“the other senses” - ap · pdf file“the other senses ... the...
TRANSCRIPT
SENSORY TRANSDUCTION
Energy Source Receptor Sites
Light Waves Cones/Rods
Sound Waves Hair Cells of Cochlea
Food Molecules Taste Buds
Molecules Receptor Cells in
Olfactory Membrane
Cold, heat & Receptor Cells in skin’s
Pressure dermis & epidermis
Smell
On average we “inhale and exhale nearly 20,000 breaths of life-sustaining air” subsequently “bathing our nostrils in a stream of scent-laden molecules”…
Physiology of Smell
Like the sense of taste, the sense of
smell is a chemical sense: facilitated
and perpetuated through a series of
chemical reactions
The experience of smell is captured
through olfaction
Olfaction encompasses the reception of
airborne chemical by receptor cells in the
nasal passage
The Process of Olfaction
1. 20,000 breaths per day
2. Breathed in through the nose, the molecules move toward receptor cells located in the lining of the nasal passage
1. the chemical bonds to the receptors which then travel to the brain. There are thousands of different receptors in the cells of the nasal passage
2. Finally, these olfactory signals are diffused throughout the Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Hypothalamus
Effects of Odors - Memory
Olfaction is directly linked to memory
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Our sense of smell is a powerful
associative tool
Evoke memories and feeling
Associated personal episodes
Effects of Olfaction – Ability to Distinguish Different Odors
Nursing infants and mothers Animals and Human Beings
Literal Chemistry – Ability to recognize
Sense of smell is nowhere as keen as most animals Seeing and Hearing are much more acute
Cannot separate into elemental odors
Combination of many different receptors allows us to distinguish scents
Humans have 10 to 20 million receptors (Dogs have 200 million)
What is it? On the tongue there are hundreds of
bumps called taste buds
Taste buds are clumps of around 100 taste cells on the tongue
Taste cells respond to the chemicals in your mouth and identify with one of the 5 basic tastes
How do we taste? Inside each bump on your tongue there are
200 or more taste buds
Each individual taste bud contains a pore
that catches food chemicals
These molecules are sensed by taste
receptor cells that project antenna like
hairs into the pore
Each of the taste receptor cells respond
differently
Fun Facts As you get older, taste buds become
less sensitive
Hot foods taste better because the heat allows aromas for nose to smell
Smoking and alcohol use accelerate the decline in taste buds
People without tongues can still taste through receptors in the back and on the roof of there mouth
Touch The detection of physical contact with
the body
The sense of touch is made up of four
different skin senses
Pressure
Warmth
Cold
Pain
Touch is sensed from various types of nerve
endings in the skin or more specifically the
bottom layer of your skin, the dermis
Touch An object can feel soft, hard, rough smooth, wet, dry,
warm, cold, etc.
Information is taken in from the skin receptor, or touch receptors, and sent to the sensory cortex in our brain
This is how we experience the sense of touch
The hands and fingers, feet and toes, lips, and genitals are especially sensitive to touch and have a major portion of the sensory cortex devoted to them
This is why people enjoy kissing and feel with their fingers and wear shoes to avoid rough terrain
The “Sixth” Sense: Kinesthesis
Not a sense, but a process in which nerve signals use sensory inputs to coordinate how muscles move to keep us upright and keep equilibrium
Kinesthesis: the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
Kinesthesis
USES THREE INPUTS:
Proprioceptive System
-body awareness in space
-pressure sensors in muscles, tendons, joints
-senses gravity & joint position
Vestibular system
-inner ears
-3 semicircular canals
-vestibular nerve
-cochlea
Visual Input
-verticals & horizontals
The Vestibular Sense
How It Works
1) You move (your head)
2)Fluid in your vestibular sacs move, senses
position
3)This activates hair like receptors in the
Vestibular System
4)Messages are sent to the cerebellum via the
vestibular nerve (from canals)
5)Cerebellum, pons, and medulla work together
to keep balance
Pain - Influences Biological:
-activity in spinal cord’s fibers
-genetic differences in endorphin production
Psychological:
-attention to pain
-learning based on experience expectations
Socio-Cultural:
-presence of others
-empathy for other’s pain
-cultural expectations
Pain
The brain creates pain: When you feel empathy for others, your
brain mirrors that feeling and creates pain for you (mirror neurons)
We can experience pain through memories
In the same way, many amputees feel pain going though “phantom limbs” (amputated limbs)
Gate-Control Theory Spinal cord contains a neurological “gate”
that either blocks pain signals or allows
them to pass on to the brain
Small nerve fibers: carry pain messages to
brain
Large nerve fibers: carry all other sensory
information to the brain
Stimulating large nerve fibers sends
competing signals through the spinal cord
“blocking” some of the pain messages