the oppression towards black female characters as …

e-ISSN 2549-7715 | Volume 4 | Nomor 4 | Oktober 2020 | Hal: 662-673

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THEOPPRESSIONTOWARDSBLACKFEMALECHARACTERSASMAIDINTHEHELPNOVELBYKATHRYNSTOCKETT

AbigailFlaviaDominilla1,*,SinggihDaruKuncara2,NitaMayaValiantien31EnglishDepartment,FacultyofCulturalSciences,MulawarmanUniversity

2,3FacultyofCulturalSciences,MulawarmanUniversity*Email:[email protected]

ABSTRACT

ThisresearchanalyzedtheoppressionissuethathappenedinTheHelpnovel.Theoppressionmostlyhappenedtothetwomainblackfemalecharactersinthenovel,namelyAibileenClarkandMinnyJackson.Thepurposeofthisresearchistoanalyzehow the kinds of oppression happened through the postcolonial feminismperspective.Toprovidedeeperanalysis,qualitativeresearchisusedastheresearchmethod.By theanalysis, itwas found thatAibileengot fourkindsofoppression,whichareexploitation,marginalization,powerlessness, andcultural imperialism.Whereas Minny Jackson got all the kinds of oppression towards her. Theseoppressions can be seen through the narration, dialogue, action, thoughts, andphysicalappearanceofthecharacters.Bothofthemgottheoppressionbecauseasthethirdworldwomen,theywereshapedtobeinferiortowardsMissHilly,MissLeefoltastheirmastersandLeroyasMinny’shusband.Basedontheanalysis,theresearchersconcludedthatblackwomenexperienceddoubleoppressionthanthefirstworldwomen, considering not only through their gender but also race andclass.

Keywords:BlackWomen,ThirdWorldWomen,FirstWorldWomen,Oppression,PostcolonialFeminism

ABSTRAK

PenelitianinimenganalisismasalahpenindasanyangterjadidalamnovelTheHelp.Penindasansebagianbesarterjadipadaduakarakterperempuankulithitamutamadalamnovel,bernamaAibileenClarkdanMinnyJackson.Tujuandaripenelitian iniadalahuntukmenganalisabagaimanajenis–jenispenindasanterjadimelaluisudutpandang feminism poskolonial. Untuk memberikan analisa yang lebih dalam,penelitian kualitatif digunakan sebagai metode penelitian. Melalui analisa, telahditemukanbahwaAibileenmendapatkanempatjenispenindasan,yaknieksploitasi,marginalisasi, ketidakberdayaan, dan imperialisme budaya. Sedangkan MinnyJackson mendapatkan semua jenis penindasan disebabkan. Penindasan ini dapatdilihatmelaluinarasi,dialog,aksi,pikiran,danpenampilanfisikkarakter.Keduanya



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mendapatkan penindasan karena sebagai perempuan negara ketiga, merekaditentukan untuk menjadi bawahan terhadap Miss Hilly dan Miss Leefolt sebagaimajikan mereka dan Leroy sebagai suami Minny. Berdasarkan analisa, penelitimenyimpulkan bahwa perempuan kulit hitam mengalami penindasan gandadaripadaperempuannegarapertama,menimbangtidakhanyamelaluijeniskelamintetapijugamelaluirasdankelasmereka.

KataKunci:Perempuankulithitam,Perempuannegaraketiga,perempuannegarapertama,poskolonialfeminism

A. INTRODUCTION

The thirdworldwomenor thewomen fromthecolonizedbelieve that theyexperienced the unequal treatment because ofmany social factors, such as race,ethnicity,religion,profession,levelofeducation,andothers(Tong215).Thethirdworldwomentendtohavemorecomplexidentitythanthefirstworldwomen(thecolonizercountry)whichleadsthemtodoublecolonization.Themodestexampleistheblackwomen.Beingonepartof thepeopleof thethirdworldcountries, theyseemtobefamiliarwithoppressionduetothedaysofslavery.Oppressionistheconditionwhenpeople suffer indeveloping their capacities andexpressing theirneeds,thoughts,andfeelings(Young40).Inthiscase,blackwomencannotbeableto be free in developing and expressingwhat they experience,whether they arebeing oppressed or not (Tong 215). The oppression happened towards blackwomenhasbeenattachedtosocietyevenuntilnow(SoundaryaandNagarathinam751).

Literary works used as a device by some women authors to portray thatphenomenon, inorder tomake theirvoicebecomeheardbypeopleand tomakepeople knowhow they feel. Therefore, it influencedKathryn Stockett,who is anAmerican author, towrite her famous novel entitledTheHelp. It tells about theoppressiontowardsblackwomenwhoworkedasthemaidforwhite families forgeneration in 1960s in Jackson, Mississippi. These black women maids arerepresentedthroughtheblackfemalecharactersnamedAibileenClarkandMinnyJackson.Aibileenistheblackwomanwhohasworkedasthemaidforherentirelife.Shehas togo to thedifferentbathroombecauseshe isbelievedtocarryharmfuldiseases.Meanwhile,MinnyJacksonwasfiredbyhermaster’sdaughter,MissHilly,whospreadthelietoeveryonethatshestolesilver.Nooneintownwantstohireher.Shelivesinfearforsheknowsifshegotnojob,herabusivehusband,Leroy,wouldkillher(Stockett).

TheresearchersdecidedtochooseTheHelpbyKathrynStocketttobeanalyzedbecauseithasthevaluesaboutthethirdworldwomen,especiallyblackwomenwhowereoppressedmore.Inaddition,itisbecausethisnovelwaswrittenbyawhiteperson,KathrynStockett,whichisrareandbraveinordertomakepeopleknow,



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understandmoreabout the storyofblackwomen.Basedon that idea, there is aquestion raised which concerned about how the kinds of oppression happentowardstheblackfemalecharactersthroughthepostcolonialfeminismperspective.Thepurposeofthisresearchistoanalyzehowthekindsofoppressionhappenedthroughthepostcolonialfeminismperspective.

B. RELATEDLITERATURE1. CharacterandCharacterization

Whenwereadaliterarywork,wecanfindthethingsthattakeroleinthestory. It is called the characters. According to Abrams, characters are thepersonsrepresentedinadramaticornarrativework,whoareinterpretedbythereaderaspossessingparticularmoral,intellectual,emotionalqualitiesbyinferencesfrom‘whatthepersonssayandtheirdistinctivewaysofsayingit(thedialogue)andfromwhattheydo(AbramsandHarpham46).

Character has sort of identity that being made up by the appearance,conversation,action,andthoughtthatisgoingonintheheadofit.Theidentityofthecharactercanbesaidasthecharacterization.Characterizationishowthecharacterismadeupbytheauthorthroughwordsofeachcharactertodefinewhotheyare(Gill127).

2. Oppression

The conceptof oppressionhasbeen formedby the conditionwhere thesocietybelievesthatonegroupismoreinferiorthanothers.Itiscausedbythedifferences of social aspects such as class, race, and gender. Ursula Egidiusdiscussedthatoppressionisanenclosingstructurethat,bywayofinstitutionalpractice, harmsmembers of a social groups, whilemembers of another orother, correspondingsocialgroupsbenefit fromtheharmsufferedby thoseoppressed(Egidius8).SimilarwithEgidius,Youngstatedthatoppressionistheconditionwhenpeoplesufferindevelopingtheircapacitiesandexpressingtheirneeds,thoughts,andfeelings(Young40).

Theresearchersconcludedthattheoppressionistheinjusticepracticethathappenedtowardstheinferiorgroupinparticularlyblackwomen,wheretheycannotbefreeinbuildingtheircapacitiesandexpressingtheirideas,feelings,and needs because of the stereotypes that society believe. The concept ofoppressionhasbeendividedintofivefaces,thecategoriesthatreflectedbytheoppressedgroupthatoppressioncouldnotbedefineinoneexactdefinition(Young48).Thesearethefaces;exploitation,marginalization,powerlessness,culturalimperialism,andviolence.



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3. FiveFacesofOppression

Therearefivefacesofoppression,whichareexploitation,marginalization,powerlessness,culturalimperialism,andviolence(Young40).

a. Exploitation

Exploitationconsistsoftheinjusticepracticeofcapitalistsocietythatsome people exercise their capacities under the control, according topurposes, and for the benefit of another especially aboutwork and thewages.

b. Marginalization

Marginalizationistheinjusticepracticethatexcludedthelowergroupofsocietyfromimportantlifeparticipation,differentiatethembecauseoftheirgender,class,orraceandlimitedthecapacitiesinanysocialaspects.

c. Powerlessness

Powerlessness is the injustice conditionwherepeoplehavenovoiceandnopowertofightagainsttheunequaltreatmentthathappenedtothemand have no right in participating in social aspects because of theirpowerlessness.

d. CulturalImperialism

The injustice conditionwhere the society is controlled by dominantgroup’sculturewhichbecamethesocialstandardandtheinferiorgroupareunseenbecauseofitiscalledculturalimperialism.

e. Violence

The intentional practice that caused harmed or injured mentally orpsychicallyorevendeath to someone inagroupofpeople, andanothermemberaresomewhatpossibletogetthesamepracticeaswelliscalledviolence.

4. PostcolonialFeminism

Asexplainedintheintroduction,doublecolonizationisfacedbythethirdworldwomenwheretheyareinferiornotonlytowardsmenbutalsotowardsthefirstworldwomenastheconsequencesoftheirrace,gender,andclass(qtd.Chambers 5). Therefore, the third world women came up with the idea ofpostcolonial feminism. It focuses ondisempowers anddisadvantagesof thethirdworldwomen inparticularwhere theyarenot just concernabout thegenderissues(Tong216).Itcanbeconcludedthatpostcolonialfeminismisthevoice of the third world women, where they experience more complex



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oppression inadifferentwaythanthe firstworldwomendue to theirrace,gender,andclassstatus,whichshapedthestereotypesorimagetolabelthem.

C. RESEARCHMETHOD1. ResearchDesign

Researchdesignused in this research isqualitative research. SnapeandSpencer stated in their book, “qualitative research is naturalistic,interpretative approach concerned with understanding the meaning whichpeopleattachtophenomena(actions,decisions,beliefs,values,etc.)”(SnapeandSpencer15).Thus, theresearchersprovidedadeeperunderstandingofsocialphenomenon,theactions,beliefs,valuesoftheblackfemalecharactersintheTheHelpnovel.Theresearchersusedthequalitativeresearchbecausethe data are taken from the text which how the kinds of oppression thathappenedtowardstheblackfemalecharactersthroughpostcolonialfeminismperspective.

2. DataandDataSource

TheobjectofthisresearchisthenovelbyKathrynStockett,entitledTheHelp. Itwaswritteninthirty-fourchapters,publishedbythePenguinBookswith444pages.Thedataof this researchcontainallof thewords,phrases,sentences,paragraphs,anddialoguesthatrelatedtothekindsofoppressionoftheblackfemalecharactersandthepostcolonialfeminismperspectives.

3. DataCollection

Incollectingthedata,theresearchersdidaclosereadingfirsttogetdetailmeaningandunderstandingofthenovel.Next,theresearcherswroteallofthedatathathasbeenfoundinthenovel, inthenotebook.Thechapterandthepageofthenovelwereinsertedinthenoteinordertofindthedataeasier.Thisstepaimstomakethesortingofdatabecomeeasier.

4. DataAnalysis

In qualitative research, Given stated that there are four steps used toanalyze the data, which are gathering, memo, coding or categorizing, andanalyzingthedata(Given186-187).Thefirststepisgatheringthedata,whichmeanstheresearchersgatheredalltheinformationthatrelatedtotheresearchquestions.Thesecondstepismemoingthedata,whichmeanstheresearcherstookapersonalnote,includedthethoughts,guesses,andfirsthypotheses.Thethird step is coding or categorizing the data, whichmeans the researchersclassifiedthedatabyusingsomeformsofcode.Analyzingthedataisthefinalstep,whichmeans that theresearchers interpreted thedata thathavebeencategorized using the theories to answer how do the kinds of oppressionhappentowardsblackfemalecharacters.



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D. FINDINGSANDDISCUSSION1. TheOppressiontowardsAibileenClark

ThedatashowthattherearefourkindsofoppressionhappenedtowardsAibileenClark.Theanalysisisshownbelow.

a. Exploitation

(Data1:1E004)

MissLeefoltdon’tpaybutninety-fivecentsanhour,lessthanIbeenpaidinyears.(Stockett4)

Itwas thenarrationaboutAibileen’s thought. She thought about thepaid,thatsheonlygotpaidforninety-fivecentsanhour.Itwaslessthanshehadbeenpaid,consideringtheworkshehadtodo.Itwasalsoundertheminimumwage forworkersat that time.According to1938Actand1961Amendments,minimumwageforworkeronSep3,1961was$1.15and $1.00 an hour (U.S. Department of Labor). Young stated thatexploitationcanbecausedduetotheracialbackground(seeinpage15).Aibileen’sstatusasablackwomaninfluencedthewayMissLeefoltpaidherbecauseblackpeopletendtobepaidlessfortheyusedtobeaslavewithpoorwages.ThisconditionprovesAibileenisexploitedbyMissLeefolt.

b. Marginalization

(Data3:1M022)

When I tellmyseventh-grade teacher Iain’tcomingbacktoschoolcauseIgottohelpoutmymama.(Stockett22)

Marginalization happened towards Aibileen can be seen in thenarrationabovethatshowedAibileen’s thought.Shehadtoquitschoolbecauseshehadtohelphermama,beingamaid.Untilthen,shekeepsbeingamaidformanywhitefamilies,andatthattimeshewasworkingforthe Leefolts. As a black woman, she had to live in a poor condition.Moreover,shehadtofollowthetraditioninherfamilytonotcontinueherschool.Shehadtobethemaidassaidthattheyonlyworthtobedomesticservant. As well as Young said, that marginalization happened whensomeone’scapacitiesinbeinglimitedtoparticipateinsociallife.Aibileenwasbeinglimitedbythefactshecannotbeabletocontinueherstudylikeothersespeciallythosewhoweredominantlikewhitepeople,wheretheyhadmoreopportunitytocontinueeducation.

c. Powerlessness

(Data7:1P024)



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WhichremindsmeawhatIdon’twantathinkaboutthatMissLeefolt’sbuildingmeabathroomcauseshethinkI’mdiseased.And Miss Skeeter asking don’t I want to change things, likechanging Jackson, Mississippi, gone be like changing alightbulb.(Stockett24)

Fromthisnarration,itcanbeseenhowAibileenfelt.Shedidnotwanttorememberhowhermaster,MissLeefoltwhobelievedthatblackpeopledidcarrydiseasesanddangerous.Shealsobelievedthatthingscannotbechanged,especiallyinMississippi.Itwasnevereasy,andnotthesameaschangingthelightbulbthatyoucanjustunplugtheoldonethatnolongerfunctionandchangeitwiththenewone.ThingsarenoteasyforsomeonelikeAibileen,whohasnopowerconsideringherstatus,race,andgender.Shecannotevensaythatsheisnotdiseaseslikewhatisbelieved,thusitcanbeimpossibleforhertochangethings.


CulturalimperialismhappenedtowardsAibileencanbeseenfromthedialogbetweenAibileenandMissLeefoltbelow,

(Data19:1C029)

“MisterLeefoltand Ihavedecided tobuildyouyourveryownbathroom.”Sheclapherhandstogether,dropherchinatme.“It’srightoutthereinthegarage.”

“Yes,ma’am.”WhereshethinkIbeenallthistime?

“So,fromnowon,insteadofusingtheguestbathroom,youcan use your own right out there. Won’t that be nice?”(Stockett29)

From the previous bathroom talk, Miss Hilly then suggested MissLeefolt tobuilda specialbathroom forAibileenoutside thehouse.ThenMissLeefoltagreedtobuildonealsoinordertoincreasethevalueofherhouse,forithasabathroomforblackpeople.MissLeefoltsaidthatAibileenmustuseherownbathroomnownottheguestbathroombecauseitwouldbenice.AibileenastheblackwomanhastofollowthedecisionmadebyMissLeefoltforshewaswhite.Aibileendidnotaskthemtobuildherthatbathroom, but because of the law inquires black people to go to thedifferentbathroom.

e. Violence

The fifthkindofoppression isviolence.However,violencehappenedtowardsAibileendoesnotemergeinthisnovel.



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2. TheOppressiontowardsMinnyJacksona. Exploitation

(Data23:2E227)

“Ain’t they?Rememberthat timeMissWaltermakeyoupayforthecrystalglassyoubroke?Tendollarsoutayourpay?Thenyou findout themglassesonly cost threedollarsapiecedownatCarter’s?”

“Mm-hmm.”(Stockett227)

ThisistheconversationbetweenMinnyandAibileenthatshowsMissWalteraction.ItportraystheexploitationhappenedtowardsMinny.Minnywereaskedtopaytendollarsfortheglassshebrokeandwillbetakenoutfromherpay.Butlatershefoundoutthattheglassonlycoststhreedollars.Exploitation isan injusticepractice thatbenefitsothers,aswhitepeopleusedtotakethebenefitofblackpeople.MinnyastheblackmaidhadtopaymorethansheshouldandthepaymentwenttoMissWalterwhoiswhite.

b. Marginalization

(Data25:2M227)

“Oh,andyourememberthatcrazyMisterCharlie,theonewhoalwayscallyouniggertoyourfacelikehethinkit’sfunny.Andhiswife,theonewhomakeyoueatlunchoutside,eveninthemiddleaJanuary?Evenwhenitsnowedthattime?”(Stockett227)

This datum abovewas taken from the dialogue betweenMinny andAibileen.Minnyismarginalizedinawaythatherpreviousmaster,MisterCharlieandhiswife,toldhertoeatoutsideevenifitissnowed.Shehastoeat outside because of the segregation betweenwhite and black,wheretheyarenotallowedtositonthesametabletogether.Andbecauseshewasonlytheirmaid,shebecameinthelowestpositionthatshewasnotworthymorethandomesticworker.

c. Powerlessness

(Data28:2P021)

“ShetellingeverbodyintownI’mstealing!That’swhyIcan’tget no work! That witch done turned me into the Smart-MouthedCriminalMaidaHindsCounty!”(Stockett21)

ThisdatumwastakenbytheconversationbetweenMinnyandAibileenthroughphone.MinnytoldAibileenthatshecouldnotfindanyjob.MissHillyaccusedherstealingsilverandspreadthenewstoeveryone.Because



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MissHillywastheonethathaspower,everyonebelievesher.Noone intownwantstohireMinnyeversince.Shecannotdoanythingaboutit,thetruthisshehadbeenagoodmaid,whodidnothingbuttakecareofMissWalters.Duetoherpositionasablackwomanandasamaid,sheisnotabletoproveherselfnotguilty.Shehastoreceiveandbecomeavictimwhichhasnopowertofight.


(Data34:2C032)

I’veneverinmylifehadawhitewomantellmetositdownsoshecanservemeacolddrink.(Stockett32)

The narration above shows the cultural imperialism that happenedtowardsMinnyJackson.MinnywaslookingforanewjobafterMissHillyfiredherandspread the lie.Luckily, shegot the informationaboutMissCeliafromAibileen.MissCelialivesoutsidethetown.MinnycometoMissCelia’shouse.RatherthanaskedMinnytolookaroundandseethehouse,MissCeliaaskedhertohaveasitandofferedheradrink.Minnygotshockedbecauseasseenabove,nowhitepeoplehaseverservedheranythingandtoldhertositdown.Inculture,whitepeoplearenotsupposedtotreatblackpeoplenicely.They shouldbe theonewhogot served,not theonewhoserves. It has become the norm, that superior should be served by theinferior.IthasbecomethenorminsocietyandisbelievedbyMinny,asablackwoman,thatshouldserveMissCelia.

e. Violence

(Data40:2V304)

Leroyscreamedatmeallnight,threwthesugarbowlupsidemyhead,threwmyclothesoutontheporch.Imean,whenhe’sdrinkingtheThunderbird,it’sonething,but.Oh.TheshameissoheavyIthinkImightpullmetothefloor.Leroy,hewasn’tonthe Thunderbird this time. This timehe beatme stone coldsober.(Stockett304)

ViolencehappenedtowardsMinnystillcanbeseenfromthenarrationabove.Minnyrememberedwhathappenedlastnight,thatshehasnotsleptatall.Leroycamehomenotdrinkingatallandhescreamedatherallnight.HeeventhrewabowltowardsMinnycausinghertohavethecutonhereyebrow.Moreover, he threw all of her clothes on the porch. This timeLeroyisnotdrunk,heisfullyconscious.MinnythoughtthatitwasbecauseLeroyhasfoundoutthatsheisworkingwithMissSkeeter,butthistimeitwasonlyforhisplessure.



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ThefindingsrevealedthatAibileenonlygotfourkindsofoppression,whichare exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, and cultural imperialism.Powerlessness is the most frequent oppression that happened towardsAibileen.Beingablackwoman,sheisbelievedtocarrydifferentanddangerousdiseaseswhichiswhyshecannotgotothesamebathroomaswhitepeople.Shegottohearthesetalkaloteversince,yetshecandonothingaboutthat.Shecannotexpressherfeelingswithoutrestrictionforshewouldbepunishedby thewhitepeople.Being firedwas thepunishment shegot if she tried tospeak up. Minny also got powerlessness happened towards her. She waspowerlesstofightbackandlivedinfearifshespokeup.Shegotherselffiredand defamed byMiss Hilly so shewould get any job in town. She also feltpowerlesstowardsLeroy,herhusband.Shewasafraidthathewillkillherandif he knows about her problem. As the blackwoman, she had to suffer thecultureofsilence,whereshecannotvoicetheconditionshegot.IncontrasttoAibileen,Minnyreceivedpowerlessnesswherenotonlyfromwhitewomanyetalsofromblackman.

ViolencedidnothappentowardsAibileen.Therewasnodatafoundthatindicates Aibileen got violence by another characters, not even from MissLeefoltandMissHilly.Shedidnothaveanyinteractionwithothersthathavethe intentiontoattackorharmherself.Ontheotherhand,violencewasthemostfrequentoppressionthathappenedtowardsMinny.Itwasmostlydonebyherhusband,Leroy. It frequentlyhappened through thenarrationaboutMinny.LeroyalsolovestopushMinnythatcausedbruisesandwoundsalloverherbody.Helovestodoviolenceconsciouslyandunconsciously.HedidthesesomehowtoreleasehisstressandnotwantMinnytobeaburden.Healsodidthatonlyforhispleasure.Evenso,Minnywastooafraidtofightbackandshealwaysbecomesweakwhen it comes to Leroy.As a blackwoman, shewasliabletogetviolencebythemenandwomenfromthefirstworldcountryandthemenfromtheirrace.Shealsoexperiencedthedomesticviolencebecauseofherstatusaswomenandblack.Sheoftengotbeatupbythementoletgotheangerandstressduetotoughlifecondition.

Fromtheexplanationabove,itcanbeseenthatbothAibileenandMinnygottheoppressiontowardsthem.Theygottheoppressioncausedbyanothercharactermostlyseenfromthenarrationsthatreflectedtheirthoughtstothesurroundingsandtheirphysicalappearanceastheblackwoman.Itwasalsoseen from the conversations that show the action of another characterstowards Aibileen and Minny. They are oppressed by the stereotypes thatshaped due to their status as the black women. These stereotypes werepossessed by another character like Miss Leefolt andMiss Hilly which arewhite women and Leroy as the black man. Both Aibileen and Minny wereoppressed by the first world women and their condition as black women.Otherwise,itwasonlyMinnywhogotdoubleoppression.



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E. CONCLUSION

Afteranalyzing theoppression towardsblack femalecharacters inTheHelpnovel, using the theory of Five Faces of Oppression by Iris Marion Young, theresearchers concluded that Aibileen Clark, only got four kind of oppressions.PowerlessnesswasthemostfrequentoppressionthathappenedtowardsAibileenandviolencedidnothappenbecauseshehasnointeractionwithanothercharacterthat has potential to violate her. Meanwhile, Minny Jackson got all the kinds ofoppression towards her. Different from Aibileen, violence is the most frequentoppressionthathappenedtowardsMinny.

Basedontheanalysis,AibileengotoppressedbyMissLeefolt,hermaster,andMissHilly,whileMinnybyLeroy,MissHilly,MissWalters,andthestrangewhiteman.Theygottheoppressionbecauseofthestereotypesasthethirdworldwomenthatwereshapedbythefirstworldwomen.Bothofthemwereconsideredastheinferior towardsmenandwhite fromanotherclassandrace,andalsomen fromtheirownrace.Theseoppressionswereshownthroughthecharacterizationseeninthenarrationsanddialoguesthatrepresentedtheactions, thoughts,andphysicalappearanceofthesecharacters.Giventhesepoints,blackwomenasthethirdworldwomen received more oppression than the first world women due their race,gender,andclass.

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