the part of speech 2

8/18/2019 The Part of Speech 2

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Nouns

A noun is a word used to name something: a person/animal,

a place, a thing, or an idea. For example, all of the following are nouns.

o Leah, Ignacio, Lan, Marek

o Japan, ene!uela, Atlanta, "roger, the #ap

o pencil, store, music, air

o $iolog%, theor% of &elati'it%, (%thagorean theor%

Hint: )he% are sometimes preceded $% noun markers. *oun markers are also called determiners and +uantifiers.)he% are words like a, an, the, this, that, these, those, each, some, any, every, no, numbers (1,2,3,etc.), several, many, a

lot, few, possessive pronouns (his, her, etc). ee determiners for more information.

Nouns are classified in several ways…

-. Nouns can be singular or plural.


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Singular nouns name onl% one person, place, thing or idea.

One apple, a pencil, the book

Plural nouns name two or more persons, places, things or ideas. Most singular nouns *ot ALL are made plural $% adding 0s. For example, pencil is a singular noun. )he word pencils is a plural noun.

Exception #1: If a noun ends with the 0s, sh, ch, or x like the words, kiss, church, ash or box, then the%are made plural $% adding 0es kisses, churches, ashes, and boxes).

Exception #2:)here are also irregular nouns that do not follow an% rules. For example, the plural form of the word child is children.

o Nouns can be Proper Nouns or Common Nouns

• A. Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, things and ideas. A person1s name Leah #raham is a proper

noun, for example. 2ther examples are names of places Atlanta, #eorgia and names of things the *a'%. Tey

are always capitali!ed"

o (eople3s names and titles4 "ing 5enr%, Mrs. mith

o *ames for deit%, religions, religious followers, and sacred $ooks4 #od, Allah, 6uddha,

Islam, 7atholicism, 7hristians


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o &aces, nationalities, tri$es, and languages4 frican merican, !olish"merican, #lack,

$hinese, %ussian

o pecific (laces like countries, cities, $odies of water, streets, $uildings, and parks

o pecific organi!ations4 7entral Intelligence Agenc% 7IA, 8.

o 9a%s of the week, months, and holida%s,

o 6rand names of products

o 5istorical periods, well4known e'ents, and documents4 &iddle a'es, #oston ea !arty,

&a'na $arta

o )itles of pu$lications and written documents

b. Common nouns are all other nouns. For example: cat, pencil, paper, etc. )he% are not capitali!ed unless the% are

the first word in the sentence.

• Nouns can also be collective.

7ollecti'e nouns are nouns that are grammaticall% considered singular, $ut include more than one person, place,thing, or idea in its meaning. ords like team, 'roup, ury, committee, audience, crowd, class, troop, family,team, couple, band, herd, *uartet, and society.

#enerall%, collecti'e nouns are treated as singular $ecause the% emphasi!e the group as one unit.

he committee is 'oin' to make a decision.


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• Nouns can also be eiter count or non#count.

*ouns that are non4count cannot $e counted. $or e%ample,

one cannot go outside to ha'e two fresh airs. 2ne goes outside for fresh air .

&. Nouns can be Abstract or concrete

• 7oncrete nouns are nouns that %ou can touch. )he% are people, places, and some things. ords like person,

court, +eor'ia, pencil, hand, paper, car, and door are all examples of concrete nouns.

• A$stract nouns are nouns that cannot $e ph%sicall% held. For example, things like air, ustice, safety, emocracy,

faith, reli'ion, etc.

'. Nouns can be (erunds

A gerund is the 0ing form of the 'er$ and is used as a noun. For example,

Running is good for you. )unning is the noun/gerund and is is the 'er$.

*y crying upset im.

$ryin' is the su$;ect and upset is the 'er$

Note: A noun can fit into more than one of these categories. For example, the noun n'ela is a singular, concrete,count, proper noun.


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Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. )he% eliminate the need for repetition.$or +%ample:

Instead of Emma talked to Emma's child , %ou might sa% Emma talked to her child. Her is the pronoun. It renames the antecedent, -mma.

Tere are several types of pronouns.

Personal Pronouns refer to specific persons or tings. (ersonal pronouns can act as su$;ects, o$;ects, or possessi'es.

Singular: I, me, %ou, she, her, he, him, it

Plural: we, us, %ou, the%, them

, you, she, he, it, we, and they are used as su$;ects of sentences.

$or e%ample, /he knew the 'rammar rules very well.

)he personal pronouns that can $e used as ob,ects are:

*e- you- im- er- it- tem

$or +%ample:

• Te teacer gave all of them good grades.

• Tommy gave is poetry boo to her .


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• Ten- A!ra gave it to me.

hem, her and me are personal pronouns used as o$;ects. )he% are N+/+) the su$;ects of the sentences.

• Possessive Pronouns indicate ownership or possession.

Singular: my- mine- your- yours- ers- is- its

Plural: yours- ours- teirs-

For


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$or +%ample: 4 saw 5rad Pitt himself at te mall. 5ere, himself emphasi!es the antecedent, 6radd (itt.

&. )eciprocal Pronouns express shared actions or feelings. )he% are:

+ac oter 6ne anoter

$or +%ample:

7an 8o and Tai elp each other wit teir omewor.

9eon and is girlfriend dance wit one another wen tey go clubbing.

'. 4ndefinite Pronouns refer to non4specific persons and things.

All, another, an%, an%$od%, an%one, an%thing, $oth, each, either, e'er%$od%, e'er%one, e'er%thing, few, man%,

neither, no$od%, none, no one, nothing, one, se'eral, some, some$od%, someone, something$or +%ample:

&any believe that UFO’s exist, but nobody can prove it.

0o one can be sure if aliens really exist, but only few wonder if -lvis is still alive.

)he underlined indefinite pronouns do not refer to an% one person. )he% are referring to people in general.

. ;emonstrative Pronouns are also considered noun markers. )he% =point= towards nouns.

tis- tat- tese tose

$or +%ample: hat oman attends !ainesville "ollege. hat points out which woman.


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Te woman attends (ainesville College.

1:


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Ad,ectivesAn ad;ecti'e modifies descri$es a noun or pronoun.

*ormall% in


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For example, the loudest, the coolest, the smartest .

• If an ad;ecti'e is three s%lla$les or longer, %ou must use the words the most. For example:

5atsu is the most intelligent person in the world6

WARNING# Never use bot an (er ending and te word more or an

(est ending and te word most .

For example- am the most haiest when my students learn. Instead, it should $e: am the haiest when my students learn.

)here are some irregular ad;ecti'e and ad'er$ forms. For example:

Ad,ective Adverb Comparing two Comparing tree or

more

6ad $adl% orse worst

#ood ell 6etter 6est

Little Less Least

Much Man% More Most

Punctuation Note: Ad;ecti'es are not usuall% capitali!ed unless the% are the first word in asentence. 5BT- nationalities are also ad;ecti'es and should $e capitali!ed. For example:


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%icky &artin is )uerto Rican and &ichelle 7eoh is "hinese.

)hese are called proper ad;ecti'es. And, like proper nouns, proper ad,ectives are alwa%s capitali!ed in


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Adverbs

An ad'er$ is a word that modifies an action 'er$, an ad;ecti'e or another ad'er$.

• )he teacher carefully graded the homework.

$arefully is an ad'er$ that modifies the action 'er$ to 'rade.

• )omm% was e%tremely enthusiastic a$out doing his homework.

-xtremely is an ad'er$ that modifies the ad;ecti'e enthusiastic.

• @an "o ran out of the classroom very +uickl%.

8ery is an ad'er$ that modifies the ad'er$ *uickly.

Warning: @ou need an ad;ecti'e after linking 'er$s8N+/+) an ad'er$

For example, ai feels bad +guilty when he has to leave class.

5ere, bad is an ad;ecti'e that modifies the proper noun ai. It is an ad;ecti'e $ecause it follows the linking 'er$ to feel .

H6


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Types of Adverbs:

• )elative Adverbs introduce +uestions and dependent ad'er$ial clauses. )he% answer the

+uestions hen and here )he% are:

hen here

$or +%ample: hen * as young, * liked to lay outside.

1: hen did I like to pla% outside> A: hen I was %oung.

•Adverbs of $reEuency indicate answer the +uestion how often> )he% are:

Alwa%s, usuall%, often, sometimes, rarel%, ne'er

Te students in +S69 >= alays study very ard.

Tey rarely forget to do teir omewor.

N6T+: (enerally- tese adverbs come before te verbF owever tere is an e%ception. 4n te case of te verb

to be- te adverb of freEuency comes after te verb. $or e%ample:A!rais alays on time for class.


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Con,unctions are the scotch tape of the grammatical world. )he% ;oin together words and phrases. )here arethree kinds of con;unctions: coordinating con;unctions, correlati'e con;unctions, and su$ordinating

con;unctions.

?. Coordinating Con,unctions

)here are se'en coordinating con;unctions in


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8yong *ee wors ard- yet se still earns low grades.

Note: A compound sentence is a sentence made up of two independent clauses. )hat is, a compound sentence is

simpl% two complete sentences ;oined $% a comma and a coordinating con;unction i.e. a fan$o%s.

B. Correlative Con,unctions also ;oin ideas, $ut the% work in pairs. )he% are:

6oth8and

neither8nor

whether8or

either8or

not onl%8$ut also

$or +%ample:

0ot only am * hay about the grades, but * am also excited that you are learning-

3. /ubordinatin' $onunctions ;oin an independent clause to a su$ordinate clause. )hat is, the% ;oin a clause that can

stand alone with a clause that cannot stand alone. ome fre+uentl% used su$ordinating con;unctions are:

after, although, as, as if, $ecause, $efore, e'en if, e'en though, if, since, so that, though, unless, until, when, whene'er,where, where'er, whether, while.

$or +%ample:


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Prepositions

(repositions are words that, like con;unctions, connect a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. ome common prepositions:

A$out 6efore 9own Into )hrough

A$o'e 6ehind 9uring Like )o

Across 6elow


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?. Action verbs show action.

5e runs. 5e lays. )he% study.

. 9ining /erbs link the su$;ect to an ad;ecti'e.

&ick% Martin is $eautiful.

)he linking 'er$ is links the ad;ecti'e beautiful with the su$;ect %icky &artin.

?. *ain verbs can stand alone.

. Au%iliary verbs, also called helping 'er$s, ser'e as support to the main 'er$.

)he most common auxiliar% 'er$s are:

5a'e, has, had

9o, does, did

6e, am, is, are, was, were, $eing, $een

hould, could, will, would, might, can, ma%, must, shall, ought to

$or e%ample:

Tai has runeveryday.

%un is an action 'er$. )he su$;ect can actuall% =do= it.


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as is the helping 'er$. It helps the main 'er$ run to $e present perfect tense.

/erbs can be transitive or intransitive.

• Transitive /erbs re+uire a direct o$;ect in order to make sense.

$or +%ample:

7olanda taes aspirin for er eadaces. 5ere, take s is a transiti'e 'er$ since the sentence 7olanda takes has no meaning without its direct o$;ect aspirin.

•4ntransitive /erbs do not need direct ob,ects to mae tem meaningful. $or +%ample:

Iulio sims.

)he 'er$ swim has meaning for the reader without an o$;ect.

Caution: A 'er$ can $e either transiti'e or intransiti'e depending on its context. $or +%ample:

Te cars race. 0 5ere, raceis intransiti'e. It does not need an o$;ect.

*y fater races horses. 0 5ere, races is transiti'e. It re+uires the o$;ect horses in order to make sense.

/erbs can be prasal.

-. (hrasal 'er$s are made up of a 'er$ and a preposition. )he preposition gi'es the 'er$ a different meaning than itwould ha'e $% itself. For example, the 'er$ look has a different meaning from the phrasal 'er$ look u in thedictionar%.


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Some more e%amples:

call up, find out, hand in, make up, put off, turn on, write up


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Modifiers (adjecties ! ader"s# can appear "etween an article and a noun.

Examples:

•A sunset.

• A spectacular sunset.

• An exceptionally spectacular sunset.

The indefinite article $a% can onl& appear "efore nouns that "egin with a consonant sound : a hand, a book, a world, a computer…

The indefinite article $an% can onl& appear "efore nouns that "egin with a owel sound: an apartment, an hour, an article…

'eneral ules for the )se of Articles:

*. )se a+an with singular count nouns whose specific identit& is not ,nown to the reader either "ecause it is "eing mentioned for

the first time- or "ecause its specific identit& is un,nown een to the writer.


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xample)

• Anh asked her mother for an advice.

• Anh asked her mother for a piece of

advice.

III. Cse the with most nouns whose specific identit% is known to the reader $ecause:

-. the noun has $een pre'iousl% mentioned:

o *esterday + saw a group of - students. The students were playing with a ball. The ball was white and blue. The ball

rolled into a hole. The hole was small.

B. the noun is made specific $% a superlati'e:

o + bought the fastest computer they had.

/. the noun descri"es a uni0ue person- place- or thing:

o lease give this to the manager.

o The sun is bright today.

o /ain is falling heavily in the !orth.

1. the context or situation ma,es the noun%s identit& clear:


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o lease don$t slam the door when you leave.

o 0ob warned me that the dog playing in his yard is very affectionate and 1umps on every person it meets.

*2. o not use the with plural or non&count nouns meaning 2all2 or 2in general2 (i.e. generic reference nouns". 3o not use the with mostsingular proper nouns.

• 4he fountains are an expensive element of landscape design.

• +n some parts of the world, the rice is preferred to all other grains.

. 9o not use articles with other noun markers or determiners, i.e. possessive nouns 5elen3s E and some pronouns his, her, its, ours, their, whose, this, that, these, those, all, an%, each, either, e'er%, few, man%, more, most,

much, neither, se'eral, some.

-xceptions;

All the3

A few3

The most3


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A fnal caution- A word can $e more than one part of speech. $or e%ample:

I sat on the sofa.

A$o'e, sofa is used as a noun o$;ect of the preposition.

4 slept on te sofa bed.

6ut, here sofa is used as an ad;ecti'e to modif% the noun bed.

And, nati'e speakers often take poetic license with words in con'ersation. For example:

4tDs ofa city for you"

5ere, sofa acts as an ad;ecti'e to descri$e the noun city. )he meaning of the sentence is that the person will ha'e tosleep on the sofa, not a $ed.

the part of speech 2

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