Housing and Urban Develop-of 1968 was signed into law

ident Johnson on August I,

landmark legislation will en-Farmers Home Administra-creas e its rural hous ing pr 0-assist almost 50 percent more

The annual total will berather than 55,000, and lower-families will benefit," said

::-reeman, Secretary of Agri-

of rural Americans have_zr-:.d.L"cincome, and more than 50

of these families reside in~Cil.::ldalXdhousing.

provision of the new legis-the authority it provides toHome Administration to

=terest supplement payments1lllllllCE.::lgloansfor families with in-

meet in full theon rural housing

interest rates can be thuso as little as one percent.United States Department of

~wure, Washington, Ga.,1968)

FOR PEOPLEY of Agriculture Orville

says "In the pell mell

s for "a total national com-by people and by govern-

the VOlce of 255.000 forest owners in New Yorkrepresenting an ownership of 11 million acres

ments at all levels to a basic nationalpolicy of conservation and use of re-sources for people; of local, area,regional and national planning- -andaction--for people.

"Political boundaries must ceasetobe barriers to progress," the Sec-retary said in his prepared remarks."The people in towns and countiesthat can't provide good schools orhospitals or other services must un-derstand that they have no chance fora life of genuine quality unless they

P LANTING: THE RIGHT TREE ONTHE RIGHT SOIL

The landowner considering plant-ing may have many questions on"rights," but these generally resolveinto three: What do I want the treesfor? How much effort am I willing toput into establishment and care?What will soil and site permit?

The first question can only be an-swered by the landowner. Timberharvests follow a long time afterplanting; many will be interested inthe quicker payoff from Christmastrees, wildlife cover, woodland cov-er, year-around scenic values, andthe sheer fun of growing things. Plan-tation species vary in form, foliagedensity and color throughout the year,as well as in rapidity of early growth.

And trees do not have to be plant-ed in solid blocks stretching fromfence line to fence line. The landown-er interested in lands cape values canfit plantation boundaries to lands capecontours, and can intermix irregularblocks of different spe cies , or of treeswith openings or shrubs, according tohis interests and his judgment of habi-tats.

band together in multi-county plan-ning to pool the resources of the wholearea for the good of all its parts. "

Mr. Freeman observed that futuregenerations will say of those who nowstress conservation and developmentof human and natural res ources: "Theyshowed us how to fashion fr om quan-tity a quality that kept a growing na-tion strong. "(Source: United States Department ofAgriculture, Washington, Ga .",August 21, 1968)

The second question is cardinalfor the landowner considering Christ-mas trees, or flirting with the ideaof hardwood plantations , or dissatis-fied with conventional recommenda-tions. A Christmas tree plantation isa commitment to several years ofpruning and brush control, as well aseventual marketing.

Hardwood species of one kind oranother will grow on many of ourplantable soils. uniform establish-ment generally requires cultivationor other weed control; and satisfac-tory growth often requires denseplanting, fertilization and/or protec-tion of one sort or another.

White pine is hardy, fast growing,and the most versatile as well as thetallest tree in the state; by all meansplant it - if you are willing to providesome years of weevil and blister rustcontrol.

The third question leads to exam-ination of landscape, soil pits andsoil maps , and consideration of soildepth, drainage, acidity and fertility.The answer is a few absolute prohibi-

(continued on next page)

tions and many conditional judgments.Native tree species are reasonablyflexible and tough; otherwise, theywould not have survived here in acompetitive existence since the IceAge. Nevertheles s, they differ inadaptation to s oil and the special de-mands of the old field environments.

Matching species requirements tosoil and habitat properties increasesthe long run performance of planta-tions, and reduces hazards or r equ ir «

ed care. Some of the informationneeded for this balancing act is con-tained in Cornell Extension Bulletin1075 andamimeoed handout on plant-ing site appraisal.- Excerpts fr om illustrated talk by

Dr. Earl L. Stone, Jr., Departmentof Agronomy. Cornell University,Ithaca, N. Y. presented at 6th AnnualMeeting NYFOA, April 6, 1968,Syracuse, N. Y.

HOW TO SELECT GOOD PLANTINGSITES FOR YELLOW-POPLARby Howard J. DoyleCouncil ForesterHARDWOOD RESEARCH COUNCILStatesville, N. C.

IMPOR TANCE - Picking the rightsites for planting is certainly one ofthe most important factors affectingthe survival and growth of yellow-poplar. All of the time, effort and ex-pense spent in the careful growing,handling and planting of the youngtrees may be wasted if the plantingsite is not suitable. Many past fail-ures with this species can be traceddirectly to poor judgment in pickingunsuitable planting sites. With the in-creasing demand for high qualityhardwoods by the furniture, plywoodand veneer industries, it is import-ant that the right sites be selected ifthe planting project is to pay good re-turns.

WHAT TO LOOK FOR-In general,rich, moist but well drained soil isthe chief requirement- -land thatwould yield at least 40 to 50 bushelsof corn per acre if under cultivation.The cooler north and east facing slopesare preferred.

At least four or more inches of richtop soil should be present. Land thatis too poor to grow good agriculturalcrops, is too poor for good poplargrowth.

The soil must be reasonably moist.This naturally occurs in valleys andalong streams, in coves, and on northslopes. However, it must also be welldrained. Too much moisture, asfound inheavy clays or during extend-ed periods of £loodings, drowns thepoplars.

CABINS FROM THINNINGSbyAlex Dickson, Extension Forester,Cornell University

From seedling to cabin in 35 years!Such is the proud record that can beclaimed on a State Reforestation Areain Tompkins County, New York. TheState Conservation Department and aprivate entrepreneur, working hand

WOOD OILSLong before moth-proofing was

known, wives of pioneers knew thatchests made from red cedar woodgave protection for woollen clothingand blankets. The pleasant smell ofthis wood was apparently connectedwith a substance highly repulsive toinsects.

Red cedar, also called red juniper ,was very common in eastern Canada100years ago, buttoday it is a ratherscarce species. Since cedar chestsare still in demand, they are no long-er made from solid red cedar, butonly lined with a rather thin layer ofthis wood.

Chemists have been working formany years on the identification ofthose substances which, although notmajor constituents of wood, contri-bute to properties like paintabilityandresistance to attack from decay org-anisms and insects. Many componentsof the es s ential oils from our conifer shave been identified and s orne of themare of industrial importance.

The structure of the main compo-nentinred cedar oil has not yet beenfully elucidated. Once the chemicalstructure is known; the materialmight be obtained by chemical modi-fication of related compounds whichare more readily available. If thisshould prove feasible, woods otherthan red cedar might be impregnatedwith the pleasant odour and the moth-repellent properties which we associ-ate with cedar chests.(Source: Research News, Dept. ofForestry and Rural Development -Canada May-June, 1968)

in hand, are thinning crowded sof 60-foot larch to achieve a dualpose: increased space for future stim ber development and sturdy, rtic cabins for recreationists.

The lack of suitable marketssoftwood thinnings has posed a shandicap to proper plantation deopment in many parts of New YLarch- -both from Europe and Jinitially promised useful fencingterial because of its reputed nadurability when in contact withs oil. This dur ability is, howevonly a property of heartwood whichpoor ly developed in younger, fagrowing trees. Thus this promiselargely been frustrated.

Now it seems that the chance Icombination of demand, availabof suitable material, and the presof a willing and able processorpointing a way that could well be flowed in other parts of the State.

William Dean of Speeds villehad a lifetime of as s ociation withwoods of his native CarolineStill an active maple sirup proinseason, hehadto restrict hislogging work a few years ago beof impaired physical ability.though, to spend as much time as- psible in the forest, he contractedclear trees from rights-of-waythe State. He was given the materhe cut for his own use, and with itbuilt his first log cabin. A friend she'd like one too, and so the bus'started and grew. Essentiallyating at a local level, he has neveless sent cabin material as faras the Pennsylvania line to the sand Penn Yan, on Seneca Lake, tonorth.

Small Family SawmillA small sawmill that has been

the family for many years is thecessing center. Here logs are son either two or three sides,ing onwhether the ins ide walls ofcabins are to be rough

A close examination of the coverpresent on the land should be madebefore planting. If adequate seedtrees are pr es ent , it is quite possiblethat the area is already naturally es-tablished in poplars and other youngtrees of desirable species. Should anexamination reveal ZOO or more heal-thy seedlings per acre, it is highlyquestionable from a practical stand-point if any further trees should beadded to the area.

Yellow-poplar will not stand toomuch shade. They should receive

some full sunlight.Cutover tracts or natural openi

in the woods of 1/ Z acre or moregive best results if the soil is rand moist but well drained.

Poplars planted as a mixtureblack locust may generally beed to grow better due to the nitrfurnished them by the locusts.

WARNING - Avoid dry, worold fields or wet, boggy soils.extreme will give poor results. Ifdoubt, consult the nearest foresteragricultural worker for advice.

essesare6, 7or8 inches, a~drange randomly from 6 to 20

For a 24-by-24footabout 2500 lineal feet of log

_~~u is providedfor $500. Largerneed more logs and the cost,se, increases accordingly .

• windows, floors and roofs are-=ovided._=e thinning involves cutting out

third row of trees completely:-1ective removal from amongstzezrra irri ng trees. All trees are

at breast height and at ground. y a forester of the State Con-

-="'~c..~'UllDepartment.znay not be a sophisticated oper-but this type of business enter-:5 helping to solve a fore stry

in south-central New York ,:::?portunity should be worth ex-

elsewhere, for there's a lotin need of thinning, and surel ynostalgia for early Americanad to create a market for log

Details of a cabin builtwith "flattened" logsas it nears completion.

SMOKEY BEAR TO STARIN TV SERIES

Frank Yaple, soonto be senior at theS. U. N. Y. College ofForestry, Syracuse,gains valuable prac-tical experience thin-ning this State-ownedstand of larch nearhis Speedsville home.

Smokey Bear, alr eady one of themost famous symbols in the UnitedStates, is about to add more luster tohis forest fire prevention image.

He has just signed a long-termcontract to star in a television cartoonseries.

The announcem ent was made r e-cently at the Department of Agricul-ture in Washington, D. C. ,by Secre-tary of Agriculture Orville L. Free-menandAmericanBroadcasting Com-pany President Elton Rule.

The weekly half-hour films will beshown for not less than two years onABC Television Network StationsSaturday mornings, starting in Sep-tember 1969.

Not only will Smokey be continu-ing his 23-year campaign for cautionwith fire, he will also be helping toestablish a trend against violence inprogramming for young televisionviewers. SecretaryFreemanandABCPresident Rule said the programs

(Photographs byDoublas M. Payne,Cornell's Departmentof Conservation. )

SOME REFLECTIONS ONPLANTATION ESTABLISHMENTAND MANAGEMENTbyArthur B. Flick, Jr., Forester,Forest District No.4, Bath, N. Y.New York State Cons ervation Dept.Presented at 50th Anniversary Cel-ebration, New York Section, Societyof American Foresters, February 22,1968, Lake Luzerne, New York.

Recently, I received a letter froman absentee land owner who, duringthe early days of the reforestationmovement in NewYork, had purchas-ed an abandoned farm in an area ofextremely poor soils. It was a realscorcher - -the kind of letter thatshould be mailed in an asbestos en-velope!

The gentleman had engaged a ser-vice forester to counsel him on whatto do with his open acres, and the de-cis ion reached was to reforest them.In the years that followed the treesseemingly were growing happily outin the old fields along with the poplarand thornapple--that is, untilhe con-tacted me about thinning the planta-tion under the ACP cost-sharing pro-gram.

What I found when I visited theplantation were Scotch pines spaced5' x 5' - - and survival close to 100percent. To say the stand looked"scraggly" would be an understate-ment. There was scarcely a 'placewhere a man couldn't lie on his back

would be designed in a "non-violentcomedy-adventure format. "

Each of the half-hour programswill consist of three individual, self-contained stories. The first and thirdsections will place Smokey in the star-ring adventure roles. The middlesegment will feature smokey as a cub,along with his forest friends, also asyoungsters.

Each of the programs will be in-troduced by a theme song describinghow Smokey Bear became the symbolof forest fire prevention, and eachwill include an educational messageabout conservation woven into thestory and a dire.ct forest fire preven-tion message from Smokey.

The announcement of the televis ionseries is another triumph in a year oftriumphs for Smokey. On April 18,the first nationwide survey of his ef-fectiveness in educating the publicshowed he is one of the most popularsymbols in the Nation.(Source: USDA, WashingtonJuly 30, 1968)

and watch a crow fly over withoutever losing sight of it.

"Well, what do you think?", theproud owner asked. "When can weexpect to harvest some timber out ofhere? "

What do you tell a man when hehas a real "Frankenstein" for a plant-ation? Do you level with him? Or doyou suggest that the stand is not readyfor thinning- -then hope you will gettransferred before the matter comesup again? I chose to level- -in partbecaus e a corner ofmy mind recalledthat, inmany cases, the timber own-er is led into these situations by aforester and his recommendations.

"My friend," I replied as calmlyas I could, "not only is there no fu-ture for this stand, there is darnedlittle pr esent. "

Even though I spared him the an-guish of adding that no self-respect-ing rabbit or grouse would be caughtdead in such an unhealthy environ-ment, it was quite an experience tosee this taxpaying landowner go intoorbin when he received the bad news.It was a blazing prelude to the letterI received just recently.

My first meaningful plantation ex-perience came at the age of 14 when,decked out in a new hunting coat andsporting a single-barrel shotgun, Iaccompanied my father to a CatskillMountain reforestation area andbaggedmy first snowshoe hare. Thisand similar experiences taught methat there is a clos e relationship be-tween wildlife and trees--or, if youwill, between flora and fauna. Whenyou manipulate orie, you manipulatethe other.

My second meaningful plantationexperience came several years laterand involved a delightful young Irishlas s whom I met one weekend whilea student at the State Ranger Schoolat Wanakena. We spent several en-joyable Sunday afternoons in neigh-boring Adirondack Plantations explor-ing areas other than those of forestproduct production and wildlife man-agement. This created an awarenessthat plantations also made fine rec-reation areas.

Though unprofessional, these ex-periences had a profound influence onmy future - -and in the judgment I haveused since in my work as aforester.

Parents in some Far Easterncountries still select marriage part-ners for their sons and daughters--and the matches and mis -matchesthat result would amaze you. Similar-Iy , we as foresters, by our counseland recommendations, implement the

process by which a landowner be-comes a plantation owner. And oncethe plantation is established, he hasto live with it. Like marriage, it canbe a rewarding experience or a night-mare.

There are alternatives, of course.The stand can be modified, but thisis expensive--and discouraging. Itcan be ignored--only there are re-minders twice a year that he is pay-ing taxes on an area that is failing tocut the mustard. As a last resort, itcanbe sold--andthe headache passedalong to someone else.

For some reason, when a foresterlooks at an open area he is obsessedwith the idea of stuffing it full of trees.Is this its wis est and be st us e? Shouldit be planted at all? If so, was any-thing other than the production of woodproducts considered when the plantingrecommendations were made? Whatabout game management, recreation,its relationship to future developmentof, say, a pond?

More often than not, if even themost obvious of these things is con-sidered, planting recommendationscould be modified with negligible lossin actual pr oduction of wood pr oducts.If we do not consider all of these things,we are not doing our job as foresters.

Existing plantations, it seems tome, tell the story. In all too manycases we foresters have missed theboat. If there is a question of capa-bility, if additional training is called

(continued on page 5)

SERVICES TO LANDOWNERS

Rural Electrification AdministrationSupplys credit guidance and tech-

nical advice.

Rural Community DevelopmentService

Coordinates services available tolocal RAD committees developingrecreation.

Cooperative Extension ServiceProvides information, advice, and

guidance to landowners and rural de-velopment groups.

Economic Research ServiceConducts surveys and studies to

help landowners decide which enter-prises will be profitable.

Agricultural Stabilization andConservation Service

Provides cost-sharing for conser-vation practices and adjustment pay-ments.

(continued fr om page 4)

for--then let's get it. Or at least weshould collaborate with those whohave it and compromise on our man-agement and planting recommenda-tions. There is no reas on why a tree,simply because it is a spruce, has tobe planted 6' x 6', or a red pine, forthe same reason, 8' x 8'.

In our management plans we say

"Plant pure blocks of red pine andlarch 8' x 8'. In hardwoods cut thebeech, the ironwood, the poplar."The wildlife biologist comes alongand says "Plant Norway spruce andwhite pine 12' x 12', interspersedwith locust; cut the maple, the ashand the bas swood and favor the beech,the poplar and the thornapple. "

Is it any. wonder landowners be-come confused? I think we owe themsomething more than we are givingthem. Let's face it, many plantationsare not doing their job.

It is high time we gave seriousthoughttowhatwe, as foresters, cando to change this picture. We canbenefit from past mistakes, and seeto it that future plantations will be ofmultiple benefit, planned benefit, tomankind. We must face up to our re-sponsibility to the people.

Future generations of foresterswill be spared the discomfort of re-ceiving letters in asbestos envelopesif we start the ball rolling- -now!

CANADIAN NEWSPRINTUntilthesecondhalf of 1967, Can-

ada's exports of newsprint increas edboth in the United States and in therest of the world. As a result of in-creasing capacity for newsprint pro-duction in other parts of the worldCanadian newsprint exports until 1970will be less than the peak 7.8 milliontons shipped in 1966. During 1968some improvement is expected inoverseas markets, with total news-print exports projected at 7.4 milliontons.

The United States consumes 85 percent of Canadian newsprint production.By 1969 the U. S. Committee on Inter-state and Foreign Commerce projectsthat U. S. newsprint imports will de-cline from 75 per cent in 1966 to 68per cent of requirements. The de-crease will result from the 1. 0 mil-lion ton increase in U. S. newsprintcapaicty from its present 2. 3 milliontons.

Atthesametime, Canada's news-print capacity will increase from 8.9million tons (!966) to an estimated10.1 million tons. Since U. S. in-creased capacity is expected to more

DEMANDS ON CANADIAN &U.S. FORESTS

The U. S. Forest Service has pro-jected that the consumption of all in-dustrial wood products in the UnitedStates in cubic feet of roundwood e-quivalent will, under-stated assump-tions, increase by 95 per cent from1962 to the year 2000 and that pri-mary fuelwood consumption would de-cline by 52 per cent. No similar pro-jections are available for Canada, butif one assumes that the percentagechanges will be the same as those pro-jected for the United States, totalNorth American domestic consump-tion of wood products and primaryfuelwood in the year 2000 might rep-resent a roundwood equivalent of a-bout 23. 5 billion cubic feet. This wouldstill be some 4 billion cubic feet be-low the estimated total of annualgrowth in the United States plus al-lowable cut in Canada in 1962. If pre-sent trends in forestry continue, thissurplus over the proj ected total do-mestic consumption could rise to 6billion cubic feet or more by 2000.

These data suggest that, asidefrom the less than 1 per cent of con-sumption based on tropical hardwoods,North Americanforests could sustainalmost a doubling of domestic con-sumption of industrial wood productsand a 300 to 400 per cent increase inexports by the year 2000.

Such an expansion, however, couldnot come from a simple across -the-board increase of the existing forestproducts. The mix of species, sizes,physical characteristics, and econ-omiclocations of the timber availablefor such expanded outputs differswidely from the mix represented bythe current cut. Major changes musttake place in processing techniques,in product development, and in mar-keting if the forest product industriesare to expand on the existing timberbase. But with such changes much ofwhat is now simply a physical mater-ial can become an economic resource.(Source: Annual Rep-ort 1967Resources for the Future)

In the Adirondack Forest Pres erve,the State Cons ervation Departmentoperates 35 public campsites withover 4,600 individual tent and trailersites.

TREE SPACING STUDIES IN THEMARITIMES (CANADA)

Four small-scale planted spacingexperiments were established in 1967by the Department of Forestry andRural Development, Maritimes Re-gion. The design used was developedby J. A. NeIder (Biometrics, 1962)and is called Grid lA. Trees areplanted in straight lines, that radiatefrom a centre point, like the spokesof a wheel, the distance between ad-joining seedlings increasing outwards.As the distance between spokes in-creases in the same proportion as theincreasing distance between seedlings,the space allotted to each planted treeremains approximately square. Thefirst and last seedlings on each spokeare guard frees on which no growthdata are collected later.

One NeIder spacing experiment ofthe kind chosen occupies about 1.4acres and requires 720 seedlingswhile providing 48 replications of in-dividual trees planted at 13 differentspacings, ranging from 2.4 feet to13.3 feet (more spacings are pos-sible). By contrast, a conventionalstraight -line plantation set out at fourspacings (4 x 4, 5 x 6, 7 x 7 and 8 x8) each on two acres requires a totalof eight acres and 11,500 seedlingsand would not provide informationequivalent to one NeIde r experiment.The saving in time, space and plant-ing stock is of considerable benefit.

One-of the plantations is located inthe Department's Acadia Forest Ex-periment Station, about 14miles fromFredericton, N. B., and the remain-ing three are in Antigonish County,Nova Scotia. Additional Nelder GridlA layouts are to be established insouthwestern Nova Scotia in 1968.(Source: Research News, Dept. ofForestry and Rural Development -Canada May-June, 1968)

than meet additional U. S. require-ments, it is unlikely Canada's news-print exports tothe U. S. will increasein the near future.

During the next few years, Cana d-ian newsprint companies will makestrong efforts to increase sales over-seas. The Newsprint As sociation ofCanada expects overseas sales to in-crease starting 1968. Some increasein sales is expected to the United King-dome. In addition to regular European

markets, sales have increased con-siderably to Belgium, Luxembourg,Spain and Switzerland. Sales have al-so greatly increased in South and Cen-tral America and Asia. Substantial

in Mexico, Ar-Venezuela, theAustralia, and

sales have been madegentina, Columbia.Philippines, India,South Africa.(Source: Research News, Dept. ofForestry and Rural Development -Canada May-June, 1968)

ON BREATHING, NATIONALISM,IDEOLOGY

"If the scientists are to be believed,we can do ourselves in as thoroughlybe failing to control the atmosphereas by failing to control nuclear wea-pons. In such a world, a rational di-plomacy might regard the balance ofnature as being -- for the present, atlease - - as important as the balanceof power. However that may be, andwhatever moral and political judg-ments may be made on American pol-icy in Vietnam, one is compelled torecognize that the war there is, ex-cept as it hinders the practice of arational diplomacy, monumentally ir-relevanttowhat should be the priori-ties of policy in 1968 ...

"The problems posed by power do

not begin to compare in significanceor urgency to the problems of sur-vival. .. If we cansay with any assur-ance that nationalism transcends ide-ology, we can say with complete as-surance that breathing transcendsboth ... The costs of the war requirethis country, richer by far than anyother and, as a consequence of itstechnology, bearing a heavy respon-sibility for the new threats to life, tocontribute far less than it should tothe efforts to manage the new crises. "(Source: Richard Rovere, The NewYorker, February 24, 1968.)

In New York State, 250,000 pri-vate landowners own all but eight per-cent of the total commercial forestland.

THE NATURAL HISTORY OFUNDERCLIFF ROADby Daniel Smiley and Frank E. Egler.The Mohonk Trust, Educational Re-lease No.1, 1968. Photographs byHappy Kitchel Hamilton and VirginiaV. Smiley.

One of the drawbacks of the self-guided nature walk is that there's no-body to answer the questions. What isthattree, or flower? Why do you sup-pose that rock looks that way? Thetrustees of the Mohonk Trust mustknow what it's like to have unansweredquestions. This new guidebook, pub-lished by the Trust, has the answersin advance.

Under cliff Road is 4-1/2 mileswest of New Palt z , New York, just be-low the southwest escarpment of theShawangunk (pronounced "Shongum")Mountains. It is a 2-1/4 mile, levelpath across talus slopes. The road is

President: John W. StockTupper Lake, NoYo 12986

Editor: Nancy Clarke Gridley1021 Westcott St.Syracuse, NoY. 13210

Treasurer-Membership SecretaryMrs. Luella B. Palmer157 Ballantyne Rd.Syracuse, N. Y. 13205

a 65-year old carriage path, easy towalk, and conducive to the ecosystemkind of study.

This little manual gives the historyand background of the road, then takesthe visitor ona word-and-picture tourof 17 stations. Each is des cribed withtechnical accuracy, but in easily un-derstandable language. Illustrations,referred to in the copy, make comp-rehension even easier. The manualwas meant to be a guide book, but itmakes good armchair reading as well.

The Natural History of Under cliffRoad is available at $1. 00 per copyfrom the Trust office. Write to Mo-honk Lake, New Paltz, New York12561.

Daniel Smiley, one of the TrustAdministrators, suggests a WoodsWalk on Undercliff Road. Those in-terested might send a note saying soto Professor Carlson.

-Nancy Gridley

F. FRA 'f( :"Liw~·.;

MAY 2 ~

EXOTICS: NEW FORESTSFOR TOMORROW?

Future generationslanders may utilize species of treeswhich today can be found only insearch plots in this region.

A stepped up program of trailsexotic tree species has been undertaken by the Department of Forestryand Rural Development after it wasfound that more research on new in-troductions might result in locatingsuccessful exotic species.

Native black spruce and balsamare now the only two major commer-cial species, and the fir is sufferisevere and repeated insect attack.

The first step in the trial progrwas to prepar e a list of pos sible in-tr oductions. This included all cmercially important species from rgions of the world with climate slar to that of Newfoundland.

Seed samples were procuredas much information as possiblethe origin was requestedfrom the ctributing region.

After trials in a tree nur sery,species which showed promise, e.Sitka spruce, were transplantedseedlingswestern,foundland.

Detailed studies will be maintaon these transplant areas to determine how the different exoticeform in their new environment.

The exotic tree trails are a 1term project ofthe Newfoundland Region. By 1975 it should be possito say which of the species testeda reasonable chance of growing inew forests to augment the exisstands.