THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR Chapter 28 The Cold War Begins: Issues Dividing U.S. and U.S.S.R. Control of postwar Europe (post 1945) Russians occupied eastern Europe (buffer zone) creating satellite nations U.S. demanded national self-determination (free elections) throughout Europe Economic aid FDR denied Russia aid at the end of war (relations will sour) Marshall Plan of 1948 (Russia refused aid) was developed to rebuild Europe (mostly Western Europe) Nuclear disarmament 1946 USSR wanted immediate abolition while U.S. wanted gradual reduction (Baruch Plan-U.S. control over inspection of nuclear weapons in the world) Soviets were working on developing nuclear capabilities Containment A call for containment of Russias expansive tendencies Truman Doctrine was to support free peoples who are resisting communism (Greece and Turkey) An informal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union and expansion of communism Development of NSA Department of Defense unified armed forces Central Intelligence Agency created National Security Council advises president Cold War Expands 1947: U.S.-Russian arms race accelerated 1949: First Russian atomic bomb exploded, U.S. began hydrogen bomb development The Berlin Blockade 1948: Russians blockade of Berlin Truman ordered airlift to supply the city The Western Military Alliance 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military alliance included U.S., Canada, most of western Europe Conflict Expands into Asia 1945: U.S. consolidates hold on Japan, former Japanese possessions in Pacific 1949: Civil War in China leads to victory for Mao Tse-tung (communism) Result in U.S. concentration on areas around China (Japan) 1950: Communist North Korean forces invaded U.S.-influenced South Korea War results into a stalemate keeping division at 38 th parallel Result is U.S. military build up and concentration all over the world The Loyalty Issue and McCarthyism House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated Communist subversion in government Truman responded with loyalty program Alger Hiss case Democrats blamed for Losing" China to Communism Russia's development of a hydrogen bomb 1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy launched anticommunist campaign (Second Red Scare) Innocent overwhelmed by accusations 1954: Attack on Army discredited McCarthy who is then censured The Election of 1952 The Republicans/Eisenhower in Power 1952: Eisenhower captures White House for Republican Party Ends Korean War Eisenhower new look policy relied on massive retaliation to deter Soviet attacks Eisenhower Wages the Cold War Entanglement in Indochina Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam over France Vietnam divided 17 th parallel (election postponed to unite nation) South Vietnam under U.S. puppet regime Containing China Tough line against China over Taiwan Drove wedge between China, Russia Turmoil in the Middle East Suez Canal Crisis (Egypt/Soviet Union vs. France/Britain/Israel/U.S.) Eisenhower won Middle East trust by pressuring English, French withdrawal Use of Covert Actions Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used to achieve covert objectives Iran: CIA restored the shah to power after democratic election Guatemala: CIA ousts leftist government Eastern Europe: Refused to help East Germans or Hungarians The Continuing Cold War October, 1957: Russians launched Sputnik May, 1960: U-2 incident cancelled plans for summit on new Berlin Crisis (Between Krushchev and Eisenhower) January, 1961: Eisenhower warned against growing military-industrial complex Nuclear test ban treaty U.S. and U.S.S.R. agreed to suspend nuclear testing in the atmosphere