the ordeal of reconstruction, 1865-1877. attempt to achieve national reunification and...
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Created by Congress on March 3, 1865 Purpose was to help unskilled, uneducated, poverty-stricken, ex-slaves and poor-whites survive Headed by Union General Oliver O. Howard Authorized forty acres of confiscated land to former slaves, rarely happened though Most success was in EDUCATIONTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 22The Ordeal of Reconstruction,
1865-1877
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Attempt to achieve national reunification and reconciliation after the Civil War and to improve the status of former slaves (freedmen).
Major questions of Reconstruction: ◦ How should states and leaders be handled?
Punished? Forgiven? Somewhere in between? President Johnson pardoned most rebel
leaders
What is Reconstruction?
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Created by Congress on March 3, 1865
Purpose was to help unskilled, uneducated, poverty-stricken, ex-slaves and poor-whites survive
Headed by Union General Oliver O. Howard
Authorized forty acres of confiscated land to former slaves, rarely happened though
Most success was in EDUCATION
**The Freedmen’s Bureau**
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1863, Lincoln proclaimed his “10 %” plan◦ If 10% of voters in 1860 election pledge loyalty to US
and abide by emancipation, state could be readmitted◦ Very forgiving plan
Wade-Davis Bill: ◦ Required 50% of voters to take oath of allegiance
before readmission ◦ “Pocket-vetoed” by Lincoln
Johnson’s Plan:◦ Similar to Lincoln’s plan, recognized “10%”
governments, called for states to ratify 13th amendment
Different Views of Reconstruction
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Designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated Blacks◦ Way to keep former slaves down and keep a steady labor
supply Many Blacks signed contracts to work for low
wages for same employer for 1 year◦ Penalties for “jumping” contracts, bounty hunters to catch
jumpers Other aspects of codes:
◦ Blacks couldn’t serve on a jury or vote Many former slaves were forced to become “Share-
croppers”◦ Tenants are allowed to use land in exchange for giving
percentage of crops to owner
The Black Codes
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Many Southern confederates were now in office (Including former VP as Senator of GA). This infuriates Republicans, call for harsh treatment of South……
Congressional Reconstruction
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Civil Rights Bill (1865): (Vetoed by Johnson)◦ Gave Blacks citizenship and aimed to destroy
Black Codes 14th amendment: (passed to make sure Civil
Rights Bill could not be overturned)◦ Grants citizenship to Blacks (and all born in US)◦ Former Confederate office holders could not hold
state or federal office◦ Reduced Electoral representation to those states
that deny Blacks the right to vote
Johnson clashes with Congress No more
political office for me!
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Reconstruction Act (March 2, 1867):◦ Divided the South into 5 military zones controlled
by Union generals Congressional requirements for
readmission:◦ Seceded states must ratify 14th amendment◦ Guarantee suffrage to former adult male slaves in
state constitutions 15th amendment: Suffrage for Blacks
◦ No mention of holding office◦ No suffrage for women
Military Reconstruction
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Free, Citizens, Vote 13th = freedom 14th = citizenship granted 15th = universal male suffrage Thanks Mr. Hughes
◦ HipHughes
Memory Aid for 13 - 15
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Scalawag:◦ Southerners that favored the North and supported
Reconstruction Carpet Bagger:
◦ Northerners who moved to the South in order to gain power and profit
KKK◦ Purpose was to prevent blacks from voting and
intimidate whites that supported blacks voting◦ Did so by flogging, mutilating, and murdering
Force Acts of 1870 and 1871:◦ Federal troops were sent to quell the KKK’s intimidation
Literacy tests was another way to prevent blacks from voting
Key Reconstruction Terms
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1st President to be impeached ◦ Only one other one has been impeached. Who?
Why? Tenure of Office Act
◦ Passed by Congress requiring Senate to approve removal of cabinet member
Congress knew Johnson would violate law, when he did House impeached him
By margin of 1 vote, Johnson is not removed
Johnson is Impeached
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Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction…..
Chapter 23, WICKED Important
End of Reconstruction….
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