ByAaron Hebson

Can FengNya Smith

Formation of Earth and the MoonGiant Impact Hypothesis:4.56 billion years ago a Mars sized planet named

Theia collided with young earthDisintegrated mantles of both planets, and the debris

formed into Earth’s moonEvidence: Lunar rocks rich in sodium, potassium, zinc,

and lead which is a result of the vaporizationIf vaporization did not occur, lunar rocks would be

composed of heavy isotopesHOW THE MOON FORMED!!http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/other-show

s-how-the-universe-works-videos.htm

Heavy BombardmentStarted around 4.1 billion years ago and ending

around 3.9 billion years agoA hypothesis that states a influx of planetary

bombardment of comets and asteroidsIt was an essential for developing large plants, and

were expected to give the plants in our solar systems most of there mass

A hypothesis predicts that the cause of this bombardment was due to the planetary migration of the large gas planets

This caused the asteroid and comets the orbited around them to continuously collide with terrestrial planets

Earth’s CoolingOccurred in the Hadeon eon,

around 4 billion years agoWater vapor was formed by

collision of large terrestrial bodies

Comets and asteroids that collided with earth contained large amounts of ice

Condensation of this water vapor formed the oceans we know today

StromatolitesTime period: 3.5-2.5

billion years agoSheets of microbial

collect sedimentary particles and undergo photosynthesis

Pillow-like rock formation formed as a byproduct

Proliferation of cyanobacteria soon followed allowing for excess oxygen in atmosphere

Primordial SoupThe organic soup model

hypothesizes by Miller/Urey suggested that life began from a combination of chemicals resulting in monomers

These monomers were created through some energy source, such as lightning

This organic soup of monomers can then be used to make more complex molecules

Hydrothermal VentsThe Deep Vent Model suggests

that life formed in hydrothermal vents

These vents are formed when two geographical plates move apart, releasing lava into the ocean

This lava heats the ocean providing safe havens for life to form

Monomers could be present in these vents to sustain life

MeteoritesThe Solid Reactive

Surface Models suggests that organic materials used to create life came from meteorites and comets

These organic materials would be deposited onto the earth’s surface, and later used to create complex beings

Monomers- NucleotidesNucleotides are simple organic

moleculesComposed of one phosphate, a

pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

These monomers are used to build nucleic acids

The acids can be used for various functions in life such as storage, transfer of vital information, and even enzymes

Monomers- Fatty AcidsMonomers used to

construct fat through the combination of the fatty acid and glycerol

A long carbon skeleton ending with carboxyl groups

The carboxyl group may differ from each other in their functional group, designating the name of the acid

Extremely hydrophobic

Monomers- PhospholipidsSimilar to fats except only

two fatty acids are attached to the glycerol

Phosphate and Choline groups are attached to glycerol to form hydrophilic head

Fatty acids are remain hydrophobic

Phospholipid bilayer is formed in aqueous solutions, resulting in a membrane

Monomers- MicelleA structural form of phospholipid bilayer in

an aqueous solutionHydrophilic heads form around the fatty acid

chains forming a small sphere

Monomers- VesicleA small bubble that

forms inside a cellEnclosed by a

phospholipid bilayerCan form naturally

such as endocytosis or exocytosis

Used to organize cellular function, transport, metabolism, etc.

ProtocellsAggregates of

abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure

Exhibit certain properties of life such as a simple reproduction and metabolism

Formation of NucleotidesAbiotically with

the help of clayMiller/Urey’s

experiment also showed that an influx of energy could cause the creation of nucleotides

RNA HypothesisRNA First Hypothesis states that RNA played

a significant role in protein synthesis and catalytic functions

Most likely formed due to it’s diverse descendants, mutations, and reduced uniformed structure

RibozymesRNA functioning

as catalystsMake

complementary copies of RNA

Remove segments from themselves

Excising other molecules

DNA in Cells

DNA formation: one theory suggests that RNA organisms made DNAs.

Evolution of Cells- Endosymbiosis

Primitive prokaryotes engulfing: aerobic prokaryote (mitochondrion) photosynthetic prokaryote (chloroplast)

Multi-cellular Organisms First multicellular organism: 1.2 bya, small algae.

Cambrian ExplosionAround 500 MYA Sudden Appearance

of phyla animals during the first 20 million years of Cambrian period

K-T EventAround 230-65

MYA Cretaceous-

Tertiary Extinction Event occurred

Thought to of occurred by a large asteroid or increased volcanic activity

Homo erectusHomo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus

about 200 TYAMass Inhabitation (We’re awesome)