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Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
WILDLIFE SERVICESWILDLIFE SERVICESWILDLIFE SERVICES
The Oral Rabies Vaccine ProgramThe Oral Rabies The Oral Rabies Vaccine ProgramVaccine Program
Keith WehnerKeith WehnerRabies Field CoordinatorRabies Field Coordinator
National Rabies Management ProgramNational Rabies Management Program
What is Rabies?What is Rabies?
Virus NOT found in blood, urine, feces, or skunk sprayVirus NOT found in blood, urine, feces, or skunk spray
Rabies Virus Facts…
How is Rabies TransmittedHow is Rabies Transmitted??
What is RabiesWhat is Rabies??Deadly virus that attacks the central nervous system and Deadly virus that attacks the central nervous system and
infects all mammalsinfects all mammals
Primary exposure = direct contact with a rabid animal via a Primary exposure = direct contact with a rabid animal via a bite or scratchbite or scratch
Secondary exposure = fresh infectious material contacts a Secondary exposure = fresh infectious material contacts a wound that has bled in the last 24 hourswound that has bled in the last 24 hours
Infectious material = saliva, brain matter, spinal cordInfectious material = saliva, brain matter, spinal cord
Rabies is Fatal…Rabies is Fatal…
50,000 50,000 –– 100,000 people 100,000 people die annually worldwide, die annually worldwide, mostly in developing mostly in developing countriescountries
In the USA, only 27 In the USA, only 27 people died from rabies people died from rabies between 1990between 1990--20002000
Common Rabies SymptomsCommon Rabies Symptomsin Animals:in Animals:
Change in behaviorChange in behavior--Become aggressive or docileBecome aggressive or docile
Paralysis of throatParalysis of throat
--Cannot eat or drinkCannot eat or drink--Drool and strange vocal soundsDrool and strange vocal sounds
Change in motionChange in motion--Paralysis of hind endParalysis of hind end
Incubation phase3-15 weeks.
Rabies Symptoms Rabies Symptoms in Humansin Humans
3 different steps3 different stepsStep 1 Step 1 –– fever, headache, general fever, headache, general malaisemalaise
Step 2 Step 2 –– insomnia, anxiety, confusion, insomnia, anxiety, confusion, partial paralysis, excitation, partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, hallucinations, agitation, agitation, hypersalivation, difficulty hypersalivation, difficulty swallowing, hydrophobiaswallowing, hydrophobia
Step 3 Step 3 –– Death Death -- within 10 days of within 10 days of onset of symptomsonset of symptoms
PrePre--exposure vaccinationexposure vaccinationPostPost--exposure prophylaxisexposure prophylaxis
Surveillance (mostly passive)Surveillance (mostly passive)Laboratory diagnosticsLaboratory diagnosticsCase investigationsCase investigationsPublic educationPublic educationDog, cat & livestock vaccinationsDog, cat & livestock vaccinationsAnimal and wildlife controlAnimal and wildlife control
Raccoon Strain RabiesRaccoon Strain Rabies
Distribution of Major Terrestrial Reservoirs Distribution of Major Terrestrial Reservoirs of Rabies in the United Statesof Rabies in the United States
U.S. Animal Rabies Cases U.S. Animal Rabies Cases –– 20052005(6417 Reported Cases: (6417 Reported Cases: 92%92% in Wildlife)in Wildlife)
40% RaccoonsSkunksBatsFoxesAll Others
Data from CDCData from CDC
Nettles, V.F., J.H. Shaddock, R.K. Sikes, andC.R. Reyes. 1979. Rabies in translocated raccoons.Am J. Public Health. 69(6):601-602.
Distribution of Raccoon Variant of Rabies
in the late 1970’s
CDC
TX
MT
NM
COIL
WY
KS
IANE
SDMN
ND
OK
FL
WI
MO
AL GA
AR
MI
IN
LA
NY
NC
PA
TN
MS
VAKYOH
SC
ME
Spread RateSpread Rate----25 Miles Per Year25 Miles Per Year
50 yrs 40 yrs 30 yrs 20 yrs 10 yrs
Kemere et al. 2000
Raccoon rabies has a much greater impact Raccoon rabies has a much greater impact than other terrestrial rabies variants in U.S.than other terrestrial rabies variants in U.S.
••Larger number of rabid animalsLarger number of rabid animals••More spillover to other speciesMore spillover to other species••More impact on agricultureMore impact on agriculture••Greater risk of exposure to people/petsGreater risk of exposure to people/pets••More indirect ‘exposures’More indirect ‘exposures’——saliva on saliva on
surfaces, pet’s fur, etc. resulting surfaces, pet’s fur, etc. resulting in PEPin PEP
2002 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2002 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION
2003 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2003 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION
1st Tennessee case in Johnson County in April 2003. 5 total cases in Johnson and Carter Counties in 2003.
2004 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2004 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION
1st case in Chattanooga in January 2004. During 2004 there were 14 cases in TN, all in Hamilton County.
2005 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2005 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION
Unicoi County became positive in early May 2005 when a woman was attacked by a rabid gray fox near Erwin. In June 2005 a rabies positive raccoon attacked a dog in Washington County.
2005 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2005 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION
A sick-acting red fox picked up by Knox County Animal Control in October and tested by USDA’s Enhanced Surveillance system had raccoon strain rabies, representing a several county “jump” in the disease.
2006 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2006 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION
Bradley County became the 7th
Tennessee county positive for raccoon strain rabies in January 2006
2007 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2007 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES DEVELOPMENTS…RABIES DEVELOPMENTS…
Sullivan and Greene Counties became the 8th and 9th
Tennessee counties positive for raccoon strain rabies in May and June 2007. Washington county records 19 positive animals.
Oral Rabies VaccineOral Rabies Vaccine
More than 50 Million DistributedMore than 50 Million Distributed
Phase 1 Prevent spread of specific terrestrial Phase 1 Prevent spread of specific terrestrial wildlife rabies variantwildlife rabies variant
Phase 2 Eliminate specific terrestrial Phase 2 Eliminate specific terrestrial wildlife rabies variantwildlife rabies variant
G0ALSG0ALS
2006 RABIES ORV BARRIERS2006 RABIES ORV BARRIERS
ORV SuccessORV Success
Extensive use in Europe against rabies in red Extensive use in Europe against rabies in red foxesfoxes
Switzerland received rabiesSwitzerland received rabies--free status in 1998 free status in 1998 after extensive oral baiting, as of 2004 Italy, after extensive oral baiting, as of 2004 Italy, Belgium, Sweden, and the Czech Republic have Belgium, Sweden, and the Czech Republic have been declared rabiesbeen declared rabies--freefree
Canada has restricted the spread of raccoon Canada has restricted the spread of raccoon rabies with oral baitingrabies with oral baiting
Webb Duval
Frio
Starr
Bee
Uvalde Bexar
Hidalgo
Kinney
Zavala
Dimmit
Medina
LaSalle
KenedyZapata
Maverick
Brooks
Goliad
Lavaca
AtascosaDeWitt
VictoriaWilson
LiveOakMcMullen
JimHogg
Gonzales
Nueces
Karnes
Kleberg
Jackson
Refugio
Cameron
JimWells
Willacy
Guadalupe
SanPatricio
CalhounAransas
Webb Duval
Frio
Starr
Bee
Uvalde Bexar
Hidalgo
Kinney
Zavala
Dimmit
Medina
LaSalle
KenedyZapata
Maverick
Brooks
Goliad
Lavaca
AtascosaDeWitt
VictoriaWilson
LiveOakMcMullen
JimHogg
Gonzales
Nueces
Karnes
Kleberg
Jackson
Refugio
Cameron
JimWells
Willacy
Guadalupe
SanPatricio
CalhounAransas
Webb Duval
Frio
Starr
Bee
Uvalde Bexar
Hidalgo
Kinney
Zavala
Dimmit
Medina
LaSalle
KenedyZapata
Maverick
Brooks
Goliad
Lavaca
AtascosaDeWitt
VictoriaWilson
LiveOakMcMullen
JimHogg
Gonzales
Nueces
Karnes
Kleberg
Jackson
Refugio
Cameron
JimWells
Willacy
Guadalupe
SanPatricio
CalhounAransas
Webb Duval
Frio
Starr
Bee
Uvalde Bexar
Hidalgo
Kinney
Zavala
Dimmit
Medina
LaSalle
KenedyZapata
Maverick
Brooks
Goliad
Lavaca
AtascosaDeWitt
VictoriaWilson
LiveOakMcMullen
JimHogg
Gonzales
Nueces
Karnes
Kleberg
Jackson
Refugio
Cameron
JimWells
Willacy
Guadalupe
SanPatricio
CalhounAransas
Webb Duval
Frio
Starr
Bee
Uvalde Bexar
Hidalgo
Kinney
Zavala
Dimmit
Medina
LaSalle
KenedyZapata
Maverick
Brooks
Goliad
Lavaca
AtascosaDeWitt
VictoriaWilson
LiveOakMcMullen
JimHogg
Gonzales
Nueces
Karnes
Kleberg
Jackson
Refugio
Cameron
JimWells
Willacy
Guadalupe
SanPatricio
CalhounAransas
South Texas Coyote ORV 1995 – 2003
ORV zoneORV zone
19951995 19961996 1997
19991999 2000-20032000-2003
Webb Duval
Frio
Starr
Bee
Uvalde Bexar
Hidalgo
Kinney
Zavala
Dimmit
Medina
LaSalle
KenedyZapata
Maverick
Brooks
Goliad
Lavaca
AtascosaDeWitt
Victoria
Wilson
LiveOakMcMullen
JimHogg
Gonzales
Nueces
Karnes
Kleberg
Jackson
Refugio
Cameron
JimWells
Willacy
Guadalupe
SanPatricio
CalhounAransas
19981998
Coyote Success Story in SW TexasCoyote Success Story in SW Texas
0 cases0 cases200220021 case1 case200120010 cases0 cases20002000
10 cases10 cases199919995 cases5 cases199819986 cases6 cases19971997
21 cases21 cases1996199658 cases58 cases19951995
166 cases166 cases19941994
ORV Program in ORV Program in TennesseeTennessee
ORV Cooperators ORV Cooperators -- TennesseeTennessee
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)State and Local Health DepartmentsState and Local Health DepartmentsTennessee Department of AgricultureTennessee Department of AgricultureTennessee Wildlife Resources AgencyTennessee Wildlife Resources AgencyUSFS, TVA, and NPS Involved USFS, TVA, and NPS Involved –– EA AdoptedEA AdoptedMany Others: Local Animal Control Agencies, Federal, Many Others: Local Animal Control Agencies, Federal, State, and Private Landowners, Hunters, Nuisance State, and Private Landowners, Hunters, Nuisance Wildlife Trappers, Rehabbers, TDOTWildlife Trappers, Rehabbers, TDOT
Bait DistributionBait Distribution
OMNR OMNR –– Twin OtterTwin Otter
Dynamic Aviation Dynamic Aviation –– King AirKing Air
ORV Bait Zone ORV Bait Zone –– 20022002
ORV Bait Zones ORV Bait Zones –– 20032003
ORV Bait Zones ORV Bait Zones –– 20042004
ORV Bait Zones ORV Bait Zones –– 20052005
ORV Bait Zones ORV Bait Zones –– 20062006
ORV Bait Zones ORV Bait Zones –– 20072007
TENNESSEE BAITING SUMMARYTENNESSEE BAITING SUMMARY
3,098,839 3,098,839 baits across baits across 4,444 square miles in 4,444 square miles in 22 Counties22 Counties
TOTALTOTAL
901,253901,253GroundGround
2,197,5862,197,586AerialAerialTOTAL BAITSTOTAL BAITSBAITING TYPEBAITING TYPE