the nordic model
TRANSCRIPT
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AMBURGO, HafenCity
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Superficie territoriale ha 155 ca
Abitanti 12.000 ca + 40.000 lavoratori impiegati nei servizi e nel commercio
Mix funzionale:52% servizi30% residenze10% aree per tempo libero4% imprese4% commercio e ristorazione
Masterplan di HafenCity Hamburg per il Comune di Amburgo, Realizzazione dei lavori 2002-2011.
Il target ambientale prevede due livelli di performance energetica per abitazioni ed edifici commerciali:
Residenziale <60 kWh/mq anno o <40 kWh/mq annoCommerciale <190 kWh/mq anno o <100 kWh/mq anno
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Hamburg is setting new standards in developing a new city area along the Elbe. Its trendsetting concept will see the area of Hamburg City Center enlarged by 40 percent.The task in hand is to define a new downtown in both urban planning and architectural terms. HafenCity consists almost wholly of new buildings, since not many old ones can be retained or are worth preserving, as the site of HafenCity was largely occupied by single-story sheds.A total 6,000 residential units for 12,000 residents are being built, as well as business premises offering in excess of 45,000 job opportunities, plus restaurants and bars, cultural and leisure amenities, retail facilities, parks, plazas and promenades.Development of HafenCity is essentially based on a Masterplan approved by the Hamburg Senate on February, 2000, which was developed further in 2010.Redefinition of the Masterplan was led by HafenCity Hamburg GmbH in conjunction with the Hamburg Urban Development and Environment Ministry as well as the principal authors of the original Masterplan, Kees Christiaanse, with ASTOC. The reworked draft is being honed in further phases (urban design competitions, landscape competitions and architectural competitions).
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Here residential buildings will only be realized if they match the criteria for the gold HafenCity Ecolabel.All developers have also to meet obligatory criteria for sustainable mobility.
The significance of urban open space for HafenCity is clear from just a few key figures: 25 percent of its land area – as much as 28 hectares – will be public open space. All open spaces, whether parks or promenades, are on the waterside. Water surfaces in harbor basins and the River Elbe are all “islands of fresh air”, opening up views. In addition to the public open spaces, which are closely interlocked and well connected to one another, publicly accessible private open spaces account for a further 13 percent.Open space therefore accounts for 45 percent of all of HafenCity – 31 percent of it is built over and 24 percent is traffic surface.
Large parts of the western area were landscaped by Miralles Tagliabue EMBT who won the architectural competition.
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Miralles Tagliabue EMBT, Public space masterplan
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The Magellan Terraces
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The Marco Polo Terraces
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Sandtorpark
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Vasco da Gama Plaza
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STOCCOLMA, Hammarby Sjostad
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Superficie territoriale ha 180 ca
Abitanti 22.000 ca + 10.000 lavoratori
Numero appartamenti 10.400
Alloggi per studenti 400
Residenze in proprietà 56%Residenze in affitto 44%
Densità abitativa 396 ab/ha
Proprietà dei terreni PubblicaProprietà degli immobili Mista: cooperative d’abitazione, cooperative a partecipazione pubblica, grandi imprese, privati
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The development used a total of 40 construction partners to design and build the individual apartment blocks. These developers were a mixture of privately and publicly owned companies who were building for outright sale and for rent into the future. In the first phase of development each contractor was offered a choice of buying the land for their individual plots at a reduced rate, after making a contribution towards the cost of the land remediation, or buying the land at the market rate after it had been cleaned. The contractors opted to make a contribution towards the clean-up and later to buy the land at a reduced cost.
Many of the apartment blocks that were built in the earlier stages of the project were experimental in their use of environmentally-friendly technologies, particularly solar panels and solar cells (in one case a fuel cell).
The fact that there were 40 contractors involved in designing and building the apartment blocks helped to drive up standards, as each competed to produce the leading designs.
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MALMO, Västra Hammen
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Quando chiusero i cantieri navali, il comune acquisì i terreni, demolì gli edifici industriali e pubblicò un bando di gara internazionale nel 2001. L’aggiudicazione dei lotti ad ogni impresa seguì un processo fortemente competitivo e trasparente. L’ufficio tecnico del Comune definì una serie di 38 parametri progettuali e un punteggio per ciascuno.
Ad esempio, definendo l’area del lotto come 100, uno dei parametri considerati era il coefficiente di permeabilità alla pioggia in funzione del sistema costruttivo scelto. Un tetto di tegole, calcestruzzo o metallo presenta una permeabilità nulla, un tetto giardino una permeabilità del 50%, un patio di gres o lastre di cemento senza soluzioni di continuità ha pure permeabilità nulla, mentre un giardino permeabilità 100. Moltiplicando l’area di ogni elemento per la sua permeabilità si ottiene la permeabilità totale dell’insieme. Per via del clima piovoso della zona ed il costo di trattamento delle acque piovane, si premiavano i progetti in cui la permeabilità globale fosse massima.
Criteri simili vennero stabiliti anche per il consumo energetico, la raccolta delle immondizie, i materiali da utilizzare (maggiore punteggio a quelli con processo industriale con minori emissioni di CO2). Per ogni lotto, i vari impresari ed i loro architetti presentarono i loro progetti e furono aggiudicati solo quelli che ottennero il maggiore punteggio.
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La zona di Västra Hamnen è oggi un campionario di tecniche e stili costruttivi: non ci sono due edifici uguali, poiché nella sua progettazione e costruzione parteciparono 20 imprese e 30 studi di architettura diversi.
L’integrazione fra verde, acqua ed edifici è una caratteristica del quartiere: il 38% dell’area è costituito da superficie verde (giardini o biotopi) e canali con acqua di mare.
Il riscaldamento di Västra Hamnen è centralizzato: un’enorme pompa di calore, alimentata esclusivamente con l’elettricità del parco eolico.
Per quanto riguarda le cucine e la mobilità urbana (autobus, camion della raccolta di immondizie, e, ancora in piccola scala, anche per i taxi e auto private), Malmo utilizza biometano ottenuto dal trattamento anaerobico dalla raccolta differenziata dell'organico (la FORSU: Frazione Organica del Rifiuto Solido Urbano).
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COPENHAGEN, Nordhaven
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Superficie territoriale ha 300 ca
Abitanti 40.000 ca
Il concept del piano struttura l'area in 11 isole separate da canali e bacini, in cui ogni isola rappresenta un'unità completa.
Il traffico sarà 1/3 ciclabile, 1/3 trasporto pubblico e 1/3 motorizzato privato.
Il target ambientale è creare un'area “carbon negative” che possa produrre più energia rinnovabile (eolica e geotermica) di quanta ne consuma.
Proprietà dei terreni 55% comunale, 45% Ministero dei Trasporti
Processo: 2008 concorso di progettazione internazionale,2010-2011 sviluppo del masterplan,2012 inizio della prima fase costruttiva,2018 inizio seconda fase costruttiva.
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