ten hour movement
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Women’s RightsSeneca Falls Convention 1848
First women’s rights meetingOrganized by Lucretia
Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Declaration of Sentiments“All men and women
are created equal”
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AbolitionAntislavery Efforts in the South
By 1850 250,000 freemenHelped others escapeSpoke out against slavery
Slave Uprisings - Nat Turner
Underground Railroad
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Abolition Movement in North
Slavery seen as morally wrong
American Anti-Slavery Society
Abolitionists: William Lloyd Garrison, Grimke sisters, Frederick Douglass
Garrison Grimke Sisters Douglass
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Kerry Washington Performs Sojourner Truth’s“Ain’t I A Woman” speech
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Talk to your neighbor:
What were some causes and effects of the reform movements in the 1800s?
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3) What is Manifest Destiny and how did the U.S. expand to the Pacific coast?
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Manifest DestinyDefinition: Belief that it was America’s God
given right to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
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• 80,000 move to CA in 1849• 1850 31st State
The California Gold Rush – 1848
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• Set US - British Canada border at 49th parallelThe Oregon Treaty
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• Americans settle Texas• Belonged to Spain, then Mexico• In exchange for land must surrender American
citizenship, swear allegiance to Mexico, adopt Roman Catholic religion
• Texans declare independence from Mexico on Mar 2 1836
Texas Independence
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The Alamo- Fort in San Antonio- Mexicans kill nearly all defenders- Texans win Battle of San Jacinto and
gain independence
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• Texans vote to join Union• Opinion of Americans mixed • Texas joins Union in 1845 as a
slave state • Mexico breaks diplomatic
relations with U.S.• U.S. offers to pay for New
Mexico and CA• Mexico refuses, boundary
dispute and war begins
War With Mexico
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• Californians easily defeat Mexican forces• Declare CA to be independent Republic of
California• U.S. forces arrive and gain control of CA• U.S. forces overwhelm Mexican forces in U.S.
and Mexico
Bear Flag Revolt
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 18481. Mexico gives up TX2. Mexican Cession: U.S. gets land in
present day CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, AZ, NM 3. US pays Mexico $15M
4. Gadsden Purchase
Area in red: Mexican CessionArea in orange: Gadsden Purchase