the origins of the industrial revolution
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The Origins of the Industrial Revolution . Agricultural Rev. brought about the Industrial Rev. . I. The Agricultural Rev. . Before 1600s = villagers given small land plots Also, had common lands for pastoralism 1600s = wealthy landholders bought up land Enclosed land w/fences or hedges - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Origins of the Industrial Revolution
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Agricultural Rev. brought about the Industrial Rev.
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I. The Agricultural Rev.
Before 1600s = villagers given small land plots Also, had common lands for pastoralism
1600s = wealthy landholders bought up land Enclosed land w/fences or hedges Enclosure movement (Great Britain)
Reached height = early 1800s Demand & prices rose on ag. products (1800s)Consequences of enclosures
1. forced small farmers out (became tenant farmers)2. farmers experimented w/new methods
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Jethro TullOriginal way of sowing seed = wastefulCreated the seed drill (1701)Also, uprooted weeds
Viscount Charles “Turnip” Townshend Developed crop rotation
Wheat => turnips => barley => clover
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Jethro Wood Iron plow w/STANDARD PARTS
New techniques & machines = expensive Demand for farm laborers decreased
Moved to cities = LABOR FORCE for I.R.
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II. Factors of Production
I.R. began in G.B. (had factors of production) LAND, CAPITAL, & LABOR!
Land = all natural resources Coal & iron-ore Great harbors & rivers
Capital = $ & goods (tools, machinery for production) Brits had $ = invest in new businesses
Labor = industrial workers Growing pops & migration into cities
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Other reasons why G.B. = Overseas colonies Other overseas tradeGovt. support for commerce
British Empire: 1919
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III. The Textile Industry
Cotton textile industry (first to mechanize) 1600s = Brit imported raw cotton, employed
spinners & weavers (domestic system)Spinners = spun cotton into threadWeavers = wove thread into cloth
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A. New Inventions
Improvement of the loom (weaving cloth)1733: John Kay
the flying shuttleMechanized weaving
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1764: James Hargreavesthe spinning jennyMechanized spinning
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1769: Richard Awkwright Water frame – driven by water powerToo big for cottage industryOpened spinning mill
Leads to factory system
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B. Effects of Mechanization
Demand for cotton increased Most came from U.S.
BUT, cotton was not profitable (SEEDS!?)1793: Eli Whitney – cotton gin
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IV. Steam Engines
Water power = early I.R. (drawbacks?)Answer = STEAM!1712: Thomas Newcomen – first steam engine 1760s: James Watt – patented modern steam
engine (replaced water as power source)
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V. Transportation
Roads were poor
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A. Roads & Canals
John McAdam – developed the “macadam” roadsSmall stones topped a roadbed of larger stones Heavy wagons wouldn’t sink
Private investors built roads“Turnpikes” = $$$
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Rivers = transportation Used canals w/locks
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B. Railroads & Steamboats
1814: George Stephenson Steam locomotives for miners 1825: world’s first RR line (27 mi.)
Entrepreneurs invested in RRs From Liverpool to Manchester1829: the Rocket won competition for locomotive1830: Liverpool-Manchester RR opened (SUCCESS!)
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Effects of Locomotives:1. spurred industrial growth
Manufacturers could transport materials & finished products2. created new jobs (RR workers & miners)3. boosted England’s ag. & fishing industries 4. allowed rural people to take jobs in cities
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Robert FultonEst. first inland steamboat service the Clermont (Hudson River 1807)
1838: the Great Western Samuel Cunard = the Cunard Line (1839) across
Atlantic Ocean