ener

gyen

ergy

?

[Urb

an E

lem

ents

]

[urban agriculture]

[stormwater management]

[Energy & Food Production]

?

[parking etc]

[pump storage]

urba

n el

emen

ts

energy storage

food

wetlands

wind

wind

open space

food

wetlands

Programmatic Density

open space

basement

towers

podiums

Productive

biomassCon

sum

ptiv

e

solar food

solar

basement

biomass

The Overlapped City

towers

podiums

ecol

ogy

The Overlapped CityVisions for A Post-fossil Citycompact and resilient urban growth with ditributed renewables

Chen Chen. Dec 11. 2012

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

BackgroundTowards a resilient future-Spatial Dimensions of Renewables-Distributed Energy Production-

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Energy production in the post-fossil era will be dominated by renewables, whose low power density requires dramatically larger land to produce enough energy to meet our demand.

Spatial Dimension of Renewables _ Lower Power Density

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

wood

4 x

natural gas

2000 x

1 w/sqm biomass

10 x

2000 w/sqm 400 w/sqm 800 w/sqm 0.4 w/sqm

Production field area for same amount

Number of households powered by 10,000 sqm production field [standard football field]

Energy Demand [single family house] = 1kw

nuclear

50000 x

30 w/sqm solar

75 x

coal

1000 x

5 w/sqm wind

50 x

Energy production in the post-fossil era will be dominated by renewables, whose low power density requires dramatically larger land produce enough energy to meet our demand.

Spatial Dimension of Renewables _ Lower Power Density

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Solar Energy generation can take place at a range of scales and in different applications

Sources;Denholm, P.; Margolis, R. M. (2008a). Land-Use Requirements and the Per-Capita Solar Footprint for Photovoltaic Generation in the United States. Energy Policy, (36:9); pp. 3531-3543.Denholm, P.; Margolis, R. (2008b). Supply Curves for Rooftop Solar PV-Generated Electricity for the United States. NREL/TP-6A0-44073. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.Goodrich, Alan, et al. Residential, Commercial, and Utility-Scale Photovoltaic System Prices in the United States. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2012. Lopez, Anthony, et al. U.S. Renewable Energy Technical Potentials: A GIS-Based Analysis. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2012.

Concentrating Solar Power Minimum Area: 2-4km2

Rural Utility ScaleMinimum area: 1km2

Urban Utility ScaleMinimum Area: 18,000m2

Rooftop PV Commercial: ~1,500m2Residential: ~35m2

Biomass

Homes

MicroWind Turbine

Most of renewables and home appliances are DC based electricity

[Future Opportunity]Efficient / Resilient / Distributed

[Current system]Inefficient / Vulnerable / Centralized

Electricity usually travels in AC through long distances

Conversion Loss[AC - DC]

[LOW - HIGH Volt-age]

DC - DC microgridAC power

AC - DC

Solar PV

Fossil-fuel Power Plant

On the other hand, renewable energy production can take place at a range of scales. They are more compatible with urban conditions and more flexible with spatial ap-plication than fossil fuel based energy production. Their distributed production pattern could take advantage of microgrid, a more efficient, resilient distribution

Everyone could be energy producer!

Source: Energy Production Group

Spatial Dimension of Renewables _ Scale Diversity

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

ENERGY CONSUMPTIONURBAN

ENERGY PRODUCTIONRURAL

Given the distributed nature of renewables, current cities, which are solely energy consumers, are facing both the challenge and the opportunity of accommodating en-ergy production within their footprints.

MANHATTANOIL EXTRACTION FIELD

Urban vs Rural - Energy Production and Consumption of Today

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

This challenge will get intensified with the ambition of managing urban growth in more compact models of development.

Production

In the middle of nowheare

Consumption

Fossil Era City

Production

Post-Fossil City

Consumption

Urban vs Rural - Energy Production and Consumption in the Future

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

what to share??

Clusters?

SYSTEM RESILIENCE THROUGH COLLABORATIONS

how many cells?

km?

Backup?

POLYCENTRIC GROWTH

A

interaction

Cell

URBAN CELL

B C

National Grid

Gas

Gas

Energetic Cell

Low power density>>> Distributed / Microgrid

Instability of Renewables>>>Interconnectivity /

diversity of energy sources

M - Urban Framework

Cluster Sharing

L - Interconnecting Urban Clusters

Spatial Articulationof Distributed Energy Production

S - Urban Code

?

Logic of energy production and distribution will start having a significant impact on the spatial organization on the urban growth. This project, therefore, explores the morphology of resilient post-fossil cities across three scales: redefining ur-ban boundaries and urban clusters, energy infrastructure framework and a new set of urban codes

Spatical Organization of Post-Fossil Cities

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

ener

gyen

ergy

?

[Urb

an E

lem

ents

]

[urban agriculture]

[stormwater management]

[Energy & Food Production]

?

[parking etc]

[pump storage]

urba

n el

emen

ts

energy storage

food

wetlands

wind

wind

open space

food

wetlands

Programmatic Density

open space

basement

towers

podiums

Productive

biomassCon

sum

ptiv

e

solar food

solar

basement

biomass

The Overlapped City

towers

podiums

ecol

ogy

The concept of the overlapped city tries to generate spatial synergies be-tween energy and other urban parameters in the three scales.

Program Density [Multi-layered / Multi-functional]

When density meets renewables ...

Production

Post-Fossil City

Consumption

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Site-HoustonOpportunities and Challenges-Rich Potential for Renewables-Fastest Growing-Urban Sprawl

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

solar potential

wind potential Intervention Area - West Houston

http://www.uhaul.com

Houston_Opportunities

Fastest Growing- #2 US fast growing city- biggest US metro Areas in 2025 - #1 Destination of U-Haul Migration. 2009-2011 - Young People Migration

Renewable Potential- #1 Potential for Renewables - Taxas- Texas now leads the country in wind energy- and is moving along in solar.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Parking-scape _ Houston Downtown

Huge amoung of parking lots in downtown houston is a direct reflection of its suburban sprawl

Urban SprawlHeritage of un-sustainable growth in the oil era

- lowest density and highest gasoline consump-tion per capita - longest street per capita - daily commute driven per capita 36.9 miles- 3.68% of population use public transit

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

parking occupys more than 50% of houston city center

GARAGE PARKING

SURFACE PARKING

801 TravisGarage

Bank of AmericaGarage

Saks Garage

Garage

Garage

> FRANKLIN >

< CONGRESS PRESTON >

< PRAIRIE TEXAS >

< CAPITOL RUSK >

< WALKER MCKINNEY >

< LAMAR DALLAS >

< POLK CLAY >

< BELL LEELAND >

< PEASE JEFFERSON >

< ST. JOSEPH PARKWAY PIERCE >< PIERCE ELEVATED PIERCE ELEVATED >

< BA

GBY

>

< BR

AZO

S >

< SM

ITH

LO

UIS

IAN

A >

< M

ILA

M TR

AVIS

>

< M

AIN

>

< FA

NN

IN SA

N JA

CIN

TO >

< CA

ROLI

NE

AU

STIN

>

< LA

BRA

NCH

CR

AWFO

RD >

< AV

ENID

A D

E LA

S A

MER

ICA

S >

< JA

CKSO

N >

> CH

ENEV

ERT

>

< H

AM

ILTO

N >

< JA

CKSO

N CH

ENEV

ERT

>

< H

AM

ILTO

N >>

projected commuter line

to houston dowtown>>>

Legend

Agriculture & Forest

Ponds / Streams

Ponds / Streams

Primary Roads

Secondary Roads

Existing

Existing

Existing Ecological ElementsExisting landscape elements on site such as stream, ponds and forest are rec-

ognized and preserved.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Existing Ecological ElementsA potential ecological network could be established generating a linear system

connecting all the adjacent ecologic elemetns.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Existing Ecological ElementsA potential ecological network could be established generating a linear system

connecting all the adjacent ecologic elemetns.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Existing Ecological ElementsThe ecological network serve as a buffer zone as a way to define urban

growth. Urban clusters would leave a certain distance with each other instead

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Potential Eco-Energy Corridors

Buffer zones between urban clusters

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Clusters Definition

Mamimum growth capacity[cluster boundaries][avoid sprawl]

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Central Eco-Energy-Corridor

Ecological corridorsand energy corridorsshare spaces

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Public Transit Networks

Distribution of public transit hubscovers all urban area within 10min walk

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Energy City Framework

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

[backup connection]

futher expansion

?%LocalEnergyProduction

phase 3

75%LocalEnergyProduction

phase 2

50%LocalEnergyProduction

futher expansion

?%LocalEnergyProduction

phase 1

25%LocalEnergyProduction

urbancluster

dc-basedmicrogrid

ac-basedlong

distancetransmission

Eco-EnergyCorridor

NationalGrid

%

%

%

LocalEnergyProduction

Semi-CentralizedEnergy

CentralizedEnergy

Energy Planning

Energy

Ecological Infrastructure

Transportation

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban CodeDynamic Framework-Multiple Scenarios

- Energy-Based Density Regulation- Internal Energy Balancing Eco-system - Urban Typologies- Multiple Scenarios

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

MM

M

140m

140m

Public Transit

Urban Block

Urban Blocks & Public Transit

Urban Cell10x10 urban blocks

Each urban cell will have at least one public transit hub, the distribution of which ensure all blocks are within 10min walk to the public transit.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Landcovers

Ponds / Streams

Existing Landscape ElementsRecognizing existing landscape elements on site to project the location of open

spaces.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

MM

Park

Park

Ponds / Streams

Landcovers

Projected Open SpacesRecognizing existing landscape elements on site to project the location of open

spaces.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

MPark

Public Transit

Density

high

mid

low

extrahigh

6

F.A.R

mid

high

Density DistributionProximity to public transits and open spaces both leads to higher density. Public

transits have higher influcence than open spaces.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

FAR

= 4

Vert

ical

Hori

zont

al

Spherical

Vertical

z

x

x

y

y

z

xy

xy

z

z

x=y

Envelope TypologiesTo increase accessibility to the parks, surounding blocks have lower gound oc-

cupation, typologies become more vertical.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Solar ExposureParametric tools help recognize the different energy potentials associated with

various massing strategies.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Solar Exposure - roof

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Solar Exposure - Roof & Ground

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Solar Potential

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Wind turbines are only installed on buildings taller than 70m. Overall Massing needs to generalte stepping elevations for maximum wind capture.

70mmin height

for turbines

stepping elevations for MAX wind capture

turbulences

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Biomass PotentialLower ground occupation allows more surfaces for biomass production.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Office

Solar

Production

Production

[Production / Consumption]

FAR

Demand

Demand

Program

[Production / Consumption]

Production

GFA

Residential

Energy Ratio

GFA

FAR

Program

OfficeCommercial

[Production / Consumption]

GFA

[Production / Consumption]

Solar

Residential

Program

Program

Solar

Energy Ratio

OfficeCommercial

Energy Ratio

Commercial

GFA

Residential

ProductionEnergy Ratio

Demand

FAR

Demand

Office

Residential

Solar

Commercial

FAR

Energy Storage

588 kw162 kw = 147 + 15

148 kw = 84 + 50 + 14

78,400 sqm

19,600 sqm

14,000 sqm

16,400 sqm

14,700 sqm

588 kw66 kw = 50 + 16

x1

14,700 sqm

4,900 sqm

78,400 sqm

78,400 sqm

2,800 sqm

x0

588 kw

Energy Storage

588 kw

Energy Storage

78,400 sqm

0

588 kw

x1

x1

Energy Storage

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

25%

100%

28%

11%

Wind Biomass

BiomassWind

BiomassWind

BiomassWind

Spherical

Vertical

x=y>z

x=y=z

x

Overall Energy Potential

10xSolar

4xWind

1xBiomass

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

??

[Urb

an E

lem

ents

]

?

?

[Energy & Food Production]

?

swimming pool

food

wetlands

wind

open space

basement

towers

podiums

Productive

biomassCon

sum

ptiv

e

solar food biomass energy storage

Spatial synergies

The Overlapped CityMulti-layeredmulti-functional

The design of urban typologies is articulated following the concept of overlapped city- maximizing active surfaces and overlapping multiple programs in compact urban areas.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

ener

gyen

ergy

?

[Urb

an E

lem

ents

]

[urban agriculture]

[stormwater management]

[Energy & Food Production]

?

[parking etc]

[pump storage]

urba

n el

emen

ts

energy storage

food

wetlands

wind

wind

open space

food

wetlands

Programmatic Density

open space

basement

towers

podiums

Productive

biomassCon

sum

ptiv

e

solar food

solar

basement

biomass

The Overlapped City

towers

podiums

ecol

ogy

The Overlapped CityMaximizing Active Surfaces

Spatial synergiesThe design of urban typologies is articulated following the concept of overlapped city- maximizing

active surfaces and overlapping multiple programs in compact urban areas.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Typology MatrixThe design of urban typologies is articulated following the concept of overlapped city- maximizing

active surfaces and overlapping multiple programs in compact urban areas.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Typology MatrixThe design of urban typologies is articulated following the concept of overlapped city- maximizing

active surfaces and overlapping multiple programs in compact urban areas.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Typology MatrixA series of dynamic relationships links the traditional parameters of density and height with the energy productivity of each block, as a way to motivate developers to maximize their local energy production.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Typology MatrixA series of dynamic relationships links the traditional parameters of density and height with the energy productivity of each block, as a way to motivate developers to maximize their local energy production.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Semi-centralized energy production

scenario 2offset production

[Pattern B] Energy/Eco Central Park

due to various sizes of developments (ownership), developer can either produce 30% energy on site or pay a tax for a offsite collective production field within the same cell.

[Pattern A] Energy/Eco Corridors

Semi-centralized energy production

scenario 1fullfill 30% local production

Offs

iteEn

ergy

Prod

uctio

n

+

+

-

-

Scenario 1Every block produce exactly X% local energy

Scenario 2Blocks collaborateto achieve x% local energywithin an urban cell scale

A policy of inter-block energy balancing allows different degrees of flexibility in the city in order to adapt to the market economy. New patterns of energy specialization arise, defining the blocks that are more prone to production and the ones that are more prone to consumption. Through a system of energy trading a cluster meets its overall energy pro-duction target through the compensation among the different blocks and the creation of additional energy sources within the green corridors.

Energy Balancing Ecosystem

Collaborative / Diverse / ResilientEnergy Offset Policy

E-

E-

0Independent

Selling excessiveenergy

Selling excessiveenergy

Scenario 2 example if overall local energy =

50%

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Energy Balancing Ecosystem

urban cell scale - Maximum offset distance[extent of DC microgrid]

Energy Balancing Ecosystem

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Energy Balancing Ecosystem

urban cell scale - Maximum offset distance[extent of DC microgrid]

Energy Balancing Ecosystem

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Possibilities

-Energy open space-Buying from energy corridor-Special architecture [maximized energy production] - ......

Special Producer Block200%

Energy Balancing Ecosystem

urban cell scale - Maximum offset distance[extent of DC microgrid]

Energy Balancing Ecosystem

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Scenarios

Urban Code Plan

Self-Sufficient Cell- Independent and Resilient- Efficiency Driven- Radical and Revolutionary- Autonomous Urban Blocks- Homogenious

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Code Plan

Scenarios

Self-Sufficient Cell- Independent and Resilient- Large Number of Energy Production Blocks- Rural-like Condition

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Code Plan

Scenarios

The Vulnerable Cell- Modest improvement- Relies external energy supply

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Code Plan

Scenarios

The Resilient Cell- Half Local Energy Production- Homogenious

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Code Plan

Scenarios

The Resilient Cell- Half Local Energy Production- Inter-Block Balancing Ecosystem- Diverse

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Code Plan

Scenarios

The Resilient Cell- Half Local Energy Production- Inter-Block Balancing Ecosystem- Productive Blocks Emerging- Hyper Specialized Blocks

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Code Plan

Scenarios

The Resilient Cell- Half Local Energy Production- Inter-Block Balancing Ecosystem- Productive Blocks Emerging- Hyper Specialized Blocks

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Urban Code Plan

Scenarios

The Resilient Cell- Well Balanced Density and Energy Production- Inter-Block Balancing Ecosystem- Productive Blocks Emerging- Hyper Energy Productive

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Diversity = 1.0

Local Energy Productivitylow high

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Local Energy Production = 50%

Block Productivity Diversity Factorlow high

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

The system will develop in phases, in order to adjust and optimize the scheme as more settlements are commodated and technologies of renewables improve.Phasing and Polycentric Growth

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

The system will develop in phases, in order to adjust and optimize the scheme as more settlements are commodated and technologies of renewables improve.Phasing and Polycentric Growth

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

The system will develop in phases, in order to adjust and optimize the scheme as more settlements are commodated and technologies of renewables improve.Phasing and Polycentric Growth

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

The system will develop in phases, in order to adjust and optimize the scheme as more settlements are commodated and technologies of renewables improve.Phasing and Polycentric Growth

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

25%2015

LocalEnergyProduction

50%2020

LocalEnergyProduction

25%2015

LocalEnergyProduction

752025

LocalEnergyProduction

Starting from easier goal of local energy coverage, the city gradually achieves more and more energy independence and resilience, reducing its reliance on fossil fuels overtime.Phasing and Polycentric Growth

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

25%2015

LocalEnergyProduction

Phasing and Polycentric GrowthPhasing and Polycentric Growth

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

25%2015

LocalEnergyProduction

As a result of the new urban code, some new interesting and highly diverse spa-tial conditions and relationships arises.Spatial Diversity

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

25%2015

LocalEnergyProduction

Spatial DiversityAs a result of the new urban code, some new interesting and highly diverse spa-

tial conditions and relationships arises.

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Vision 2050

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e

Vision 2050

b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e