the paisa survey - clear south asia · 2015-10-22 · 2011-12 2012-13 97% 55% 59% 45% 79% ......
TRANSCRIPT
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The PAISA Survey
Yamini Aiyar Accountability Initiative Centre for Policy Research
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Unpacking the total budget
Tracking school level fund flow
Analyzing plans & fund distribution
Understanding school level expenditure & governance
The PAISA Survey
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Unpacking the Education Budget 2013-14 6 States (GOI and States)
85%
5%
5% 4%
Teachers
School
Children
Management
Minimal investments in quality and School grants
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Investments in Schools: Nalanda, Bihar 2012-13
Civil Works 2%
Teachers
82% Entitlements
13%
School Grants
1% Misc. 1%
Average Investment Per School : ₹11,10,609
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Investments in Schools: Udaipur 2012-13
Teachers
94%
Entitlements 2%
School Grants
1%
Misc. 0%
Civil works
2%
Average Investment Per School :
₹ 915413.6
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SSA funds significant contributor in poorer states
62% 52%
70% 63%
88% 87%
38% 48%
30% 37%
12% 13%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
2009-10 2012-13 2009-10 2012-13 2009-10 2012-13
Bihar Rajasthan Himachal Pradesh
Proportion of EE expenditure from SSA Budget
Proportion of EE expenditure from State Budget (excluding MDM)
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How does this money reach schools? Who takes decisions?
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Rule bound planning Schools and districts rarely plan
“We got money for a boundary wall. But the real problem in our school is poor quality drinking water” (Bihar HM)
Who makes a school plan? 30% schools in Nalanda; 20% in Udaipur; 0 in Jaipur; 50% in Sagar (planning Vs DISE) District plan process are rarely taken seriously. Poor quality data/ lack of training a serious impediment
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Time Use data (Block Education Officials)
• Average of 6 -8 hours of frenzied work
• 20-25 visitors per day
• “Mission Mode” work style – responding to district demands and state orders
• Too much monitoring , too many formats – so officials monitor schools and collect information “over the phone”
• In sum, block officers function primarily as data collectors and post officers!
• Critical activities – teaching, planning , school support is low priority
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District’s rarely get the money they ask for
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Approved allocationsas a proportion of
proposed funds
Released as aproportion of
approved allocations
Approved allocationsas a proportion of
proposed funds
Released as aproportion of
approved allocations
2011-12 2012-13
97%
55% 59%
45%
79% 88% 91%
72%
Nalanda Kangra
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District Allocations Don’t Reflect School Needs Analysis of class room money distribution across districts 2012-13
.2.4
.6.8
1
allo
catio
nona
lloca
tion
0 .2 .4 .6 .8expalloc1112
Purnea
Nalanda
Expenditure performance a key factor. But a district that spends, rarely gets money…
Ch
ang
e in
all
oca
tio
n 2
01
1-1
2 &
20
12
-13
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Purnea ACR: 2012-2013
25% 6 months/ more
to withdraw money
57% More than 1 year
to complete work, once started
Nalanda ACR: 2012-2013
School level progress is slow…..
“ I went to the district office 7 times to follow up on this classroom……after it was sanctioned, it took nearly 4 months for the junior engineer to arrive and approve the plans. In total, it took more than a year and a half for this classroom to be built” ~ HM interviews, Nalanda (2013)
30% 6 months/ more to withdraw money
38% More than 1 year
to complete work, once started
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Norms allow limited flexibility in allocation even for these small monies
NPS Kharjama
UPS Maghra
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In Summary Findings from the PAISA survey
• Current planning and budgeting model is centralized and norm driven
SMC planning process is largely a “signatory” exercise with no real participation
District planning a mechanical exercise
Schools/ SMC have expenditure control over only school grants that are a miniscule portion of the budget. That too is ‘tied’
• The result: planning, budgeting and expenditure do not reflect realities on the ground. Little scope for “decentralized planning” a key goal of the Right to Education (RTE)
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When Does this Money Reach Schools?
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Gap between Allocations, Release and Expenditure (2011-12)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Himachal Pradesh Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Bihar
Total EE allocations Total EE releases Total EE expenditures
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Delays in timing of release
54%
20%
41%
2%
13%
19%
27%
21%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2009-10 2012-13 2009-10 2012-13 2009-10 2012-13 2009-10 2012-13
Andhra Pradesh Bihar Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh
Proportion released in Q4
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Money comes in half way through the financial year (PAISA National Report 2012)
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Gap between district releases and receipts in Schools: Medak, Andhra Pradesh 12-13
19
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
TLM SDG SMG
District Releases (MER)
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Gap between district releases and receipts in Schools: Medak, Andhra Pradesh 12-13
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
TLM SDG SMG
20
School Receipts (PAISA survey)
\\
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Gap between district releases and receipts in Schools: Nalanda 12-13
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
TLM SDG SMG
District Releases (MER)
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Gap between district releases and receipts in Schools: Nalanda 12-13
School Receipts
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
TLM SDG SMG
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Implications of late arrival Rule Bound Expenditure……
• Schools use their own monies to meet essential supplies and ‘adjust’ the books accordingly
• Expenditures are delayed (eg. 1.5 lakhs SMG money in HP blocks)
• Rule based expenditure (Building less school in Purnea)
• Whitewashing a popular annual activity – 67% schools whitewashed their walls in 2012-13
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And so, even BAU is hard to achieve
21,360 24,372
27,552
45,676
61,734
69,937
45,937
15,751 19,332
21,293
31,942
37,808
44,259
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Allocations (AWP&B) (in crores) Expenditures (in crores)
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Way forward: Building a decentralized, outcomes focused delivery system
Realigning plans and budgets: o At minimum provide untied block grants to schools rather than
following the “tied grant” approach
o Provide budget envelope to districts before plans are made
o Set broad targets, allow district flexibility to determine their own district specific learning goals
Re-organize workflow and enhance training at the block to enable local officials to do the job they’ve been hired for
Training for SMCs: spend community mobilisations money
Above all regular, reliable tracking of fund flows and plan processes