The Particle Theory

The Particle Theory

The Particle Theory explains how all matter (liquid, solid, gas) are structured and how they

react under certain conditions.

The Particle Theory consists of five statements.

The Particle Theory

1. All matter is made up of very small particles.

2. There is space between particles.

Particles in a Gas

The Particle Theory•Very far apart; big spaces between particles

•Move very quickly; move in any direction

•Have no definite shape or volume; fill up the container they are in

•Weak attraction between particles

The Particle Theory• Particles are

closer together; move more slowly

• Particles in a liquid are loosely bonded so they slide over each other

• Liquids have a definite volume, but not shape

Particles in a Liquid

The Particle Theory• Particles are very

close and tightly packed together; particles do not move around

• Particles in a solid are attracted to each other; strong bonds

• Solids have a definite shape and volume

Particles in a Solid

The Particle Theory

3. All particles in a pure substance are

the same.

A pure substance is a material made up of only one kind of

extremely small particle.Each pure substance has its own kind of particle, different in shape

and size from the particles of other pure substances.

The Particle Theory

The Particle Theory

The white particles in this picture represent sugar, while the blue particles represent water.

T The Particle Theory he Particle Theory

• Other examples of pure s

4. The particles in matter are always in motion.

The Particle Theory

Looking at the website http://www.chem.perdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html

, will give you a visual representation on how quickly the states of matter move.

Gas Liquid Solid

The Particle TheoryWhen particles are heated, or gain energy, they move faster

and the spaces in between them expand in size.

The Particle TheoryWhen particles are cooled, or lose energy they move slower

and the spaces in between them contract in size.

The Particle Theory If the transfer of energy is quite

dramatic, the state of matter changes.

The Particle Theory

The Particle TheoryThe temperature of a liquid, solid or a gas refers to how fast its particles are

moving. The faster the particles move, the higher the temperature.

High Temperature

Medium Temperatur

e

Low Temperatur

e

The Particle Theory

5. Particles are attracted to each other.

The Particle TheoryA substance will dissolve

(the particles are broken down so small they are invisible to the naked eye), in another

because the particles of each substance are attracted to

each other.

The Particle TheoryThis is what happens when

sugar is dissolved in water.

The water particles are attracted to

the sugar particles, making

them dissolve.

The Particle TheoryIn scientific terms,

the sugar in this picture is the

solute, (substance being dissolved) and the water is

the solvent. They mix to form a

solution.

The Particle Theory

Solutes and solvents may take the form any of the three states of matter:

gas liquid or solid.

The Particle TheoryThis solution of

water (solvent) and sugar (solute) is a

homogeneous solution.

Water is often called the universal

solvent because it can dissolve many

particles.

The Particle TheoryA solution only

forms when particles are attracted to

each other, and the solute

dissolves in the solvent.

The Particle TheoryA solution is said to

be a homogeneous solution when the

mixture of two substances look

the same throughout; the

individual particles cannot

be seen.

When different parts of a

mixture can be seen, it is called a

heterogeneous or mechanical

mixture.

The Particle Theory

Concrete is a mechanical mixture because its individual components

can be seen.

The Particle TheoryWhen one substance

will not dissolve in another, the

substance is said to be insoluble.

This is because the particles are not attracted to each

other.Oil and Water

The Particle TheoryOil and water result

in a mechanical or heterogeneous

mixture.The particles in each

substance are not attracted to each

other and therefore separate.

Oil and Water

The Particle TheoryThe idea of particle

attraction applies to many other

combinations of substances.

It can explain why grass stains are

difficult to get out of clothing.

The Particle Theory

Grass stains are caused by chlorophyll in

the grass.

The Particle TheoryParticles of chlorophyll

are more attracted to each other than water.

Chlorophyll is insoluble in water (universal solvent), but will dissolve in other solvents such as rubbing alcohol.