The North

North:Economy

• Industry– With advances in technology the economy of the

North focused more and more on manufacturing– New machinery and technology allow workers to

specialize and now factories can mass produce items.• 1st Manufacturers made an item by dividing the work

among workers• 2nd – They began building factories to have larger numbers

of people working (each laborer specialized)• 3rd – They began to use machines to perform labor

Technological advances

• Power-driven looms– The machine did the weaving– Faster– Laborer now watched and cared for the machine

• Elisa Howe – 1846 – invents sewing machine

North Economy

• By 1860 66% of items made (manufactured) in America came from the Northeast.

• By 1850 – no slave labor

The NorthPeople

• NORTHERN FACTORIES– Mills and factories grew and made:• Textiles, clothing, shoes, watches, guns, sewing

machines, agricultural machines

– Working Conditions• Owners wanted longer hours• By 1840 average was “11.4 hours a day”

The NorthPeople

• Factory accidents– Belts that loosened led to injuries– Young children– Hot summers – no A/C and machines produced

heat– Cold Winters – no heating– No protection laws

The NorthPeople

• African American Workers–Although slavery disappeared from the

North, still dealt with discrimination and prejudice• Few were allowed to vote• Most were barred from public schools and public

buildings• Segregated schools and hospitals• Most very poor

The NorthPeople

– Freedom’s Journal – 1st “African American newspaper,” founded in NYC in 1827 by Samuel Cornish and John B. Russwurm

– Macon B. Allen – “the first African American [lawyer] in the United States”

• Women Workers– Paid less then men– Men wanted jobs to go to men first

The NorthPeople

• Cities– Had most of the factories– Population in the cities grew as people moved

there looking for work• NYC 800,000 in 1860• Philadelphia 500,000 in 1860• New major cities: St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati,

Louisville, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Chicago.

– All along rivers profited– Growth required immigrants

The NorthPeople

• Immigration Many from Ireland and Germany settled in the

Northeast to fill factories Willing to work longer hours for less pay Nativists – opposed immigration – thought it

would hurt “the future of ‘native’ – American born – citizens”

CH13 VOCAB

• Nativist cotton gin• telegraph• Clipper ship Morse code• Famine credit• Prejudice• Discrimination yeoman• Fixed cost tenant farmers• Capital overseer• Spiritual slave code

Important Terms

• Inventors– Elias Howe – sewing machine– Robert Fulton – new steamboat– Peter Cooper – American steam locomotive– John Deere – steel-tipped plow– Cyrus McCormick – mechanical reaper– Eli Whitney – cotton gin