THE PEREGRINE FUND

WORLD CENTER FOR BIRDS OF PREY

• 2005 ANNUAL REPORT •• 2005 ANNUAL REPORT •

THE PEREGRINE FUND

WORLD CENTER FOR BIRDS OF PREY

Working to Conserve Birds of Prey in Nature

Linda BehrmanSue BelloRoger BenefieldJoell BrownJoe BurkeBill BurnhamKurt K. BurnhamPat BurnhamJack CaffertyEmma ChristensenDavid ClineDonna DanielsSam DavilaCameron EllisEdward FeltesBrian GloshenSherri Haley

Tim HauckMichael HaynesBill HeinrichGrainger HuntJ. Peter JennyLeslie JonartPaul JuergensMeagan KaiserLloyd KiffThom LordMichael MaglioneDavid McGrawAngel MontoyaAmel MusticBrian MutchJenny MyersFrank Nebenburgh

Cathie NigroTrish NixonChris ParishNick PicconoTravis RosenberryCal SandfortAmy SiedenstrangCindy ThielRussell ThorstromRandy TownsendRick WatsonDavid WellsEric WeisJim Willmarth

ArchivistS. Kent Carnie

PanamaAracely AbregoEloy AripioEdwin CampbellCalixto ConampiaMarta CurtiSean DavisOmar FernándezBriceño FlacoPróspero Gaitán Margarita GordonNoel GuerraYanina GuevaraKathia HerreraEdwin JiménezMagaly LinaresJosé de Los Santos

LópezPriscilla MaloneyGabriel

MinguizamaRodolfo MosqueraAngel MuelaJulio OvispoRogelio PeñaBolívar RodríguezFidel SabúgaraSaskia SantamaríaJosé de Jesús VargasMark Watson

AsiaMuhammad AsimFaisal Farid

Pan AfricaSimon ThomsettMunir Virani

INTERNATIONAL STAFF

THE PEREGRINE FUND STAFF

The organization’s business-related activities are supported by PatBurnham (Administrator), Cindy Thiel and Donna Daniels (Book-keepers), and Sherri Haley (Secretary/Receptionist). Linda Behrmanis our Membership Director and manages our web site. Joell Browncoordinates our fund raising activities. Amy Siedenstrang is our artdirector.

UNITED STATES

MadagascarTolojanahary R. A.

AndriamalalaYves Rakotonirina

AndriamanarivoAdrien BatouBe Berthin Noël Augustin BonhommeRazafimahatratra

Christophe Eloi (Lala) FanamehaEugene LadoanyKalavah Rox LoukmanJules MampiandraMoïseCharles (Vola) Rabearivelo Jeanneney RabearivonyBerthine RafarasoaNorbert (Velo)

RajaonariveloJeannette RajesyMarius P. H.

RakotondratsimaGaston RaoelisonBien Aimé RasolonirinaGilbert RazafimanjatoJoseph RazafindrasoloJacquot Martial (Lova)

RazanakotoLily-Arison Rene de RolandSeing The SamGilbert Tohaky

©2006 Edited by Bill Burnham and Pat Burnham.Jack Cafferty, Photo Editor. Design ©2006 by Amy Siedenstrang.Thanks to Robert Bateman and Mill Pond Press, Inc. for coverartwork. Production costs donated by members of the Board of Directorsof The Peregrine Fund.

T H E P E R E G R I N E F U N D • W O R L D C E N T E R F O R B I R D S O F P R E Y

Board of Directors Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Northern Aplomado Falcon Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

California Condor Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

T. Halter Cunningham 1922-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

The Archives of Falconry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Student Education Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Research Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Captive Breeding at the World Center for Birds of Prey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Education Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Arctic Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Neotropical Raptor Conservation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Pan Africa Raptor Conservation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Asia-Pacific Raptor Conservation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Financials and Donors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

1

Strong leadership is critical to an organization’s success, and The

Peregrine Fund’s Board of Directors has continued to provide this

leadership since the organization began in 1970. During the fall 2005

meeting of the Board of Directors, Ian Newton, former Vice Chairman,

was elected as the new Chairman of the Board. The organization is for-

tunate to have had six Chairmen of the Board all with strong enthusiasm

and desire to help the organization continue to succeed and Ian Newton

will no doubt continue this tradition in his new role.

Outgoing Chairman of the Board Paxson H. Offield is to be com-

mended on his three-year term and devotion to his leadership role dur-

ing this time. Mr. Offield was always there to lend a helping hand and

help out with whatever was needed and the organization is indebted for

his dedication and kindness. Like all the previous Chairmen, Paxson

Offield definitely left a lasting impression on The Peregrine Fund.

Ian Newton has played an integral role with the organization’s Board

of Directors since 1988. His background includes D.Phil. and D.Sc.

degrees from Oxford University, and numerous academic and civil

awards. He has written several books and more than 300 scientific

papers on birds, and performed research on raptors, finches, and water-

fowl. He is the former President of the British Ornithologists’ Union,

former President of the British Ecological Society, Honorary Fellow of

the American Ornithologists’ Union, and is currently the Chairman of

the Council for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in the

United Kingdom.

Elected as the new Vice Chairman of the Board was Lee M. Bass, with

Karen J. Hixon continuing as Treasurer and D. James Nelson fulfilling

the role of Secretary. The organization would not be where it is today

without the support and direction of all our members of the Board of

Directors and we thank them for their dedication.

Ian Newton (above) has worked with numerous species of birds from temperate environments to the Arctic.

Below, he and Bill Burnham survey cliffs in Northwest Greenland.

Kurt

K.

Burn

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Kurt

K.

Burn

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BOARD OF DIRECTORS UPDATE

The Northern Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralisseptentrionalis) once occupied a significant portionof the American Southwest. Often hunting coopera-tively as a pair, this strikingly beautiful falcon feedson medium-sized birds, insects, and bats. Prior tothe 1930s this species was regarded as fairly com-mon throughout the humid coastal savannas ofTexas and Taumalipas, Mexico, and the more xericinterior grasslands. Over 100 egg sets were collectedin southern Texas between 1888 and 1915 which

serves as an indicationof how common thisspecies once was.

Populations of theNorthern AplomadoFalcon began to declineduring the first half ofthe Twentieth Century.Prior to reintroductionefforts in Texas, the lastknown breeding of thisspecies within theUnited States occurrednear Deming, NewMexico, in 1952. Afterthis time, no Aplo-

mado Falcon population was known to exist in theU.S. until breeding pairs became established in1995 as a result of reintroduction efforts.

The Northern Aplomado Falcon is the last falconspecies on the Endangered Species List.

�RESULTS

This season 140 young were produced from 36pairs of falcons. Two young were held back to aug-ment the captive breeding population in Boise, Idaho,now totaling 46 pairs. The current number of pairswill allow us to continue releasing between 100 and140 falcons per year.

A total of 138 Aplomado Falcons were released atsix sites on private ranches in the trans-Pecos regionin Texas during the 2005 field season. For the firsttime in over a decade, we did not release falcons in

South Texas and are now concentrating all of ourrelease efforts in West Texas. Our overall success ratefor this year resulted in 116 (84%) falcons success-fully reaching independence. A total of 1,142 cap-tive-bred falcons have now been released in Texas,and during the previous five years 357 of 538 (66%)falcons released became independent.

Mortality factors after release remained much thesame as in previous years. This included prematuredispersal and predation by Great Horned Owls andcoyotes. We did not experience the predation prob-lem encountered last year with the immaturePeregrine Falcon. Peregrine Falcons were presentagain this year but the Aplomado Falcons were olderand more agile when the Peregrines were present.We did, however, have problems with NorthernHarriers harassing the young falcons, causing themto disperse prematurely. The presence of NorthernHarriers in West Texas at this time of year was ratherunusual and was perhaps the result of the uncharac-teristically high rodent population.

Monitoring the Developing Population inSouth Texas—In 1995, biologists recorded the firstpair of Aplomado Falcons to breed in Texas in morethan half a century. These birds were captive-bredyoung released by The Peregrine Fund. For the 2005season, this population had increased to at least 44pairs. We are confident that more pairs would havebeen located had we been able to expand our searcharea outside of the Matagorda and Laguna AtascosaNational Wildlife Refuges. Unfortunately, this wasnot possible due to time and personnel constraints.

The continued increase in nesting successobserved in falcons provided with artificial neststructures encouraged us to put up additional struc-tures prior to this year’s nesting season. Even moresignificant is the 88% annual survival rate that wehave recorded in the adult breeding population.

The question is often asked why we have notfound more pairs when over 1,000 falcons have beenreleased. The answer is natural attrition. In the bestof circumstances, with natural parents to protectand guide their fledglings, raptors typically lose 65%

2

Establish a self-sustainingpopulation of AplomadoFalcons in the south-western United Statesand northern NewMexico through captivepropagation, release, andmanagement with theultimate goal of removingthis species from theEndangered Species List.

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Recently fledged wild Aplomado Falcon in South Texas.

NORTHERN APLOMADO FALCON RESTORATION

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STAFF

Director, Peter Jenny; Coordina-tor, Bill Heinrich; Captive Breed-ing, Cal Sandfort, Emma Chris-tensen, and Travis Rosenberry;Field, Brian Mutch, Angel Mon-toya, Paul Juergens, and ErinGott; and Senior Scientist,Grainger Hunt.

HACK SITE ATTENDANTS

Keely Arnold, Therese Catanach,John Coffman, Megan Connor,Melanie Fischer, Amanda Gladics,Sarah Goodwin, Dayna Hawes,Justin Jones, Sam Joyce, ChristinaKleberg, Ashley Linscott, Christo-pher McClure, Chasidy Simplot,and Matthew Stuber.

COOPERATORS

We cooperate with the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service, the TexasParks and Wildlife Department,T & E, Inc., the Secretaria DeMedio Ambiente Recursos Natu-rales Y Pesca (SEMARNAP), Uni-versidad Autonoma de Chi-huahua and private landowners— Miller Ranch of Valen-tine, Texas, Means Ranch of VanHorn, Texas, McKnight Ranch ofMarathon, Texas, Baeza Ranch ofVan Horn, Texas, Rancho DelCielo of Kent, Texas, and theFaskin Ranch of Sul Ross Univer-sity of Sierra Blanca, Texas.Pathology is done by Bruce Ride-out of the San Diego Zoo.

Providing essential financialand/or logistical support wereAA Enterprises/Gayle Allen, theLee and Ramona Bass Founda-tion, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServicePrivate Stewardship Program, RuthO’Donnell Mutch, Robert J. andHelen C. Kleberg Foundation,National Fish and Wildlife Founda-tion, The Meadows Foundation,Turner Foundation, Inc., EdwardW. Rose III Family Fund of TheDallas Foundation, GrasslansCharitable Foundation, ExxonMo-bil Foundation, Tim and KarenHixon and The Tim and KarenHixon Foundation, The TimkenFamily Charitable Trust, PeterDavidson, Burlington Resources,Magnolia Charitable Trust, TexasParks and Wildlife Department,The Tapeats Fund, Joan and HerbKelleher Foundation, NorcrossWildlife Foundation, and TheSophie Seeligson Bass Foundation.

of their numbers before reaching one year of age.These survivors have endured nature’s highly selec-tive process. In addition, we are certain that morepairs exist than have been observed, and a primarygoal this coming year is to increase our surveyeffort to better assess the total population.Considering the high mortality rate and the vastlandscape, a known population of 44 pairs bodeswell for the success of this program and is, if any-thing, better than could have been expected.

Monitoring Remnant Populations inMexico—We continue to monitor a small popula-tion of Aplomado Falcons in the Mexican state ofChihuahua. Since 1996 we have monitored 220nesting attempts. This season we located 20 occu-pied territories in the Tinaja Verde and Sueco studyareas. These pairs produced 1.40 young per occu-pied territory, an increase from last year’s observedproductivity of 1.06. This population appears to bedeclining, most likely as a result of the continuingdrought; however, in the summer of 2004, amplerains occurred throughout the study area. Theincrease in productivity observed in the falcon pop-ulation illustrates how quickly these falcons canrespond to such beneficial factors as rainfall and thesubsequent increase in the falcons’ prey base. As aresult of the success of our artificial nest structures

in South Texas, our biologists placed five barrednest structures in each of the study areas. None ofthese structures were occupied during the 2005breeding season, and the effectiveness of this man-agement tool, so successful in South Texas, is stillbeing evaluated for the Chihuahuan Desert Region.The Peregrine Fund again sponsored studies whichmonitored grassland prey bird populations at bothstudy sites and installed 10 additional escape rampsin stock water tanks located near falcon territories.This brings the total number of escape ramps inoperation to 30. Since we first installed the escaperamps, no falcons have drowned in equipped tanks.

Federal/State and Private Land Owner Programs—In 2005 an additional 255,362 acreswere enrolled in the Aplomado Falcon Safe Harborprogram. Over 1.8 million acres are now enrolled inthe program in both South and West Texas. This is604 acres larger than the state of Delaware. Becauseof the success experienced in South Texas inreestablishing nesting pairs, release efforts are nowbeing concentrated in West Texas. We will be work-ing with more landowners in order to incorporateadditional release sites and nesting habitat into theAplomado Falcon Safe Harbor program.

The wild population in South Texas will continueto be monitored and survey efforts will be increased

in an attempt to better assess the true populationsize in this area. Additional barred nest structureswill be placed in both South and West Texas wherefalcons are observed.

We continue to work with the states of NewMexico and Arizona, the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService (USFWS), and federal land agencies todevelop a 10(j) “nonessential experimental popula-tion” designation to facilitate the recovery of theAplomado Falcon in New Mexico. A draft 10(j) hasbeen reviewed by the regional USFWS Solicitor’sOffice in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and inWashington, DC. The proposed 10(j) was publishedin the Federal Register in February 2005, and themandatory public comment period ended on15 November 2005. The USFWS should make itsdecision early in 2006; therefore, within the nextyear we hope to begin releasing Aplomado Falconsin New Mexico.

Publications—J.O. Brown, et al., had a paperentitled “Wild Reared Aplomado Falcons Surviveand Re-nest at Higher Rates than Hacked Falconsin a Common Environment” accepted for publica-tion by Biological Conservation. A book publishedby Island Press entitled The Endangered Species Actat Thirty has a section on the Aplomado Falconrecovery in chapter 19.

Left: Artificial nest struc-

tures help reduce mor-

tality caused by raccoons

and other predators.

Right: Paul Juergens

records data about the

size and health of a

young Aplomado falcon.Bill

Hei

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Bill

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The CaliforniaCondor is returning tothe canyon country ofnorthern Arizona andsouthern Utah where aworld of cliffs andupdrafts offer homeonce again to this large,colorful, soaring scav-enger. In the 1980s, itsextinction seemed immi-nent when all remainingwild individuals werecaptured in southernCalifornia and held forthe purpose of rebuild-ing the population bycaptive propagation. ThePeregrine Fund createdits condor breeding facil-ity in Boise, Idaho, in the

early 1990s and began releasing birds in Arizona in1996 with the ultimate goal of establishing a self-sustaining wild population and thereby hasteningthe condor’s removal from the Endangered SpeciesList. In the nine years since the first released condorsbegan their explorations, the growing wild popula-tion has evolved traditions of regional movementand foraging. Wild reproduction began in the GrandCanyon in 2003.

�RESULTSThe advantages of experience have accrued both

within the condor population and among the biolo-gists who work toward its eventual independence.The techniques of propagation and rearing havebeen refined at our Boise facility to yield high ratesof hatching and chick survival. Time and experiencehave increased the production of birds hatched andreared by their captive parents and have resulted inbetter adjustment to life in the wild. Field crewshave learned to haze newly-released youngsters from

vulnerable roosts tosafer ones, therebyensuring protectionfrom nocturnal encoun-ters with coyotes.Similar hazing has alsohelped to condition con-dors to avoid humansand man-made struc-tures. This, togetherwith the gradual matu-ration of the wild flock,has contributed toincreased avoidance.

Most importantly, experience has brought an under-standing of mortality sources and ways to reducetheir impact. Highest on the list of harmful agents islead poisoning.

Releases in 2005 began with the February/Marchliberation of eight birds, followed in subsequentmonths with the release of six more. Three of thesecondors were brought from California because oftheir habit of perching on power poles.Translocation broke that pattern of risky behavior,and they have since shown no inclination toward it.One fatality occurred among the 2005 releases;necropsy revealed no findings other than poor bodycondition. By the close of 2005, there were 59 free-ranging condors in the Arizona/Utah populationand nine awaiting release. The captive-breedingfacility in Boise produced 20 young condors in 2005,14 of which were intended for release in Arizona.Seven were transferred to Arizona in December, andthe remainder will be brought to Arizona in 2006.Five were given to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Servicefor release in California.

The condor flock ranged during 2005 from theSouth Rim of the Grand Canyon National Park tothe Kolob region of southern Utah. As in the past,all condors were equipped with telemetry transmit-ters, and trackers monitored the whereabouts oftheir carriers by means of ground-based VHF

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Establish self-sustainingwild populations ofCalifornia Condorsthrough captive prop-agation, release, andmanagement, with theultimate goal ofremoving the speciesfrom the EndangeredSpecies List.

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Spectators anxiously await the release of California Condors

near the Vermilion Cliffs in Arizona.

Bill

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Ch

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CALIFORNIA CONDOR PROGRAM

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STAFF

Director/Coordinator, BillHeinrich; Captive Breed-ing, Randy Townsendassisted by MeaganKaiser, Joe Burke, andJenny Myers; Release,Chris Parish and ThomLord; Research, GraingerHunt; Research Associ-ates, Kurt Burnham andBrian Mutch; Field Assis-tance, Roger Benefield,Edward Feltes, TimHauck, MichaelMaglione, DavidMcGraw, Frank Neben-burgh, Eric Weis, andJim Willmarth.

COOPERATORS

The historic Arizona rein-troduction is a joint proj-ect among The Pere-grine Fund, the Bureauof Land Management,U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, National ParkService, Arizona Gameand Fish Department,Utah Division of Wildlife,U.S. Forest Service,Southern Utah’s Coalitionof Resources Economics,and others.

Funding and other sup-port for the project wasprovided by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service,Arizona Game and FishDepartment, NationalFish and Wildlife Foun-dation, Liz Claiborne andArt Ortenberg Founda-tion, Peter Pfendler,Conni Williams, TheKearney Alliance, GrandCanyon ConservationFund, Patagonia, EarthFriends Wildlife Founda-tion, Houston Zoo, Inc.,Natural Encounters Con-servation Fund, ThePhiladelphia Foundation,Norm Freeman, SaltRiver Project, the ArizonaStrip Bureau of LandManagement, thePhoenix Zoo, and theLowry Park Zoo ofTampa Bay.

telemetry receivers. Radio-tracking often involvedunexpected travel. As condors moved easily on thewinds from one region to another, their trackersmoved less efficiently on available roads. Such diffi-culty has been overcome with the use of satellite-reporting GPS transmitters that communicate theroutes and latest positions of condors via the inter-net every evening. Tracking by both methods,enhanced by frequent cell phone communicationbetween trackers, has yielded an unbroken record ofcondor movement and activity throughout the year.This information, together with direct observationof condor behavior, is revealing the true nature ofthis species in the wild.

In general, condor movements have been farmore expansive in the past two winters than in pre-vious winters when the birds seemed more closelytied to the food subsidy at the release site. We attrib-ute the greater winter movement partly to mildweather and partly to the nesting tendencies of con-dor pairs which, in turn, stimulate the movementsof other birds. A third, perhaps even more impor-tant reason, however, is the greater proficiency withwhich condors have learned to forage on their own.In spring and summer, the birds gravitated earlierthan in past years to the South Rim, Kaibab Plateau,and southern Utah, and many remained away fromthe release site later into the winter than previouslyrecorded. The area of Utah now favored by condorsis primarily a rugged, high elevation mosaic offorests and broad meadows where sheep ranching iscommon, together with an abundance of deer and elk.

The need for close monitoring lies primarily inthe necessity of discovering, recording, and respond-ing to mortality factors. Every year, such monitoringenables Peregrine Fund biologists to interveneand/or respond where negative events might haveotherwise produced setbacks. This aggressive strate-gy is expediting the development of a substantialpopulation. Tracking and conditioning has all buteliminated the impact of predation on newly-released young condors, and future wild-producedindividuals should be even less vulnerable. Tracking

has produced evidence as to the sources of leadexposure, and these, in turn, have suggested the test-ing and treatment, when indicated, of condorsreturning to the release site. Analyses during 2005revealed close relationships between condor blood-lead levels and visits to particular areas, and hasidentified rifle-killed deer as the primary source oflead exposure to the population.

Peregrine Fund biologists presented three scien-tific papers at the annual meeting of the AmericanOrnithologist’s Union during late August in SantaBarbara, California, and all are scheduled for publi-cation during 2006. Chris Woods summarized dataon mortality factors, concluding that lead poisoningwas the primary cause of death among free-rangingcondors in Arizona. Overall survival rates werenonetheless within the expected range for a healthypopulation, a result attributed to intensive leadmonitoring and management. Chris Parish thengave details on the lead testing and treatment pro-gram from 1999 through 2004, showing that fortypercent of blood tests indicated lead exposure, andnine percent showed exposure levels above the pub-lished threshold of clinical effect. Twenty-three indi-viduals received emergency chelation therapy, andall survived. X-rays of 14 condors over the yearsrevealed shotgun pellets or rifle bullet fragments inthe digestive system. Grainger Hunt presented dataon the movements of condors in relation to leadexposure in the region and showed that the majorityof exposures in 2002–2004 came from rifle-killeddeer remains during the fall deer hunting seasons.An earlier study by The Peregrine Fund to be pub-lished in the Wildlife Society Bulletin in early 2006demonstrates that ordinary rifle bullets explodeupon impact, often leaving hundreds of lead frag-ments within deer remains. All four papers suggestthe benefit to condors and other scavengers of theincreasing use of nontoxic bullets, some of whichare now considered superior to those containinglead. Accordingly, the Arizona Game and FishDepartment offered two free boxes of nontoxicammunition to every permitted deer hunter on the

Kaibab Plateau in fall 2005. The response was excel-lent, with the majority of hunters accepting the offer.

�FUTURE PLANSThe first goal of The Peregrine Fund each year is

to produce a healthy new cohort of young condorsat the World Center for Birds of Prey in Boise forrelease in the Southwest. We will continue to do sountil a wild population capable of sustaining itself isfirmly in place. The core issue of that goal is themaintenance of high individual survival, a require-ment necessitated by the slowness with which thisspecies matures and reproduces. We will thereforework hard to minimize mortality by monitoringcondor movements, testing lead levels, and treatingpoisoned birds. We will continue to work closelywith the Arizona Game and Fish Department andother state and federal agencies, and will strive toincrease public awareness of the important issues ofcondor conservation. We will further analyze fielddata and publish articles in scientific journals.

California Condors basking in the sun.

Ch

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T. HALTER CUNNINGHAM 1922–2005

The Peregrine Fund mourns the passing in 2005of an old friend and falconer, T. Halter

Cunningham. Although many of us knew him forhis longtime dedication as a member of our Boardof Directors, his involvement with raptors stretchesback to his years as a teenager in Chevy Chase, MD.

Halter was a neighborhood friend of Frank andJohn Craighead (now considered among the “found-ing fathers” of falconry in the United States).Peregrines migrated then, as now, along the Atlanticcoast, and Assateague Island was a favorite trappingspot of falconers. They buried themselves in thesand, holding a pigeon to bait passing falcons.

Halter had homemade perches for his falcons inthe back yard and trained them to hunt in nearbyopen fields, releasing them when it was time tomigrate again. In later years, he and his friend BrianMcDonald developed the pigeon harness, a leatherharness with several slipknots of fishing line sewnon. Once the pigeon was harnessed, it was releasedwith a long cord attached. When a falcon snatchedthe pigeon, its talons were caught in the slip knotsand the falconer could then capture the falcon andtrain it. One of Halter’s pigeon harnesses wasbestowed to The Archives of Falconry along withnumerous other artifacts by his son, Tom.

In an article co-authored with William F. Turnerin the September 1947 issue of Hunting and Fishingmagazine, Halter (a.k.a. “Dusty”) explained falconryand falcons to the layman, calling the PeregrineFalcon “the finest thing that wears feathers.”

“To look in on [the nest of] one of these rarebirds,” he continued, “requires the following: astrong pair of legs, a broad back, a long rope, andnot too much regard for your future.”

Apparently Halter possessed all those traits, andhe applied them in other areas besides falconry. Theday after Pearl Harbor was attacked, Halter enlistedin the Marines and was in the first wave to land onGuadalcanal. He was awarded the Purple Heart forbattle wounds he received there.

He worked as a game warden on the ChesapeakeBay after the war, then took over his family’s busi-ness, Lanman Engraving Company. With Halter atthe helm, the company became the largest privatelyowned pre-press and commercial printing businessin the eastern U.S., providing work for major enti-ties including Smithsonian Magazine, NationalGeographic, and Disney.

Among his lifelong pas-sions, Halter included polo,fishing, and duck hunting;and, to the benefit ofwildlife conservation, hispassion for raptors neverwaned. Even in his mid-70s, Halter accompaniedother board members ofThe Peregrine Fund onPeregrine monitoring expe-ditions at South PadreIsland, Texas.

Perhaps the best wordsto sum up Halter’s lifelongconservation ethic are hisown, written in 1947:

If we had our money back that we have spentchasing these fool birds from coast to coast, wecould probably retire; but if we tried to place avalue on the experiences that Falconry hasafforded us, we don’t think a million dollarswould cover it. For the conservation-mindedreader, remember that a lad who spends his timein the pursuit of hawking will save many morebirds than he will kill, for through constant con-tact with wild things a fellow must learn to lovethem. We have acquired an intimate knowledgenot only of birds of prey, but of nature in gener-al, which is of incalculable value, both physicallyand spiritually.

“...through

constant

contact with

wild things a

fellow must

learn to love

them.”

Cou

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File

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Halter, above, trapping and

banding a Peregrine.

Right: the cover of a 1947

magazine with Halter (left)

and Bill Turner, who co-

authored a falconry article.

THE ARCHIVES OF FALCONRY

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STAFF

Founding Curator/Archivist, S. Kent Carnie;Administrator, David Wells;Curator of Books andManuscripts, John R. Swift;Research/Editorial Associ-ate, William G. Mattox;Research Associates: PaulBeecroft, Peter Devers,Harrie Knol, and NatalieNicholson; and GraphicsAssociates, Seth Anthony,Don Garlock, Jim Hansen,and Jim Stabler.

COOPERATORS

The Archives is dependenton the support of manyfriends, falconers and non-falconers alike. Particularlynoteworthy assistance wasreceived from RobertBagley, Andrew Bullen,Tom Cade, Kent Carnie,Tom Cunningham, TheEmirates Falconry Club, JimEnderson, Eyas Foundation(Pete Widener, Jr.), GreatLakes Falconers Association,John Harrell, Walter Hill,Cliff Kellogg, Cynthia Mar-chitelli, Patrick Morel,Natalie Nicholson, NorthAmerican Falconers Associ-ation, Sean Rice, TeresaSwayne, John Swift, BrianWalton, and Jim Weaver.

Falconry has played a significant role in the suc-cesses of The Peregrine Fund. In 1986 the falconerswho had established The Peregrine Fund founded theArchives of American Falconry to ensure the evidence

of our falconry heritagewould not be lost. Sincethen, it has becomemore than a restingplace for old books, cor-respondence, photo-graphs, and the like.Given the short historyof American falconry, amajority of the memo-rabilia from American

donors has been international in nature, resulting incollections that are representative of falconry aroundthe world. In 2004, to better represent the collections,we changed the name to The Archives of Falconry.

�RESULTSThe year 2005 was momentous for our archives:

we made major strides in developing a memorial tohonor deceased falconers; we received a significantgrant to add a new wing to the facility; and, wehired our first salaried assistant.

The memorial wall will be a permanent locationfor clubs, friends, and family to honor departed fal-coners. An adjacent walkway leads to a RossMatteson sculpture, a falcon leaping into flight,against a backdrop of Boise, the valley, and the sur-rounding mountains. A bronze plaque identifyingeach falconer will be set into the wall and the fal-coner will be commemorated in a Book ofRemembrance within the archives. Response to theconcept is outstanding and contributors havealready honored some 20 falconers. Constructionwill begin in spring 2006.

In 2003 we noted acquisition of an Arab majlistent and our need for proper display. Recently, HisHighness, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed, son of thefounding president of the United Arab Emirates, hasagreed through the Emirates Falconers’ Club to help

support construction and maintenance of a new3,000 sq ft addition. This wing will commemorateSheikh Mohamed’s father and his love of falconry,and it will allow display of the tent and memorabiliasurrounding the long traditions of Bedu falconry.

Although volunteers have managed the Archivesfor roughly 20 years now, expansion has necessitatedseeking professional, full-time assistance. We havesecured the services of David Wells, who, followingreceipt of a master’s degree in library science, gainedexperience in librarianship and research at DukeUniversity and the city/county public library system inLas Vegas, Nevada, before joining us in 2005.

Donations of materials continue to swell theArchives’ holdings. To enhance our exhibit of theThornton silver-gilt tea urn donated by Bob and CarolBerry, British falconer Tony James placed on indefiniteloan a 16-gauge shotgun made for Thornton in 1801.The Peregrine Fund’s own Tom Cade has begun shift-ing his falconry-associated letters to our collections ofcorrespondence. Brian Walton gave his collection ofJohn Moran hoods to commemorate the late WillShor. The family of the late Morgan Berthrong hasshared pathological records from post mortem exami-nations on many raptors during his decades of serviceto the falconry community. Two stunning NineteenthCentury Landseer engravings adorn our gallerythanks to the generosity of Jim Weaver. TomCunningham, son of the late T. Halter Cunningham, amember of The Peregrine Fund Board of Directors, issending falconry books, art, and memorabilia fromthe extensive collection developed by Halter. ProbablyHalter’s most memorable contribution to our sportwas the development, with his old friend BrianMcDonald, of the pigeon harness for trappingPeregrines, an example of which was included in thedonation. The series of Andrew Ellis’ paintings thatdrew acclaim at the opening of our new wing in 2002has been placed on indefinite loan by their owner,Robert Bagley. Title to individual paintings will betransferred on an annual basis. The Archives’ Curatorof Books and Manuscripts, John Swift, continues tomake significant additions to the library.

As forecast last year, all copies of Volume III ofour Archives Heritage Publication Series, Sir ThomasSherley’s A Short Discourse of Hawking to the Field…,were sold this year—and the edition is now out-of-print. While considering candidates for Volume IV, apublishing respite is appropriate and necessary.

�FUTURE PLANSLaunching of our Memorial Wall and Bedu

Falconry Heritage Wing will demand time, attention,and resources over the coming year. The final resultswill be monumental and will add greatly to TheArchives’ interest to the international falconry com-munity. Both will be complete in time for our 20thanniversary celebration—its date to be announced.

We hope to increase digitization and online capa-bilities, improving internal functions and expandingaccessibility.

Our international role will also expand with thecurator’s inclusion on an ad hoc committee of TheInternational Association for Falconry and theConservation of Birds of Prey, which is seekinginternational recognition for falconry as a worldintangible cultural heritage. He has also joined theadvisory boards of Britain’s newly founded FalconryHeritage Trust and Spain’s Archivo Iberioamericanode Cetreria.

Collect and conserveevidence of the historyof falconry world-wideand document the roleof falconers in raptorconservation.

G OA L

Minard Stevens, pioneer California falconer(ca. late 1930s here), has been nominatedfor representation on the coming ArchivesMemorial Wall.

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STUDENT EDUCATION PROGRAM RESEARCH LIBRARY

Our student education program achieves lastingconservation results in the United States and inter-nationally by providing motivated and capable stu-dents financial support and the opportunity toengage in hands-on research related to raptor con-servation. The Peregrine Fund’s support of studentsis an effective way to promote raptor conservationand invest in local capacity.

�RESULTSIn 2005 we increased and enhanced the existing

level of support, training, and field opportunities forinternational and United States students throughongoing and new raptor conservation and researchprojects. In the Neotropical program we hired a sen-ior biologist to supervise and coordinate studentopportunities. In the first few months, Mark Watsonidentified three research priorities and students inSouth America (see Neotropical Raptor ConservationProgram for details). Other programs/projects withstudent involvement included the East Africa Project,the Arctic Program, the Aplomado Falcon Project,and the Madagascar Project, as well as individuals inNew Guinea and the West Indies.

The following table reflects our cumulative andcurrent contribution to student training and sup-port around the world.

Post Doctorate Doctorate M.Sc. B.Sc.

Students who have worked 18 51 13directly with us

Currently working with 1 2 8 1us on degree programs

�FUTURE PLANS

We will continue to support student educationnationally and internationally to the degree that weare financially able. Students will work in Asian,African, North American, and Neotropical regions.We will also provide travel grants to students toenable and encourage them to participate in theSecond Neotropical Raptor Conference in Iguazu,Argentina, 11-14 June 2006.

8

Provide research andeducational opportunitiesfor students nationallyand internationally tofurther science andconservation.

COLLABORATORS

Financial support was received from the M.J. Murdock CharitableTrust.

G OA LOur Research Library, initiated in 1994 primarily

to fill staff researcher needs, has been a service toother biologists in the Intermountain Region. Manydonations from private libraries and purchase neces-sitated larger space to house them all. Initiated by abequest from the Estate of Jerry and Kathy Herrick,in September 2002 we constructed a building thathouses the Research Library and The Archives ofFalconry. Due to the size and scope of library andarchival holdings, it took until the end of 2004 tocomplete the reorganization and create computer-ized catalogs. We are settled in our new location andcontinue to add titles to our holdings.

�RESULTS

By the end of 2005, our library contained 17,253titles, mostly on birds, and partial or complete runsof over 1,300 journal and magazine titles. The cata-loged reprint collection included 17,427 records,with at least another 10,000 awaiting cataloging. Wereceive 182 technical research journals, 37 conserva-tion magazines, and 122 newsletters by subscription

or exchange. It is likely that our Research Library ranks among the 10 largest col-lections on birds and related natural history topics in North America.

Computerized versions of the library catalog, reprints catalog, and journalinventory are maintained on The Peregrine Fund web site where they can besearched or downloaded. Although awareness of our library is mostly by word-of-mouth advertising, we are becoming well known in the international conser-vation community. Using a high-speed document scanner, library assistant TravisRosenberry e-mailed free pdf copies of 879 articles in our collection to 204 off-site researchers representing 34 foreign countries and 14 states in 2005. Thisunusual service has been well received by our colleagues living in library-poorsituations, and it has placed our library on the map of the world conservationcommunity. The library collections also enjoyed increased use by the residentWorld Center staff and other local biologists.

More than $65,000 worth of library items were received from 15 individualand nine institutional donors, including Frank Baldridge (Citrus Heights, CA),Mikhail Banik, (Khazkiv, Ukraine), James Clements (Temecula, CA), JackClinton-Eitniear (San Antonio, TX), Charles T. Collins (Long Beach, CA), JamesEnderson (Colorado Springs, CO), H. Lee Jones (Newport Beach, CA), AngelMontoya (Las Cruces, NM), J. Michael Scott (Moscow, ID), Brian Walton (SantaCruz, CA), and Clayton White (Provo, UT). The most significant single gift dur-ing 2005 was the superb library of John Hanes, Jr., of Belgrade, MT, collected over

Establish and maintain acomprehensive ornitho-logical and conservationbiology research libraryrelated to the mission ofthe organization and ofmajor importance to theentire conservationcommunity.

STAFF

The library is supervised byLloyd Kiff, who is ablyassisted by Leslie Jonartand Travis Rosenberry. Tenvolunteers generously con-tributed their time andcompanionship to thelibrary effort during 2005.

G OA L

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Student Donatien Randrianjafiniasa (center) assists staff member/past student Tolojanahary

Andriamalala (right) with a Madagascar Cuckoo Hawk held by field technician Monesy (left).

Year

Total Females Laying/Laying

Fertile Eggs

Total EggsLaid

Fertile Eggs

YoungHatched

Young Survived

2000 29/26 253 145 (57%) 118 (81%) 115 (97%)

2001 32/27 284 170 (60%) 131 (77%) 129 (98%)

2002 35/32 281 162 (58%) 124 (77%) 120 (97%)

2003* 34/24 297 111 (37%) 93 (84%) 90 (97%)

2004 35/29 286 151 (53%) 120 (79%) 117 (97%)

2005 36/33 309 172 (56%) 141 (82%) 140 (99%)

Total NA 1,710 911 (53%) 727 (80%) 711 (98%)

CAPTIVE BREEDING AT THE WORLD CENTER FOR BIRDS OF PREY

a lifetime of travel and birding.We maintained membership in the American

Library Association’s Duplicates Exchange Union in2005 and received 35 donations of journals andbooks from other libraries, representing 18 states. Inaddition, exchanges were made with several otherinstitutional natural history libraries which resultedin additions to our collections. Nearly $3,000 worthof duplicate books and journals were sold from thelibrary to support the acquisitions program.

Thanks to a grant from the M. J. MurdockCharitable Trust, we were able to hire biologist LeslieJonart as an assistant for the Global RaptorInformation Network (GRIN), a web-based tool thatallows raptor enthusiasts, researchers, and conserva-tion managers global access to information, the lat-est research results, and others working in the field.Leslie spent part of her time in 2005 improvinglibrary functions and conquering cataloging back-logs—she is a welcome addition to our staff.

Our library has become a significant internationalconservation resource primarily through donationsof funds and publications from many persons, whoare listed on our web site. We welcome donations tothe library, all of which are tax deductible.

�FUTURE PLANS

As awareness in the international conservationfield about our holdings and services increases weanticipate that our Research Library will continue togrow in size and global significance. At a time whensome libraries are replacing books and journal runswith digital versions, we are seeking to preservepaper copies of as much of the relevant conservationliterature as possible and still make the informationwidely available by electronic techniques. We are alsocreating a parallel electronic library on CDs andother media, as more publications become availablein electronic form. We will continue to supply freepdfs to researchers by e-mail. This service has notonly increased our pool of library users, it has alsoresulted in a surprising number of book and reprintdonations from grateful recipients.

APLOMADO FALCON RESULTS

In 2005, the Aplomado Falcon restoration program had 36 Aplomado Falcons lay 309 eggs, of which 172(56%) were fertile. One hundred forty-one eggs (82%) hatched and 140 chicks (99%) survived to release age.Six of the ovulating falcons were first-time layers. One falcon which ovulated in 2004 did not lay eggs in2005. No nutritional or disease-related problems occurred. The table below compares 2005 production withprevious years.

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MalesFemales

Age of Falcons in Years

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Age of Condors in Years

Females

222116151413121198

Propagate the requirednumber of the bestpossible physically,behaviorally, andgenetically constitutedraptors for release to thewild.

STAFF

Captive propagation at theWorld Center is accom-plished by Cal Sandfort(Aplomado Falcons) andRandy Townsend (CaliforniaCondors) with assistancefrom Joe Burke, EmmaChristensen, Meagan Kaiser,Jenny Myers, and TravisRosenberry. Food produc-tion is accomplished byAmel Mustic, David Cline,and Mike Haynes. Facilitymaintenance is under thedirection of Sam Davila.

COOPERATORS

Major financial assistancefor California Condor prop-agation is provided by theU. S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-vice. Financial support forAplomado Falcon propaga-tion is listed within thatproject report. Importantfinancial assistance wasprovided by The Steele-Reese Foundation for facil-ity renovations. Pathologyand veterinarian supportare provided by MeridianVeterinary Clinic (ScottHiger), the Zoological Soci-ety of San Diego (BruceRideout), Washington StateUniversity (Lindsay Oaks),the Idaho Department ofFish and Game, WildlifeHealth Laboratory, CaineVeterinary Teaching Labo-ratory, and The RaptorCenter (Pat Redig).

G OA L

CALIFORNIA CONDOR RESULTS

Eighteen condors at the World Center for Birds ofPrey laid 28 eggs of which 23 (82%) were fertile and20 (87%) hatched with all chicks surviving (seetable). Nine of the chicks were raised by adults.Several extraordinary events contributed to this highrate of production, including a fertile egg laid by afemale laying for the first time, and the first-timehatching of eggs from two pairs whose eggs failed tohatch in previous years. In all, there were 19 pairs ofcondors, plus two unpaired condors being held forfuture breeding, and one mentor bird at the start ofthe breeding season. An adult male that had siredseven chicks died of hypovolemic shock during thesummer after an apparent collision in its chamberduring the night. Since that time, the female fromthat pair has become an excellent mentor to thefledgling puppet-reared chicks. See the table (right)for a summary of the condors’ egg-laying history.

As of 1 November 2005, the world California Condorpopulation totaled 274 birds. Of those, 145 were incaptivity and 60 (41%) were at our Boise facility. In2005, 34 captive-bred young were produced of which20 (59%) were from condors at The Peregrine Fund.

*Production decreased because of financial donation shortfall.

Year

Total Females Laying/Laying

Fertile Eggs

Total EggsLaid

Fertile Eggs

YoungHatched

Young Survived

1995 2/0 4 0 (0%) — —

1996 5/1 8 1 (13%) 1(100%) 1 (100%)

1997 8/2 9 2 (22%) 1 (50%) 1 (100%)

1998 9/4 14 6 (43%) 6(100%) 6 (100%)

1999 11/4 17 5 (29%) 4 (80%) 4 (100%)

2000 19/7 26 8 (31%) 7 (88%) 7 (100%)

2001 17/10 21 15 (71%) 13 (87%) 13 (100%)

2002 17/8 19 11 (58%) 8 (73%) 8 (100%)

2003 19/15 23 17 (74%) 13 (76%) 13 (100%)

2004 18/14 29 22 (76%) 17 (77%) 15 (94%)

2005 18/16 28 23 (82%) 20 (87%) 20 (100%)

Total NA 198 110 (56%) 90 (81%) 88 (98%)

9

EDUCATION PROGRAM

For more than 35 years The Peregrine Fund hasbeen educating individuals of all ages around theglobe and education remains an integral componentof the organization’s conservation efforts. A success-ful conservation initiative of any size requires an in-depth public education program to raise awarenessand support for the project and to ensure thelongevity of the work. Since the education pro-gram’s formal inception in 1985, more than 700,000people have been reached through on- and off-siteeducational presentations. The Velma MorrisonInterpretive Center is the headquarters for the orga-nization’s Boise-based education program, whichstrives to provide every visitor with a captivatingand informative experience with raptors and impartthe importance of their role in our environment.

The Interpretive Center’s environmental educa-tion program includes three components: adulteducation (general public), school-endorsed pro-grams, and outreach programs. All three aspects ofthe program utilize our live raptors as an avenue forpromoting conservation of birds of prey, their habi-tat requirements, and The Peregrine Fund’s nationaland international conservation projects.

�RESULTS

The Education Program focused its efforts thisyear on establishing its reputation within the com-munity as a leader in environmental education. Justas The Peregrine Fund has established itself as theworld leader in raptor conservation, the educationprogram began making strides to become theTreasure Valley’s number one resource for environ-mental education programs. From general publictours, to school programs, to outreach events andeven our web site, curriculum and materials wererevised to ensure all presentations were streamlinedand current. Based on teacher feedback from previ-ous years, a priority for 2005 was offering more top-ical program options and adding cross-disciplinaryprograms to provide a greater resource for localeducators. The new programs were extremely wellreceived and prompted the creation of a new

brochure outlining all of our educational offerings,including service learning opportunities, specialevents, and outreach programs.

Collaboration with Project WILD, a national ini-tiative incorporating hands-on, environmental edu-cation activities in everyday classroom learning, hasbeen solidly established as a result of concertedefforts over the past two years. Teacher/educatorworkshops that incorporate the study of birds ofprey and Project WILD activities are now beingoffered biannually in the spring and fall at the WorldCenter for Birds of Prey. Workshops are filled tocapacity months in advance and as a testimony totheir success, exposure within the education com-munity has significantly increased, prompting moreeducators to visit our facility with their students.

The World Center for Birds of Prey continues tobe a major attraction in Idaho and this year was noexception. A total of 30,687 individuals participatedin educational programs at the Interpretive Center,an increase of twelve percent from the previous year.Visitors came from 50 states and 20 countries,according to our visitor log. Students reached thisyear included 8,914 through on-site activities and4,518 through outreach programs. This year’s totalsincluded 140 schools, grades K-12, from 36 commu-nities in Idaho, Oregon, and Utah. The demand foroff-site programs has dramatically increased andthis year staff conducted 56 outreach programsimpacting 10,825 people. The majority of these pro-grams included at least one of the education birds, a60-minute talk, and encouragement to visit theInterpretive Center. Sites visited included schools,interpretive centers and visitor’s centers around theNorthwest, businesses, state parks in Idaho andOregon, an art gallery in Sun Valley, and many othervenues. The total impact of all the components ofthe education program combined was more than41,000 people!

This year all visiting students were provided anopportunity to enter the “Name the Bald Eagle” con-test by submitting a suggested name and a short,persuasive essay. The contest brought more than 250

10

Educate the public andstudents about birds ofprey and the importanceof their conservation,focusing on ThePeregrine Fund’snumerous successes.

G OA L

This past year Phil and Betsy Eldridge com-

pleted a combined 3,789 hours in 27 years

of volunteer service to The Peregrine Fund.

The husband and wife team have officially

“retired” from their volunteer duties, although

their years of hard work and devotion to the

Education Program will not be forgotten.

We thank them for all their contributions.

Jack

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Jack

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Summer art programs for

children incorporate the

biology and ecology of birds

of prey.

Right: hands-on exhibits

enthrall children of all ages.

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STAFF

Program and facility direc-tor, Jack Cafferty; Volunteersand Gift Shop, Nick Pic-cono; Raptor Specialist,Trish Nixon; Education Pro-grams Coordinator, CathieNigro; and Facility Mainte-nance, Brian Gloshen.

COOPERATORS

Financial partners this yearinclude the Laura MooreCunningham Foundation,Inc., The Harry W. MorrisonFoundation, Inc., U.S. Ban-corp Foundation, IslandsFund, Gannett CommunitiesFund/Idaho Statesman,Bank of America Founda-tion, Ada County Associationof Realtors Foundation,Wells Fargo Foundation, KeyFoundation, Tesoro Petro-leum Companies, Higginsand Rutledge Insurance, TheConAgra Foods Foundation,Weyerhaeuser CompanyFoundation, and numerousindividual donors.

VOLUNTEERSCONTRIBUTINGOVER 50 HOURSOF SERVICE IN 2005Craig Althen, Deb Ander-son, Jane Anson, DeniseBittner, Karen Brender, RayBrucks, Bert Cleveland,Louis Dewitt, Corki Duncan,Julie Ekoff, Leo Faddis,Claudia Fernsworth, DonFox, Joni Frey, Angela Frith-Gomez, Bill Gehring,Connie Gifford, Martin Gre-itzer, Kathryn Hampton,Kathryn Hobson, AnnJones, Ruth Kassens,Connie Leavitt, Pam Lowe,Kip Malone, Paul Malone,Mike McSweeney, MiltonMezian, Dave Oliver, JackOsgood, Brit Peterson, RonPrice, Fred Pugh, CathyQuam, Randy Rasmussen,Nikki Sartin, Ellen Shaw,Michael “Mags” Shaw, ChanSpringer, Charlie Stone,Diann Stone, Janie Stubson,Dick Thatcher, David Wells,and Allyson Woodard.

entries and four winners were chosen: one in eachof three age-group categories and one overall win-ner. A ceremony honoring the winners was coveredby several TV stations and a full-page article aboutthe event appeared in the local newspaper. The posi-tive media exposure was excellent, and perhapsmore important, the contest offered an opportunityfor student involvement on several levels.

The first Habitat Improvement Project allowed usto work with schools and scouting groups fromacross the Treasure Valley to restore native plantspecies to the World Center’s grounds. More than1,000 plants were planted during the event by 158students from eight schools, including a Boise StateUniversity service learning group.

During the summer, two new events were estab-lished. The 2005 Summer Lecture Series took placeone night a month for three months. The lecturespresented were Beat the Heat, Vulture Culture, andWinging it with the Red-tailed Hawk. The presenta-tions lasted approximately 90 minutes and includedan in-depth discussion on each of the topics. TheSummer Program for kids, entitled PaintingPeregrines and Other Artistic Endeavors, ran for fourdays during the second week in August. The pro-gram, open to students ages 6-14, was quite popularand we intend to continue the program during 2006.

Many of our education programs are facilitatedby volunteer docents, for whom a workshop wasgiven on the topic of school presentations. Theworkshop, titled “Basics on Leading a SchoolProgram,” was designed for those volunteers withlimited teaching or program-leading experience andfor those needing to refresh their school programskills. Volunteers learned to define and follow theschool program IMAGE (Interactive, Multimedia,Age-Appropriate, Group Dynamics, ExplicitExpectations) and we discussed teacher expecta-tions, how to facilitate learning through hands-onactivities, inquiry-based teaching methods, anddefining program expectations.

Our Raptor Specialist also conducted five sepa-rate bird handling workshops for volunteers, during

which individuals from beginner to intermediatelearned the proper techniques to work with oureducation birds. Skills learned included showingbirds on the glove, interpreting perched birds in thecourtyard, feeding on the glove, assisting in hus-bandry duties, and maintaining raptor equipment.In total, 73 volunteers attended these workshops. Achart system was instituted tracking the progress ofeach volunteer bird handler and the birds they arequalified to handle.

Contributions of volunteers to The PeregrineFund are immeasurable, and volunteers remain theheart and soul of all aspects of the education pro-gram. A total of 93 volunteers contributed 7,313hours to help implement the program and operatethe Interpretive Center this past year. Based onindustry standards, it is estimated volunteers con-tributed more than $125,000 worth of service to theprogram this past year. Activities conducted by vol-unteers ranged from conducting presentations to

adults and school groups to greeting visitors andringing up sales in the gift shop, cleaning birdchambers, feeding birds, assisting with outreachprograms, and fulfilling many needs at the facilityon a day-to-day basis. As a result of these efforts, theprogram is able to continue to keep operating costslow and admission fees at a reasonable level. Thanksto the support of our financial supporters we wereable to once again waive all admission fees for stu-dents visiting on school-endorsed visits, a sign ofThe Peregrine Fund’s commitment to ensuring thatevery student has the opportunity to participate inour program, regardless of financial constraints.

�FUTURE PLANS

The general public plays a vital role in the over-all success of this environmental education initia-tive and we will continue to raise awareness aboutthe facility and strive to increase general visitationand participation in student programs. As wintermonths are typically slower visitation months,school programs and outreach presentations willbe encouraged during this time to expand theoverall impact of the program. We plan to enhancethe education component of our web site andmake more activities available for educators andstudents interested in our education programnationally and internationally. Additional specialevents and summer programs will also be consid-ered, as the facility and its activities become moreinvolved within the local community. TheInterpretive Center’s displays, multimedia presen-tations, and facilities will continue to be updated asneeded and plans for future renovations andexpansions put into place as funding permits.

A male Golden Eagle and a male Peregrine Falcon are

among the many raptors that make regular appearances for

visitors in the Interpretive Center’s courtyard when weather

permits.

Jack

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ARCTIC PROGRAM

Current scientific research has documented a sig-nificant warming trend throughout most of theArctic, if not all. However, the real effects this warm-ing trend has had on local organisms, specificallyPeregrine Falcons and Gyrfalcons, is much lessunderstood and documented. Only through long-term monitoring of these falcon populations cansmall changes be detected and possible correlationsmade with changing environmental conditions.

Starting in 1993 The Peregrine Fund began work-ing in Greenland, continuing a tradition of falconresearch first begun in 1972 in Kangerlussuaq (WestGreenland) under the leadership of Bill Mattox

(Greenland PeregrineFalcon Survey). Since1993 both the biologicaland geographical scopeof our research hasincreased. This pastsummer marked the34th consecutive yeardata has been collectedin Kangerlussuaq, the13th consecutive yearwe have collected datain Thule (NorthwestGreenland), and oursecond year working inScoresbysund (EastGreenland).Additionally, in pastyears we have alsoworked in both Alaskaand Iceland collectinggenetic samples forcomparisons with ourGreenland study areas.Further information has

been collected on current population levels of anumber of seabird species in Greenland, specificallyin Uummannaq, from which the results havereceived significant press coverage in both Denmarkand Greenland and will hopefully help lead toimportant changes in both wildlife management andhunting laws within Greenland.

�RESULTS

West Greenland—During the 2005 field seasonall 66 known Gyrfalcon nests sites were surveyed byhelicopter with nine being found occupied and allproducing young. DNA samples, either moltedfeathers or blood samples, were collected from allnine eyries for genetic analysis. Limited surveying ofPeregrine Falcon eyries occurred with nine eyriesbeing checked for occupancy. An adult femalePeregrine captured and fitted with a PTT in 2003was re-captured and the unit removed.

North Greenland—The 2005 field season pro-vided us with the best weather conditions we havehad in many years, enabling the entire survey area tobe covered.

Gyrfalcons were found breeding at 10 eyries, fourof which were new in 2005. Peregrines were found atsix eyries with successful breeding attempts occur-ring at five. Genetic samples were obtained from all10 Gyrfalcon and all six Peregrine eyries.

East Greenland—From early Septemberthrough mid-October we operated a trapping sta-tion in the Scoresbysund area, capturing 87Gyrfalcons and one immature female PeregrineFalcon. This is the first Peregrine Falcon ever cap-tured (alive or dead) in central-east or northeastGreenland. Researchers trapped a total of 379.5hours, capturing a falcon approximately every 4.3hours. Biometric measurements and blood sampleswere obtained from all individuals.

12

Conserve andunderstand Gyrfalconand Peregrine Falconpopulations and theirenvironments inGreenland and otherarctic areas.

G OA L

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Immature Gyrfalcon,

northwest Greenland.

Biologist Brian Mutch

scans a cliff face in

search of falcons.

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STAFF

Program direction is accom-plished by Kurt K. Burnhamwith the assistance of BillBurnham, and scientificadvice is provided by IanNewton and Bill Mattox.Jack Stephens manages ourfield station, the High ArcticInstitute, at Thule Air Base.Jack Cafferty assists withtravel authorizations andother critical logisticalneeds, particularly whilefield work is being con-ducted. Participating infield work in 2005 were BillBurnham, Kurt Burnham,Jack Cafferty, Bill Heinrich,Jeff Johnson, Brian Mutch,Cal Sandfort, and Jim Will-marth. Genetic analysis isaccomplished in coopera-tion with Jeff Johnson andDavid Mindell at the Uni-versity of Michigan.

COOPERATORS

Work in Greenland is incooperation with andauthorized by the Commis-sion for Scientific Researchin Greenland, GreenlandHome Rule Government,the Danish Polar Center,and the U.S. Air Force. TheU.S. government sponsor isthe Department of the Inte-rior/Bureau of Land Man-agement. Special thanks tothe residents of Thule AirBase, the 109th AirNational Guard, the UnitedStates Air Force, NationalScience Foundation, VECOPolar Associates and RobinAbbott, Ed Stockard, EarlVaughn, and Susan Zager,and Basse Vaengtoft andKate Bahr Friis of KISS. Wevalue the longstandingcooperation with KajKampp and the Copen-hagen Zoological Museum.

Financial support was pro-vided by Ruth and BrianMutch, Comer Science &Education Foundation,Peter Pfendler, VetlesenFoundation, PeregrineFinancial, and NSF/VECOPolar Resources.

�FUTURE PLANS

The primary emphasis for 2006 will be finalizingthe write-up of results from previous years and sub-mitting them for publication. Only through contin-ued publication of meaningful results can govern-mental agencies and wildlife managers makeinformed scientific decisions regarding the conserva-tion and management of both Gyrfalcons andPeregrine Falcons and their prey. Within Greenland,field work in 2006 will include continued monitor-ing of both Gyrfalcon and Peregrine Falcon popula-tions in the West and Northwest, and if possible, theexpansion of our Northwest study area furthernorth. Genetic samples and other information willcontinue to be collected when visiting eyries andhandling falcons. A fall trapping station will again beestablished in East Greenland to monitor seasonalmigration of falcons.

Left: Navigating pack ice in Greenland is a challenge unique to conducting research in the

higher reaches of the Arctic.

Above: Recently-banded Peregrine chicks.

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The Peregrine Fund has a long history of researchand conservation in the Neotropics. Our

involvement began with Orange-breasted Falconsurveys in Ecuador and Guatemala in the 1970s.Since then our Neotropical Raptor ConservationProgram (NRCP) has grown to become the largestcomponent of The Peregrine Fund’s internationalprograms, dedicated to researching and conservingthe roughly one-third of Earth’s birds of prey thatoccur within the Neotropical biogeographic regionwhich encompasses the Caribbean and Central andSouth America. The headquarters of the NRCP,Fondo Peregrino-Panamá, employs a staff of biolo-gists and managers who direct a diverse array ofraptor research and conservation projects. Theseprojects address issues including habitat degrada-

tion, persecution and changing negative attitudestoward raptors, and research on the behavior andecology of secretive and little-known birds of prey.We currently have projects in Panama and Belize inCentral America; Dominican Republic, Cuba, andGrenada in the Caribbean; and Brazil, Argentina,and Colombia in South America. Individual projectsare described in the following pages.

�RESULTSBiologist Mark Watson, who previously worked

with us on the New Guinea Harpy Eagle Project, washired to provide on-site direction and assistance tobolster conservation and research capacity. Thisnewly created position allows us to expand our stu-dent education and research efforts, especially inSouth America. New projects are being implementedin Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina, all countrieswith high biodiversity and pressing conservationconcerns. Fondo Peregrino-Panamá also hired full-time development director Priscilla Maloney tostrengthen our financial and logistical base withinPanama and abroad, and ensure that Neotropicalprograms receive necessary support.

Fondo Peregrino-Panamá and the NRCP had itsfirst-ever direct audit and professional evaluation,both requirements of our cooperative agreementwith USAID. Important institutional relationshipswere established with the Panamanian Ministry ofEducation (MEDUCA) for the publication of therecently completed educational guide Raptors.Fondo Peregrino-Panamá hosted the first-everFestiarpia, a festival dedicated to Harpy Eagles andcelebrating the day the species was proclaimedPanama’s national bird. We participated in a secondyear of the Ocean to Ocean Project, a count of rap-tors migrating south in the fall that are concentratedin the narrow Panamanian isthmus. This projectseeks to detect population trends among species thatbreed in North America.

Benefactor’s Board—The NRCP’s broadeningefforts to achieve financial sustainability include the

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ConserveNeotropicalraptors, theirhabitats, andbiodiversitythrough research,conservationinterventions,public education,and developmentof local capacityfor science andconservation.

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Zimbabwe student Tim Kluckow joined our education team in Panama to gain valuable experience while helping

enhance our educational Harpy Eagle flight display.

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STAFF

The Neotropical Raptor Con-servation Program is directedby Rick Watson and MagalyLinares, assisted by CameronEllis, Priscilla Maloney, YaninaGuevara, and MargaritaGordon. Mark Watson directsthe Neotropical Science andStudent Education Projects.Cameron Ellis coordinatesthe Neotropical Raptor Net-work. Other project staffmembers are listed sepa-rately under each project inthe following pages.

COOPERATORS

The partnership of manyorganizations and individualsmakes this program possible,including Autoridad Nacionaldel Ambiente (ANAM), Autori-dad del Canal de Panama(ACP), Fundación Ciudad delSaber, and the Ministry ofEducation (MEDUCA). We col-laborate with the EcopoliceDepartment, InstitutoPanameño de Turismo (IPAT),The Nature Conservancy(TNC), Audubon Society –Panama, Smithsonian TropicalResearch Institute (STRI), JardínBotánico Summit (SummitZoo), Rossana Uribe y Asocia-dos (RUA), Alcaldía dePanamá, and Colegio Brader.Jacobo Lacs serves on ourBoard of Directors and pro-vides invaluable support andassistance in Panama. TheOcean to Ocean Project isconducted in partnership withHawk Mountain Sanctuary,Audubon Society—Panama,Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute, and the PanamanianCenter for Study and SocialAction (CEASPA).

Financial support in 2005 wasprovided by Wolf Creek Chari-table Foundation, UnitedStates Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID), M.J.Murdock Charitable Trust, andMr. and Mrs. Jacobo Lacs. TheU.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment has providedeconomic and humanitarianassistance worldwide for morethan 40 years.

formation of a Benefactor’s Board within the com-mercial and social communities of Panama. TheBenefactor’s Board will be a resource for pursuingin-country support and funding. An element of theBenefactor’s Board is currently planning a country-wide publicity campaign for Fondo Peregrino-Panamá and the NRCP.

Neotropical Science and StudentEducation—In 2005 we began to expand ourNeotropical Program to include projects on raptorsof high conservation concern over a wider areawithin the region. The aim is to extend research tothose species and habitats where the need is urgentas well as to provide funding assistance and supervi-sion to students. This achieves the dual outcomes ofbuilding local capacity and providing informationfor species and area management. Those trainedstudents will go on to play a prominent role in con-servation in their own countries.

In Argentina we are supporting Juan José Macedafrom the University of La Pampa who is conductingPh.D. research into the habitat use of the endan-gered Crowned Solitary Eagle. This is a large eagleof woodland savannas at sub-tropical latitudes inSouth America. Much of this unusual landscape hasbeen lost to conversion to arable farming and theremainder degraded by intensive cattle ranching.The eagle has a specialized diet, eating mainlyarmadillos and snakes and probably forages over awide area in a landscape that changes from year toyear owing to fire disturbance.

In Brazil we are supporting Marcus Canuto whowill soon begin fieldwork on the White-neckedHawk. This is one of a group of 10 hawk species thatlives in forest and edge habitats found only in theNeotropics. The White-necked Hawk has never beenstudied before, and 93% of the Atlantic Forest whereit lives has been lost already. Marcus has spent sixmonths as an attendant at our Harpy Eagle releasesite in Soberania National Park in Panamá. He is oneof an ever-widening group of people whom we havetrained in our core projects who has then gone on todo further work in raptor conservation.

The third project, still under development, seeksto conduct surveys of the distribution and abun-dance of raptors in montane forest in Colombia.Within Colombia there are 76 species of raptors andthe tropical Andes have the highest biodiversity ofany terrestrial environment on the planet. Thispromises to be an exciting and worthwhile additionto our knowledge of Colombia’s amazing diversity.

New Guinea student Leo Legra is currently visit-ing Panama for six months’ training to learn meth-ods for studying forest eagles. He will take theknowledge back to Papua New Guinea to continueworking on the New Guinea Harpy Eagle. Spanishstudents Laura Dominguez and Luisa Cardenetereceived training to conduct migrating raptor

counts from the Neotropical Raptor Center as partof the Ocean to Ocean Project. In six weeks over573,000 raptors passed overhead. Zimbabwe studentTim Kluckow joined our education team in Panamato gain valuable hands-on experience while provid-ing his knowledge in falconry to help enhance oureducational Harpy Eagle flight display.

Neotropical Raptor Network (NRN)—In June2006 the NRN (a project of the NRCP dedicated topromoting communication and collaborationamong raptor researchers and other conservationistsworking in the Neotropics) will convene the SecondNeotropical Raptor Conference (II NRC) in Iguazu,Argentina. The conference will include presenta-tions, workshops, and an opportunity for network-ing on a wide range of subjects in Neotropical raptor research, management, and conservation.Details can be found on the NRN website athttp://www.neotropicalraptors.org

�FUTURE PLANSIn 2006 we will publish Raptors—An Educational

Guide, distribute the guide to teachers throughoutPanama, and hold teacher training workshops toinstitutionalize its use in Panama’s education sys-tem. We will hold the second Festiarpia and contin-ue to strengthen institutional partnerships in envi-ronmental education. We will host the SecondNeotropical Raptor Conference and assist theNeotropical Raptor Network to become its ownindependent organization. Research and conserva-tion efforts will be expanded in South America byassisting students to conduct research on little-known raptors or species in jeopardy. The successfulcaptive propagation of Harpy Eagles at theNeotropical Raptor Center will conclude, howeverreleases of eagles into the wild will continue for sev-eral more years as we continue to refine methodsand follow released birds until they breed in thewild. We will involve the Benefactor’s Board inPanama to pursue regional opportunities for fund-ing and support for ongoing conservation andresearch efforts.

The spectacular Iguazu Falls National Park, Argentina,

is the venue of the Second Neotropical Raptor

Conference in June 2006. Details can be found on

the web site http://www.neotropicalraptors.org.

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HARPY EAGLE CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH

The Harpy Eagle is probably the most powerfulraptor of the humid Neotropical forests. It is a large,charismatic eagle that is vulnerable throughout itsrange in Central and South America to forest frag-mentation and loss. Even before habitat destruction,the Harpy Eagle appears to be threatened by perse-cution from humans. In the wild these magnificentraptors reproduce slowly, one chick every two to

three years, so their populations are naturallyslow to rebound from declines. The PeregrineFund’s work with Harpy Eagles is focused onestablishing methods for captive breeding and

release to bolster dwindling populations, alongwith research into the ecology of wild Harpy

Eagles to better under-stand what factors limittheir numbers and howbest to achieve theirconservation. ThePeregrine Fund’s propa-gation and release ofHarpy Eagles serves thedouble function of aug-menting wild HarpyEagle populations thathave declined and pro-viding us with a uniquestudy opportunity tolearn about the behaviorand biology of largetropical forest raptors.

�RESULTS Captive Propagation and Release—Through

our captive breeding program we have gained valu-able information on the factors affecting breedingsuccess and reproductive behavior of Harpy Eaglesin captivity, as well as data on the growth and devel-opment of young eagles. In the 2005-2006 breedingseason, through hands-on management, one breed-ing pair of Harpy Eagles laid six fertile eggs in threeclutches of two eggs each, all of which hatched. A new

breeding pair this year produced two infertile eggs, afairly common occurrence for first-year breeders.

A total of 30 Harpy Eagles have been released inSoberania National Park, Panama, and ChiquibulForest, Belize, since 1998. Several juveniles reachedindependence in 2005. Two of these independentbirds, a male named Urraca and a wild-hatchedfemale that was rehabilitated under our care last year,were released into the forests of La AmistadInternational Park in the Bocas del Toro region ofwestern Panama. The female, MW, is faring particu-larly well and the day after release was observed con-tentedly feeding on a sloth. Three other independenteagles were released into the Rio Bravo area of north-ern Belize, a protected forest managed by Programmefor Belize, bringing the total number of releasedHarpy Eagles in this region to nine (eight surviving).All of these eagles have adapted well to their new sur-roundings and have been seen with a wide variety ofprey including monkeys, kinkajous, coatimundis, andporcupines. Many of the birds have begun to dispersefrom the original release site, some traveling as far asMexico and Guatemala. We monitor the dispersalmovements of these far-ranging birds using specialtransmitters tracked by satellite.

Birds in both countries are almost continuouslyon the move as they explore the vast forests aroundthe Panama Canal and Rio Bravo area in search ofprey. This movement presents a challenge to our staffand volunteers who must trek through dense foresthabitat and battle mud, insects, and pouring rain toobserve and study these eagles. In addition to makingsure they continue to do well, we are studying thereleased eagles to learn about their diet in relation toprey availability, hunting frequency, and dispersalpatterns. Tracking and observing captive-reared andreleased eagles in the wild provides a unique oppor-tunity to learn about the species’ biology and behav-ior that is normally not possible with wild birds.Information yielded from these studies may help tobetter manage the remaining tracts of forest whereHarpy Eagles and countless other species live.

Research andConservation—Theresearch program onwild Harpy Eagles inDarién, Panama, contin-ues to go from strengthto strength. We employnine Embera andWounaan technicianswho participate in dailydata collection as well aslocal public awarenessprograms. They bringgreat value to the effortas they possess a combi-nation of traditionalknowledge of the land-scape and are training inthe use of modern scien-tific methods and equip-ment to continue thework. Many are promi-nent members of theircommunities so they areinfluential in collectivedecisions that affectenvironmental conserva-tion. While project man-ager José de Jesús Vargas is in Venezuela studying fora Master’s degree this year, our most senior techni-cian, Rodolfo Mosquera, is ably deputizing for him.

Our field research is a long-term effort. This eagleprobably only breeds in the wild on average onceevery two to three years, so it takes considerable timeto build up knowledge of enough individuals fromwhich we can make generalizations about the popula-tion or species as a whole. Now, after many years, weare starting to obtain important results. For example,comparing the landscape of 29 territories using a dig-ital image of the vegetation cover shows that HarpyEagles can live in places where up to 30% of the for-est has been lost or altered due to human cultivationand conversion to grass for cattle. Previously, it had

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Conserve and restoreHarpy Eagle populationsthrough hands-onmanagement, research,and collaboration with localpeople.

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In the 2005-2006 breeding

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been thought that eagles were an indicator of contin-uous intact primary forest. This new finding is posi-tive news for eagle conservation and it means theycan live alongside humans if they are not hunted andsome forest remains. We believe the situation in ourstudy area is unusual, and that elsewhere in thespecies’ range it is much more typical for eagles to behunted to extinction long before the forest has beensubstantially altered or reduced by increasing humandensity. Comparative studies elsewhere need to bedone before firm conclusions can be drawn.

José de Jesús Vargas was the lead author on apaper published in Ornitología Neotropical that syn-thesized current knowledge of the eagle’s conserva-tion status. We plan to continue gathering data on

wild eagles to find out how they use a fragmentedlandscape and to assess the impact of different levelsof human hunting on prey abundance. We will alsocontinue to train local people and foster communityparticipation in the conservation of their own pre-cious natural resources.

�FUTURE PLANSFondo Peregrino-Panamá and the Neotropical

Raptor Center have successfully developed theknowledge and skills necessary to predictably breedHarpy Eagles in captivity for release in the wild.Having gained this milestone in propagation oflarge tropical forest raptors, in 2006 we are planningto discontinue our efforts at captive breeding. Allremaining eagles able to survive in the wild will bereleased as they are ready. We will complete a first-ever release of a breeding pair of eagles to determineif the pair will remain together to breed in the wild.

There are seven captive-bred and released HarpyEagles currently in Soberania National Park, Panama;

all are independent of our care and in2006 will be translocated to release sites inmore isolated forests of Rio Bravo, Belize.Four Harpy Eagle chicks hatched in 2004-2005 will be released in SoberaniaNational Park in 2006 at 18 months ofage, while six chicks hatched in 2005-2006are scheduled for release in 2007. As theseeagles reach independence, they will berelocated to remote areas of Belize wheresuitable habitat still exists. Most of theindependent birds will be fitted with satel-lite transmitters to allow us to remotelytrack their survival and movements overtime. This useful technology will enable usto monitor a large number of eagles withminimal personnel in the field. The infor-mation obtained from these units willyield important data about the dispersalpatterns, mortality rates, and nestingattempts for this species.

Summary of Harpy Eagle releases since 1998

(Numbers on 31 January 2006)

Number released 30

Number that reached independence

23

Number still dependent 0

Number surviving 17

Number relocated to Bocas del Toro, Panama(Number surviving)

3(2)

Number relocated to Rio Bravo, Belize(Number surviving)

9(8)

Number awaiting relocation to Rio Bravo, Belize 7

STAFF

Field research and conservation isdirected by Mark Watson and José deJesús Vargas, with assistance fromRodolfo Mosquera, Fidel Sabúgara,Gabriel Minguizama, Eloy Aripio,Briceño Flaco, Rogelio Peña, JulioOvispo, and Calixto Conampia, and vol-unteers Indalecio Mecheche, LucianoCaísamo, Jerónimo Valdespino, andRigoberto Aripio. Saskia Santamaría isresponsible for captive breeding. Joséde los Santos López, Noel Guerra,Próspero Gaitán, Bolívar Rodríguez,Omar Fernández, and Edwin Jiménezraise raptor food and provide mainte-nance of the NRC facilities. MarySchwartz made important contributionsduring 2005.

Angel Muela coordinates the release pro-gram and is assisted by Marta Curti andEdwin Campbell. Important assistance forthe Harpy Eagle release program wasprovided by the following volunteers in2005: Hervé Bressaud, Marcus Canuto,Luisa Cardenete, Laura Domínguez, ToddGillen, Peiter Haghebaert, PhillipHannon, Chris Hatten, Andrew Hida,Kevin Jablonski, Juliet Lamb, Ken McEnaney, Elisenda Montserrat, JulioObispo, Ryan Phillips, Andrew Plant,Héléna Renaud, and Monty Wallace.

COLLABORATORS

The Harpy Eagle project depends onthe partnership of many individuals andorganizations, including AutoridadNacional del Ambiente (ANAM) and itsNational Parks (Soberania, Chagres,Camino de Cruces, and Darien), Autori-dad del Canal de Panamá (ACP), Fun-dación Ciudad del Saber, EcologicalPolice, Comarca Emberá-Wounaan andTierras Colectivas, Smithsonian TropicalResearch Institute, Asociación Nacionalpara la Conservación de la Naturaleza(ANCON), Summit Zoo, and PatronatoAmigos del Aguila Harpía. In Belize wecount on the support and partnershipof the Ministry of Natural Resources andthe Environment, Programme for Belize,The Belize Zoo/Tropical EducationCenter, Air Wing of the Belize DefenseForce, EcoFlight, and Lighthawk.

Major financial support was receivedfrom the Wolf Creek Charitable Foun-dation, United States Agency for Inter-national Development (USAID), DisneyWildlife Conservation Fund, LedderFamily Charitable Trust, The HoustonZoo, James and Barbara Cimino Foun-dation, and Stichting de Harpij.

Left: Many of our captive-raised and released Harpy Eagles have begun to disperse from the release site in

Belize, some traveling as far as Mexico and Guatemala. We track these far-ranging birds using transmitters (PTTs)

tracked by satellites.

Above: Marta Curti (left) and Saskia Santamaria (right) carry a captive-raised Harpy Eagle to its release site in

Soberania National Park, Panama.

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The Harpy Eagle, with its powerful talons, pierc-ing eyes, and broad, dark wings, is awe inspiring andits presence, both powerful and humbling, hasinvoked a myriad of feelings in those who have beenlucky enough to see it in the wild. For some, theHarpy Eagle is a symbol of strength and beauty; forothers it stands as a representative of large predatorsin general, and is a living emblem for conservation.For still others, it invokes fear and misunderstand-ing, due in part to its large size and curious nature.

Indeed, human persecution of Harpy Eagles fromfear and ignorance has led to the decline of thisspecies throughout much of its former rangewhere forest remains. To combat the myths and

misconceptions that surround this magnificentraptor, we began an environmental education pro-gram in 2002. Since then, the education componentof the Harpy Eagle conservation effort has expandedto focus on the ecological value of this species andthe need for habitat protection, while at the sametime dispelling myths and misconceptions aboutraptors in general. This effort, coupled with a strongscience-based conservation program, is vital to thelong-term survival of the Harpy Eagle and manyother large forest predators.

�RESULTSEducation focuses on three main target areas

within Panama. The first area is Darien, a largeexpanse of Neotropical forest bordering Colombiawhere a population of wild Harpy Eagles remains.Here we work in 19 Embera and Wounaan commu-nities, many of which are located in close proximityto Harpy Eagle nesting sites. The second locale,known as the Panama Canal Watershed, includesthose communities that surround SoberaniaNational Park, the area in which we are conductingreleases of captive-bred Harpy Eagles. The thirdarea, Bocas del Toro, which is close to the border ofCosta Rica, is an area rich in biodiversity. Here wehave experimentally released Harpy Eagles to bolstera much diminished wild population. In this area wework with the Naso and Ngöbe-Bugle communities

that are near our release site. In addition, we contin-ue to work in and around the nation’s capital,Panama City, as well as on a national and interna-tional scale. This year we directly reached more than5,500 children and adults in these areas.

In addition to working with community mem-bers, we strive to provide appropriate and usefulmaterials to educators whenever possible. To thisend, we wrote and submitted a cooperative agree-ment to Panama’s Ministry of Education (MEDUCA) to collaborate with the agency and bet-ter provide quality environmental education materi-al focusing on the Harpy Eagle and other raptors ona national scale. We also completed the environmen-tal education guide Las Aves Rapaces (Raptors), andhave submitted it for publication. With the help ofPanama’s Ministry of Education, we hope to dis-tribute these guides to teachers and schoolsthroughout the country. To ensure and facilitate theguides being utilized once in teachers’ hands, we areoffering teacher training workshops, the first of

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NEOTROPICAL ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

Change human attitudestowards birds of prey,especially Harpy Eagles,to reduce persecutionand help conserve theirhabitat and thebiodiversity itcontains.

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Right: “Luigi,” our edu-

cation Harpy Eagle, is

an important ambassa-

dor for the species. His

spectacular flight display

is part of an educational

program aimed at

improving the public’s

attitude toward Harpy

Eagles and other rap-

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Below: Children partici-

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tume contest during the

first annual Harpy Eagle

Day, “Festiarpia,” in

Panama City, April 2005.

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STAFF

This project is conductedby Marta Curti and KathiaHerrera with assistance inthe field from José Vargasand others. Also assistingwith the education pro-gram were Tim Kluckow,Michele Kim, and Ben-jamin Montuto. AdrianBenedetti made valuablecontributions during 2005.

COOPERATORS

We collaborate withPanama’s Ministry of Edu-cation (MEDUCA),National EnvironmentalAuthority (ANAM), PanamaCanal Authority (ACP),Soberania, Chagres, andCamino de CrucesNational Parks, EcologicalPolice, Instituto Nacionalde Cultura (INAC), TierrasColectivas Emberá yWounaan, ComarcaEmberá-Wounaan, Con-sejo Naso Tjerdi, Smithson-ian Tropical Research Insti-tute (STRI), Academy forEducation and Develop-ment (AED), Parque Met-ropolitano, The NatureConservancy (TNC); andColegio Brader—Misión:Águila Arpía.

Important financial sup-port was received fromthe United States Agencyfor International Develop-ment (USAID) and WolfCreek Charitable Founda-tion. Caribe Stereo pro-vided in-kind donations.

which occurred in 2005 for regional coordinatorswithin Panama. Teachers learned about raptors andthe Harpy Eagle while utilizing activities from theguide, which include using recyclable materials toconstruct almost life-size Harpy Eagles, conductingbird watching/identification activities, simulatingraptor migration in an avian Olympics game, andlooking at some of the general causes of extinctionin an interactive activity called the Map ofExtinction.

In April 2005 we hosted the first annual HarpyEagle Day, Festiarpia, in Panama City to celebratethe country’s national bird. Over 500 people attend-ed the event which included games, flying a liveHarpy Eagle, a raffle, face painting, a raptor costumecontest, and informational stands from over 18other organizations in Panama including theEcoPolice, the Panama Canal Authority, andMetropolitan Park. The event was more successfulthan we had ever imagined!

We continued to work closely with the studentsfrom Mission: Harpy Eagle (Colegio Brader) and

conducted our first joint presentation with them inthe Panama Canal Watershed community of El Giral.Working with fourth and fifth graders from thiscommunity, we gave a presentation on raptors andthen the Mission: Harpy Eagle students conductededucational games about the Harpy Eagle, including“Harpy Twister” and “Pin the Tail on the Harpy.”

Internationally, we made a week-long visit to theDominican Republic to provide additional envi-ronmental education training for FundacionMoscoso Puello working with the critically endan-gered Ridgway’s Hawk. During this time we devel-oped a pre-evaluation survey, conducted this sur-vey with 23 members from a community near LosHaitises National Park where the Ridgway’s Hawkis present, and completed draft text for an infor-mational brochure that will be distributed to localcommunity members.

�FUTURE PLANSCommunity education efforts will continue in

the Panama Canal Watershed, Darien, and Bocas

del Toro areas. In the upcoming year, with the helpof MEDUCA, we hope to distribute the education-al guide, Las Aves Rapaces, to all elementaryschools throughout the Republic of Panama andcontinue to train teachers in the use of this guide.Our goal is to conduct workshops for educatorsthat work in our three main target areas in 2006.

We also plan on placing the public educationguide The Nature of Harpy Eagles–Using the HarpyEagle as a Flagship for Conservation, on our web sitein both English and Spanish to make it available toteachers and environmental educators working inraptor conservation around the globe. Finally, wewill host the second annual Harpy Eagle festivalwhich will again be held in April to celebrate theanniversary of the declaration of the Harpy Eagle asthe national bird of Panama. We plan to hostanother drawing contest that will be open to all stu-dents on a national level, and as in the past, wehope to use the winning drawings to create calen-dars and potentially other educational materials.

Adrian Benedetti weighs our education Harpy Eagle in a

daily routine to train the bird for flight demonstrations to the

public.

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ORANGE-BREASTED FALCON PROJECT

The Orange-breasted Falcon is a stunning raptor,with a black head, a bluish-black body marked withwhite striations, and a bright rust-colored breast.Generally these remarkable birds of prey inhabitareas of Neotropical forest providing good nestingcliffs that often jut out of the ground in impressiverock formations. The breeding range of the Orange-breasted Falcon once probably extended fromsouthern Mexico through the tropical forests ofCentral and South America. Today, it is distinctly

absent from many areas within Central Americathat contain apparently suitable habitat. To

increase our knowledge of this species andpotentially safeguard it from extirpation inportions of its range through breedingand release, in 2001 we began to establish

two separate captive populations, one in Panamaand one in Wyoming.

Due to the high instances of nesting failure wehave witnessed in the wild in both Panama andBelize, one goal this year was collecting eggs fromwild nests and hatching them at the NeotropicalRaptor Center (NRC) in Panama to augment ourcaptive breeding population. Collecting eggs earlyduring incubation decreased the probability ofbreeding failure from natural predation which alsoincreased the chances of securing the additionalbirds needed for breeding purposes. In addition, itincreased the likelihood that the wild pair would laya second clutch of eggs in the same breeding season,thus potentially doubling annual production.Females resulting from our collection effort wereheld back to add to our captive breeding pairs;males were released back into the wild.

�RESULTSWe surveyed all known Orange-breasted Falcon

nests in Panama and Belize for the fourth consecutiveyear to assess breeding activity and success. Fourbreeding pairs located in the remote forests of Darien,Panama, were surveyed by helicopter twice during thebreeding season. Three of the four nests were active,though only two produced two chicks each.

Seven Orange-breasted Falcon nest sites weresurveyed in Belize during four visits. We arrived inBelize in early March to find one pair already oneggs. This first clutch of three eggs was collectedfrom the nest by climbing roughly 120 feet downfrom the top of a high cliff. The eggs were carriedby air in a hand-held portable incubator to Panamaand placed in incubators in the NRC. All three eggshatched, producing one female and two males. Thefemale was retained for captive breeding, while the

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Determine the status ofthe species and theconsequences ofpopulation isolation infragmented landscapes;and develop captivebreeding and release methods for future speciesrestoration ormanagement.

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Orange-breasted Falcon

eggs for artificial incubation

and captive rearing.

Two male Orange-breasted

Falcons in the safety of their

hackbox prior to release into

the wild.

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STAFF

Field work is conducted byAngel Muela and MartaCurti. Saskia Santamaría isresponsible for captivebreeding at the Neotropi-cal Raptor Center (NRC),Panama, while associateRobert Berry is responsiblefor captive breeding at theWolf Creek Ranch facility inWyoming. Mary Schwartzprovided valuable assis-tance to this projectduring 2005. José de losSantos López, NoelGuerra, Próspero Gaitán,Bolívar Rodríguez, OmarFernández, and EdwinJiménez raise raptor foodand provide maintenanceof the NRC.

COOPERATORS

Robert Berry assists as aresearch associate in devel-oping captive-breedingtechniques for the species.Financial support was pro-vided by Wolf Creek Chari-table Foundation.

In Panama we work withauthorization of the Autori-dad Nacional del Ambiente(ANAM) and ComarcaEmberá-Wounaan. Impor-tant assistance was pro-vided by Piñas Bay Resorts,S.A. In Belize we work withauthorization of the Ministryof Natural Resources andthe Environment. The BelizeZoo/Tropical EducationCenter provided logisticalsupport. Hidden Valley Inncontinues to provide valu-able in-kind assistance andsupport. Volunteer hack siteattendants who cared forthe young falcons duringrelease were Andrew Plantand Monty Wallace.

Financial support was received from RobertBlakely in recognition ofBob Berry’s continuing contribution to raptorreproduction, species stabilization, and habitatdevelopment.

Adult Orange-breasted Falcon.

The first-ever release of captive-raised Orange-breasted

Falcons occurred successfully in Belize in 2005.

males were released back into the wild in Belize.This first-ever release of captive-raised Orange-breasted Falcons was an important milestone forthe project. The two young birds were released inthe Mountain Pine Ridge area of western Belizeusing techniques that have already proven success-ful with Peregrine and Aplomado Falcons. Afteronly a few weeks, volunteers observed the birds,known as Black-20 and Blue-D9, chasing and catch-ing insects and small birds. The two falcons werefitted with transmitters that allowed volunteers tobetter monitor them during the first month ofrelease. The falcons were also banded allowingidentification in the future.

We were pleased to find that the wild pair fromwhich we collected eggs this season laid a secondclutch of eggs and successfully fledged two young.We were able to confirm the fledging of only oneother chick from among the seven nest sites inBelize, supporting the observed trend for poorbreeding success in the wild.

In January 2006 we relocated all captive Orange-breasted Falcons from Panama to Robert Berry’sWolf Creek Ranch facility in Wyoming. The pairswill be combined with existing falcons in an effort toincrease captive propagation.

�FUTURE PLANSWe will continue monitoring wild populations

of Orange-breasted Falcons and, as possible,expand the searches to locate nests in new areas. Ifpossible we will install remote cameras in two nestsites to find out more about the breeding behaviorof these rare falcons and identify reasons for thehigh nesting failure in the wild. We will also lookfor potential future release sites both in Belize andin Panama.

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WEST INDIES PROJECT

The West Indies Project focuses on theCaribbean Islands of the Neotropical region wherewe first began research and conservation efforts in2000. These islands are one of the most importantbiodiversity hot-spots in the world, supporting avariety of vegetation ranging from tropical rain-forests to cactus scrub, and many plant and animalspecies that occur nowhere else. Rapidly growinghuman populations threaten the islands’ unique

natural environments and species, includingsome of the world’s most critically endangeredraptors. Our first efforts have focused on theRidgway’s Hawk in Dominican Republic, theGrenada Hook-billed Kite, and the Cuban Kite.

We aim to better understand the populationbiology and factors limiting raptor species’ distri-

bution and abundance, achieve conservation of themost threatened species, develop the means to studyand conserve these species in the long-term by insti-tutionalizing local capacity for conservation throughtraining and support, and increase public awareness.

�RESULTSDominican Republic–The critically endan-

gered status of the Ridgway’s Hawk is based on itsestimated population size of no more than 250individuals, and realistically, this number may bemuch lower. Current distribution appears to berestricted to the forests, secondary vegetation, andforest fragments surrounding the 1,200 sq km LosHaitises National Park in northeastern DominicanRepublic. The park is characterized by undulatinglimestone hills (mogotes) and valleys, and has asubtropical broadleaf forest that has been highlymodified by a long history of agricultural activity.Since the first study conducted on the species in1976, forested habitat has decreased dramatically.The loss of habitat, along with direct human perse-cution, appears to be the most significant cause forthe decline of the Ridgway’s Hawk.

We began this project four years ago with surveysto find as many Ridgway’s Hawks as possible toestablish a baseline population estimate from which

conservation success could be measured. Workingwith and training local cooperators, we found ninebreeding pairs in 2002, 30 pairs in 2003, and 72pairs in 2004, all in Los Haitises National Park and afew forest fragments surrounding the park. In 2005our local partners Jesús Almonte (FundaciónMoscoso Puello, FMP) and Samuel Balbuena de laRosa (Dirección Nacional de Parques-Los Haitises)found 74 territorial pairs, of which 66 pairs attempt-ed to breed and produced 83 fledglings. We may beclose to knowing the locations of the entire globalpopulation of this species, so ongoing monitoring ofthis small number is extremely important.

A majority of the hawk nests we located werebuilt on top of colonial nests of the Palmchat, anendemic albeit common bird in the DominicanRepublic. We identified 10 species of trees selectedby the hawks for constructing their nests with theHispaniola Royal Palm making up nearly three-quarters of the nest trees. Almost half of all nesttrees were near or in habitat used for agriculturalactivities. One note of interest was the first docu-mentation of three-egg clutches for Ridgway’sHawks–five in total and all hatched successfully.Preliminary results from nest observations at sev-eral nests recorded the Ridgway’s Hawk’s diet wasmade up of 90% reptiles. Three fledglings were

radio-tagged in the Los Limones area, and they arecurrently being monitored to document behaviorand dispersal.

The main threats to the species can be summa-rized as forest alteration, persecution, wildfires,and lack of knowledge by local people about thespecies. Most nest failures (around 60%) werecaused by humans either directly by persecutingthe hawks as poultry killers or eating the hawks.Indirect causes were from disturbance and alter-ation of the nesting habitat.

Recognizing human persecution (both direct andindirect) as a significant cause in the decline of thespecies, and how little the local people knew andunderstood about the Ridgway’s Hawk, an aware-ness raising and education campaign was initiated.In February 2005, Marta Curti from FondoPeregrino-Panamá’s Environmental EducationProgram, having established a similar and highlysuccessful program in Panama for the Harpy Eagle,assisted Jesús Almonte and Pedro Rodriguez(Sociedad Ornitologica de la Hispaniola–SOH) inthe start-up of an environmental education andconservation campaign focused on the Ridgway’sHawk and habitat in the Los Limones area of LosHaitises National Park. Jesus and Pedro have sincegiven several presentations to local communities

Help prevent theextinction of raptorsfound only on the islandsof the West Indies andconserve native habitatsimportant for NorthAmericanmigratingbirds.

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Ridgway’s Hawk flies

overhead with prey, a

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STAFF

This project is managedby Russell Thorstrom.

COLLABORATORS

We work in partnershipwith the Grenada DryForest Biodiversity Con-servation Project,Grenada ForestryDepartment, AlanJoseph, Michael Jes-samy, and DesmondMcQueen. Independentresearcher Bonnie Ruskprovided assistance andexpertise. In DominicanRepublic, biologist JesúsAlmonte conductedfield work in the LosHaitises region. We col-laborate with Domini-can Republic NationalParks Department andthank them for allowingModesto (Samuel) Bal-buena de la Rosa toassist in the field workin Los Haitises region.Valuable advice wasprovided by Jim Wiley,United States Fish andWildlife Service. We col-laborate with AngélicaMaría Varela L. andCarlos Garcia of Funda-cion Moscoso Puello,Inc., and Kate Wallace,Pedro Rodríguez, andEladio Fernández ofSociedad OrnitologicaHispaniola. In Cuba, wecollaborate with biolo-gists Arturo Kirkconnelland Pedro Regalado.Genetic research isaccomplished by JeffJohnson and DavidMindell of the Universityof Michigan.

Financial support forthis project was pro-vided by the UnitedStates Agency for Inter-national Development(USAID), Wolf CreekCharitable Foundation,and Conservation Inter-national.

bordering the park. A poster describing the hawkand its conservation status was published for use inthe education awareness campaign and is being usedat meetings and posted in gathering places in thelocal communities. An article was recently publishedon Ridgway’s Hawk surveys from 2002 and 2003 inthe Caribbean Journal of Science.

Grenada–In Grenada, locally-trained DesmondMcQueen conducted surveys to assess the status anddistribution of the remnant breeding population ofGrenada Hook-billed Kites. He has located just onenesting attempt and three other pairs showing earlysigns of breeding activity since catastrophicHurricane Ivan destroyed 90% of the island inSeptember 2004. Since 2000, only 14 nesting sites forkites have been confirmed.

Cuba–In Cuba, financial support was providedto ornithologist Arturo Kirkconnell to continuehis surveys in an attempt to verify the existence ofthe Cuban Kite in eastern and southeastern Cuba,the most likely area where this poorly-knownspecies may still survive. Although there weresigns the species may still exist, no kites have sofar been seen.

�FUTURE PLANSWe plan to continue surveys and monitoring of

Ridgway’s Hawks and Grenada Hook-billed Kitesuntil we have enough information to accuratelydetermine their distribution and status, and imple-ment appropriate conservation measures. InDominican Republic, in collaboration with SOH,FMP, and the National Parks Department, we willcontinue developing a local and national conserva-tion awareness and education campaign for theRidgway’s Hawk and its habitat. In Cuba, our localpartner will continue surveys for the Cuban Kite todetermine its existence.

Left: Samuel Balbuena de la

Rosa (left) and Peregrine

Fund biologist Russell

Thorstrom track radio-

tagged Ridgway’s Hawks to

learn about their biology

and behavior.

Below: Deforestation, even

inside Dominican Republic’s

National Parks, and human

persecution have caused the

decline of the Ridgway’s

Hawk, a critically endan-

gered raptor.

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Recent human-induced extinction rates are100-1,000 times the geological background

rate and are predicted to increase another tenfold.In response, 188 countries have committed to slow-ing global biodiversity loss. Achieving this ambi-tious goal requires broad, proactive interventions toprotect entire ecosystems before their componentspecies become threatened. Protected areas con-tribute to this goal, but by themselves will likely notbe enough; biodiversity must also survive inhuman-dominated landscapes. By attempting tomeet the ecological requirements of wide-ranging,top-of-the-food-chain predators in human-domi-nated landscapes we can reasonably expect to alsosave significant portions of biodiversity in the foodchain below them. The Pan Africa Raptor Conser-vation (PARC) Program contributes to this goal. Itis an “umbrella” approach to identifying prioritiesand providing direction and communication forraptor conservation projects in the African region.

Final results of the Cape Verde Kite project andan annual update on the Cape Vulture project areprovided below. Results are described separately inthe following pages for our East Africa, Madagas-car, and Zimbabwe Projects.

�RESULTSCape Vulture Project, South Africa—

Population monitoring of the Kransberg andManutsa Cape Vulture breeding colonies by PatBensen continued in the 2005/2006 season. Thiswas the 25th season of observations at theKransberg colony and 664 occupied nest sites(where nest building activities occurred and anegg may or may not have been laid) were observedat the colony this year. This is a slight (0.5%)increase over the number of occupied sites in theprevious season. Although an increase (1.9%) ofactive nest sites (where an egg was laid) was alsoobserved, the number of breeding pairs was thethird lowest number observed in any season forwhich complete data are available (23 years).However, the number of young fledged (383) isthe fifth highest in the past 12 years. This value

represents 57.7% of the occupied and 60.4% ofactive sites observed during the season.

The proportion of sites where successful fledgingoccurred this season was similar and not statisticallydifferent from the previous season for occupied oractive sites. A marked adult Cape Vulture that hadbeen observed at the same nest site in 11 previousseasons did not return this year. The marked birdand its mate had been unsuccessful for the past twoyears. The site was occupied this season by a pair ofbirds which successfully fledged a young.

This was the fifth consecutive season of monitoringthe Manutsa Cape Vulture colony over an entire sea-son. Three visits were made to the Manutsa colony:June, August, and October. There were at least 554active nest sites this season. This is a substantialincrease over the previous year when 454 active nestswere observed. This is also the highest number ofactive nests discovered at this colony during the fiveyears of observations. Among the active nests, 395nestlings fledged. The fledging rate was not statisticallydifferent from the previous season when 319 nestlingswere known to fledge. The number of nestlings fledged

from active nest sites was statistically higher at theManutsa colony than at the Kransberg colony.

Cape Verde Kite Project—This kite was onlyrecently recognized by some biologists as a species,despite the fact that its nearest congener was foundmore than 3,000 km away. Biologists’ understandingof the species concept has changed in the past decade;therefore, we may increasingly find that animals con-sidered subspecies are, in fact, full and distinct speciesthat need conservation. The aim of this project was todetermine the conservation status of the Cape VerdeKite and, as appropriate, help prevent its extinction.

This project provided new information regardingthe argument about the value of biological speciesversus phylogenetic (or evolutionary significant unit)concepts. Using molecular genetics techniques, wefound that historical Cape Verde Kites, including the“type” specimen, were non-monophyletic and scat-tered within a larger Red Kite clade. This means thetraditional Cape Verde Kite is not a distinctive evolu-tionary unit, and the case for species status and specialconservation intervention is not supported. Therefore,this project has been concluded. Unexpectedly, duringthis study we found support for recognition as a dis-tinctive phylogenetic species of at least one clade ofYellow-billed Kites from southern Africa. Traditionallyconsidered a Black Kite subspecies, they are fairlycommon in human-dominated landscapes and do notwarrant conservation intervention.

�FUTURE PLANSWe plan to continue supervising existing projects

in Madagascar, Kenya, and Zimbabwe as well asevaluate and support small grant projects, as possi-ble, and assess needs and opportunities for newprojects. No further work is anticipated in CapeVerde. We will evaluate the potential to surveyNiassa Reserve in northern Mozambique as a poten-tial hotspot for Teita Falcons and a vast unstudiedarea (42,000 km2) worth research and conservationattention. We hope to expand our conservation,research, and training opportunities to additionalcountries in Africa, ultimately developing localcapacity throughout the continent and its islands.

24

STAFF

Rick Watson directs thePan Africa ConservationProgram with assistancefrom Cameron Ellis.

COOPERATORS

Financial support for thisprogram was providedby grants from theDisney Wildlife Conserva-tion Fund, Paul TudorJones, II, and importantBoard support. Geneticresearch is accomplishedby Jeff Johnson andDavid Mindell of the Uni-versity of Michigan.

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Conserve raptorsand their habitatsthrough research,education, develop-ment of localcapacity forconservation andscience, and hands-on intervention.

A bird of prey watches migrating wildebeest in the Masai

Mara National Park in Kenya. Protected areas will likely not

be large enough to sustain far-ranging, top-of-the-food-chain

predators like large birds of prey. Their ecological needs must

also be met in human-dominated landscapes.

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ZIMBABWE PROJECT

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STAFF

Rick Watson managesthe Zimbabwe Projectin collaboration withNeil Deacon andAngus Middleton ofthe Zimbabwe Falcon-ers’ Club.

COOPERATORS

We collaborate withthe Zimbabwe Falcon-ers’ Club and the Zim-babwe Department ofNational Parks andWild Life Manage-ment.

Important financialsupport was providedby Paul Tudor Jones,II. In-kind support wasprovided by TheMalilangwe Trust,Malilangwe-Marula,Mokore Safaris, andHumani, Chishakwe,Hammond, andSango ranches in SavéValley Conservancy.Fin O’Donoghue pro-vided support for stud-ies on falcons and theAyres’ Hawk-eagle. Tri-angle Ltd. supportedwork by Angus Mid-dleton. Adrian Lom-bard presented paperson behalf of Ron Hart-ley. Angus Middleton,Neil Deacon, PeterMundy (National Uni-versity of Science &Technology (Zim-babwe), and RickTeague providedinvaluable professionalsupport.

The Peregrine Fund’spartnership with theZimbabwe Falconers’Club (ZFC) began 23years ago with an inves-tigation of the rare TeitaFalcon, a species thatremains a focus of ourprogram today. Workexpanded in the past 15years to address a widerange of raptor researchand conservation issues in the regionwith inquiries into the effects of DDTon the Peregrine Falcon and other rap-tors, ecology of little-known species, effectsof habitat change on raptors, captive breeding ofTeita Falcons, and educational programs for stu-dents.

Much of this work has been published in scientificand popular journals, and the success of the ZFC inmobilizing falconers, game ranchers, farmers, andothers to help with raptor conservation and researchin Africa serves as a model to others around theworld. One of the dominant features of working inZimbabwe in recent years, however, has beenincreasing political and social turmoil within thecountry and a resulting deterioration in conservationethic. Land resettlement and its associated activitiesin Zimbabwe are precipitating a growing list ofthreats to raptors and wildlife, as well as challengesto accomplishing raptor research and conservation.

The ZFC strives to increase local conservationefforts and research capacity as well as awareness ofraptors through training programs that benefit bothvolunteers and wildlife. Faced with the challenges ofa swiftly changing country, the ongoing success ofthe Zimbabwe Project is testament to the effective-ness of collaboration and investing in local capacity.

�RESULTSThe tragic death of Project Manager Ron Hartley

in April 2005 necessitated a review of which collabo-rations with the ZFC and others in Zimbabwe couldbe sustained, studies continued, and results pub-lished to ensure his major contributions are not lost.Meetings with Ron’s collaborators showed thereexists great capacity, enthusiasm, and interest to con-

tinue the work that was being coordinated byRon and a continued partnership between The

Peregrine Fund and ZFC is highly desirable.We resolved to help catalog and archive

Ron’s considerable notes and data, publishhis recent data, as possible, and pre-

serve his falconry correspondence inThe Archives of Falconry. Collaboration

between The Peregrine Fund and ZFC willcontinue with ongoing research in SavéValley and Malilangwe Conservancieswhere we are studying the impact of landinvasions on raptors, and Triangle Estatewhere Angus Middleton is studying theeffectiveness of habitat corridors for main-taining raptor diversity in an agriculturallandscape. Teita Falcon and other raptormonitoring will continue in Batoka Gorgewhere surveys first began in the late 1980s.Other ongoing projects include Teita andPeregrine Falcon monitoring country-wide; long-term monitoring of Wahlberg’sEagles and other raptorsin Esigodini, as possible;pesticide monitoring inraptor populations; andpublication of results ofbreeding Teita Falcons incaptivity. New studiesthat will be evaluatedinclude the potential for

raptor community studies involving students inSavé Valley Conservancy; Ayre’s Hawk-eagle andWestern and Southern-banded Snake Eagle ecologyusing satellite telemetry; and a survey of NiassaReserve in northern Mozambique as a potentialhotspot for Teita Falcons.

�FUTURE PLANSWe plan to continue our collaborative studies

even during this period of political turbulence inZimbabwe. The goal is to document and gaininsight into the effects of changing land use due tothe government’s human resettlement program.

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Develop local capacityfor research andconservation of birds ofprey through training,support, and hands-onconservation.

A student climbs a tree to check the

contents (inset) of a Wahlberg’s

Eagle nest in Zimbabwe.

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EAST AFRICA PROJECT

East Africa’s “Cradle of Mankind” supports 83species of diurnal raptors and 21 species of owls,making it one of the richest raptor areas in theworld. The region’s unique biodiversity is inextrica-bly linked to a spectacular and diverse array of habi-tats that harbor a fascinating collage of flora andfauna. Unfortunately, these habitats, along with theraptors they support, are now threatened by human-caused habitat changes such as slash-and-burn agri-culture, forest degradation, indiscriminate farmingpractices, overgrazing by livestock, and desertifica-tion. While East Africa’s spectacular mega-faunamay be confined safely within the realms of income-generating national parks and game reserves, rap-tors, in particular, are far-ranging species that do notrecognize physical and political boundaries.Ironically, as predators, they fall prey to a variety ofhuman-caused influences. Consequently, the distri-bution and abundance of many of these raptors

have been negatively affected. Given the magnitudeof some of these declines, it is becoming increasinglyimportant to monitor raptor populations in allhabitats and to re-evaluate their conservation statusin East Africa.

Since 1992, we have been conducting raptorresearch, training, and education programs in theregion. Our primary goal is to monitor raptor popu-lation trends in threatened habitats and use theinformation collected to provide a sound measure ofthe state of the habitat and to contribute towardmanagement and conservation actions. Throughoutour work, we have increased our knowledge aboutlittle-known species and created opportunities forhands-on raptor research, education, and training ofstudents and others who develop skills in researchand enthusiasm for conservation.

�RESULTSMasai Mara Raptor Project—This World

Heritage Site harbors an unusually high density ofwild ungulates that migrate in the millions fromTanzania’s Serengeti National Park each yearbetween July and October. During this period, theMara’s landscape is littered with dead and dyingungulates, causing a feeding frenzy for predators.Despite being one of the most well-studied wildlifeecosystems in Africa, knowledge about its raptors isvirtually non-existent. Over the last two decades, theMara and its environs have undergone rapidchanges in land use. Wildlife areas have been con-verted into pastoral settlements and large-scalewheat farms, with negative impacts on migratingwildlife. In 2005 we completed a second year of sur-veys to understand (1) how these expanding landuses influence raptor numbers and diversity, and(2) the impact that ungulate migration has on theraptor community. We found that numbers ofMartial, Black-breasted, and Long-crested Eaglesincreased significantly during the migration periodwhen grass cover was reduced through grazing andprey became more visible. In addition, populationsof avian scavengers like Gyps vultures and Bateleur

Conduct raptor researchin threatened habitats tostimulate interest andconservation, helpdevelop local capacitythrough student trainingand support, andincrease publicunderstanding about theneed to conserve raptorsand theirhabitats.

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Above: African Crowned

Eagle.

Right: Wildlife areas have

been converted into

large-scale wheat farms

with negative impacts on

migrating wildlife and far

ranging predators, such

as birds of prey.

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STAFF

The East African Project isconducted by SimonThomsett and MunirVirani.

COOPERATORS

We collaborate with theDepartment of Ornithol-ogy at the National Muse-ums of Kenya, KenyaWildlife Service, GameRanching Limited AthiRiver, Hell’s Gate Manage-ment Committee, Univer-sity of Leicester (UnitedKingdom), Lake NaivashaRiparian Association, ARocha, Nature Kenya, Her-itage Hotels, and CountyCouncils of Narok,Baringo, and Koibatek.

Financial support for thisproject was provided byan important anonymousdonor.

Eagles significantly increased during the ungulatemigration when carrion was plentiful. Species suchas White-headed Vultures and Grey Kestrels wereconfined mainly in the Mara, indicating theirdependence on protected areas. The more adaptableAugur Buzzards thrived in human-altered habitatssuch as pastoral areas and wheat farms.

African Fish Eagle Studies—The African FishEagle is considered an icon of African aquaticecosystems. At Lake Naivasha, in the heart ofKenya’s Rift Valley, numbers of this species havedeclined by over 50% since the early 1970s whenthey were first studied by the late Leslie Brown.Working in partnership with Leicester University(United Kingdom) since 1994, we have been study-ing the dynamics of this species to understand thefactors that have caused their population decline.We have found that fish eagle numbers at Naivashaare dependent on prey abundance, suitable lake-shore habitat, and lake water levels. These factorsare influenced by diminishing rainfall patterns andhuman activities such as over-fishing, horticulture,and unregulated water extraction to provide forNaivasha’s rapidly growing flower farms. Given theexponential proliferation of flower farming andassociated human-induced environmental prob-lems, survival of the lake’s African Fish Eagle popu-lation would seem to be in jeopardy. However, theaccidental introduction two years ago of commoncarp into the lake is causing another ecologicalimbalance that is temporarily benefiting fish-eatingbirds, including fish eagles. Numbers of carp haveincreased exponentially, causing an increase innumbers of fish eagles from 100 birds in early 2005to 130 birds by mid-November, mainly throughincreased breeding and immigration of fish eaglesfrom other areas. How long this will last and withwhat long-term effects is unknown. Our studies willcontinue to obtain a better understanding of fisheagle behavior and population dynamics in a com-plex and changing landscape.

African Crowned Eagle Release—To developpractical solutions for successful release of forest

eagles, we released captive-reared crowned eagles intwo different habitat types. The first type was ripari-an forest in Tsavo West National Park where onecaptive-bred male paired to breed with a wild femaleand they have twice successfully raised one chick.Unfortunately, two nesting attempts by a second pairof captive-bred eagles both ended tragically whentheir chicks were depredated by baboons in 2004 and2005. We concluded that though African CrownedEagles are able to survive in this habitat, it is lessthan ideal due to the presence of nest predators. Thesecond habitat in Kitich Forest was considered to beideal, being a dense moist tropical forest located innorthern Kenya’s Matthews mountain range withsome wild African Crowned Eagles already present.The area is part of a community-based conservationinitiative where forest land is leased by the localSamburu community for ecotourism ventures. Threecrowned eagles were experimentally released in 2005with the blessing of the local community. Earlyobservations indicate the released eagles are beingdriven out of primary forest by wild eagles into mar-ginal areas. Continued observations will determinewhether they survive and breed.

Education, Training, and Awareness—Weexpanded our raptor biology course this year toinclude lectures in basic biology and field exercisesin raptor identification and trapping. Local andinternational students studied and handled bothcaptive and wild raptors at our Athi River RaptorFacility and attended lectures in student facilitiesoffered by Game Ranching, Ltd. With the participa-tion of Kenya Wildlife Service staff, we successfullyrehabilitated and released five species of raptors thatincluded Martial and African Hawk Eagles, bothlisted as regionally vulnerable. Darcy Ogada’s studieson a highly vulnerable population of Mackinder’sEagle Owls in Central Kenya have shown thathuman activities and negative attitudes toward owlsremain significant impediments to owl conservationin human-dominated landscapes in Kenya.

Bearded Vultures in Kenya now occur only in theCherangani Hills where the population has declined

to just one pair. Human attitudes toward this charis-matic species are mixed. However, at the request ofthe local Pokot community, we will help initiate aminimal-impact tourism venture that will includelow-cost traditional accommodation and a vultureobservation blind. We hope this income-generatinginitiative will provide incentive to protect the nest-ing site of the only known breeding pair of thisspecies remaining in Kenya.

�FUTURE PLANSWe hope to duplicate our Masai Mara raptor

study to include other national parks and communi-ty-managed game reserves. This will enable parkmanagers to make decisions based on sound science.We will continue with our studies on African FishEagles at Lake Naivasha to understand how naturaland human-caused changes influence their popula-tion. Monitoring of released African CrownedEagles will continue at Tsavo and Kitich to under-stand how these large forest eagles survive afterrelease and adapt to marginal habitats. We will con-tinue to stimulate interest in raptor researchthrough training and publication of popular andpeer-reviewed articles. The prevalent insecurity inKenya will require us to continually review researchefforts and priorities.

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Grey Kestrels were

confined mainly to

the Masai Mara

reserve, indicating

the dependence

on protected

areas.

Prevent the extinction ofendangered raptors, assistin the conservation ofessential habitat, anddevelop local capacity forconservation usingMadagascar’s rare andendangered birdsof prey as afocus.

G OA LMADAGASCAR PROJECT

“A Place Beyond Imagination” aptly describesMadagascar, truly one of the most remarkable natu-ral areas in the world. This moniker is appropriateconsidering the island’s unique biological diversityevolved from150 million years of isolation fromcontinental Africa. The remoteness of this, theworld’s fourth largest island, has resulted in the evo-lution of species that exist nowhere else and has ledit to be listed as one of the world’s most importantbiodiversity conservation “hot-spots.” The need forland and food for

human survival arethe most seriousthreats toMadagascar’s bio-diversity today. The

Malagasy govern-ment and people real-

ize that investing in theisland’s unique naturemight be the best way toensure their country’snatural heritage andwealth. Among raptors, Madagascar is home to 24species, of which 13 are found nowhere else, andthree of these are endangered: the Madagascar Fish

Eagle, Madagascar Serpent-eagle, and MadagascarRed Owl. The latter two species were rediscoveredby our biologists in the rainforests of northeasternMadagascar. The fish eagle occurs in low numbersonly on the western side of the island along rivers,lakes, mangroves, and offshore islands.

The Peregrine Fund began work in Madagascarin 1990 to help conserve endangered birds of preyand their critical habitat. Since then, we havehelped create Madagascar’s largest national park to

protect 210,000 ha ofrainforest habitat forthe MadagascarSerpent-eagle,Madagascar Red Owl,and species unique toMasoala Peninsula. Wepioneered community-based conservation toprotect critical wetlandhabitat shared byMadagascar Fish Eaglesand local Sakalava fish-

ermen. We conducted first-ever studies on all ofMadagascar’s little-known raptors, and we contin-ue to provide important information, training,and assistance to other conservation projects inthis region.

Throughout our 15 years of work we have consis-tently developed local capacity for conservationthrough personnel and student training, education,and assistance. We have supported 14 Malagasy stu-dents and three students from the U.S. and Englandat M.Sc. and Ph.D. levels, trained 20 local people asfield technicians, and involved others as staff, volun-teers, and visiting students. Many of these individu-als have completed and published studies on Malagasyraptors and other birds, fisheries, lemur ecology, andethnobotany. This core group of educated andtrained Malagasy personnel will help ensure conser-vation persists in perpetuity. We continue to sup-port a local Malagasy staff of 25—a key componentto preserving Madagascar’s natural heritage.

�RESULTSThe Madagascar Project has two major project

sites. One is in the western central part of the coun-try where the Madagascar Fish Eagle and WetlandsConservation Project is based at three lakes:Befotaka, Soamalipo, and Ankerika. The lakes areinhabited by 11 territorial pairs of fish eagles, about10% of the global breeding population. In 2005, thegovernment approved the first-ever 10-year localresource management contract with two communi-ty associations (FIZAMI and FIFAMA) created andtrained by The Peregrine Fund. This was an impor-tant accomplishment and an honor for the twoassociations since they were the first local organiza-tions given the opportunity to manage their ownnatural resources. We continue to provide training,logistical, and financial assistance to the two associa-tions and local authorities to help manage their wet-land and forest resources on a sustainable basis.

Among the Madagascar Fish Eagles inhabiting thethree lakes, 10 pairs attempted to nest and fledgedseven young in 2005. These, and the eight youngfledged in 2004, were the largest number of youngfledged per year since we began studies in 1991 andwe believe this is a measure of conservation success.In the region immediately around the lakes, wemonitored an additional 11 nesting attempts by fisheagles which fledged six young. This year we alsoconducted an offshore fish eagle survey along thenorthwest coast of Madagascar from June to July,covering all mangroves, rocky islands, and coastalforest edge. We observed 126 individuals of which120 were adults, four were sub-adults, and two wereimmature birds. This number compares favorablywith similar surveys in 2000 and 1995, and suggeststhe fish eagle population is at least stable at this time.

We also investigated a region north of Besalampy-Melaky that is little studied as it is extremely difficultto access. It was identified in our 2004 satelliteimagery study as potentially important fish eaglehabitat. Our aim was to learn about fish eagle abun-dance and natural resource use among local commu-nities to assess whether intervention in the region

PAN

AFRICA R

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VATION P

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Right: Andranobe Field

Station, built in 1991 by The

Peregrine Fund for rainforest

raptor research, now also

serves as an outpost for

Masoala National Park

guards.

Rick

Wat

son

Russ

ell T

hor

stro

m

Masoala National Park, created in 1997 with The Peregrine Fund’s help, now protects the

island’s only coastal lowland rainforest, habitat for Madagascar Serpent-eagles, Madagascar

Red Owls, and species unique to the peninsula.

28

29

STAFF

Russell Thorstrom managesthe Madagascar Project withLily-Arison Rene de Roland,Jeanneney Rabearivony,Marius Rakotondratsima,Jeanette Rajesy, and a staff inMadagascar who are listed inthe staff section of this report.

COOPERATORS

We collaborate with the Min-istère de L’Environnement etdes Eaux et Forêts (MEF/DEF),Ministère de l’EnseignementSupérieur (MinSup), and Min-istère de la RechercheAppliquée au Développement(MRAD), Association pour laGestion des Aires Protégées(ANGAP), Office National pourl’Environnement (ONE), Uni-versity of Antananarivo, Uni-versity of Tulear, NationalRamsar Committee(CONARAMS), United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cul-tural Organization (UNESCO),Parc Botanique et Zoologiquede Tsimbazaza, World WideFund for Nature (WWF-Mada-gascar), Wildlife ConservationSociety, Conservation Interna-tional, Ranomafana NationalPark, Projét Masoala, Mada-gascar Faunal Group, DurrellWildlife Conservation Institute,and many others.

Financial support for this proj-ect was provided by the LizClaiborne and Art OrtenbergFoundation, ConservationInternational-Critical Ecosys-tem Partnership Fund, Con-servation International-Mada-gascar, Little FamilyFoundation, the Sierra Club ofLos Angeles, and severalimportant individuals. In-kinddonations were received fromHolohil Systems Ltd and theCornell Laboratory ofOrnithology. The CriticalEcosystem Partnership Fund isa joint initiative of Conserva-tion International, the GlobalEnvironment Facility, the Gov-ernment of Japan, theMacArthur Foundation, andthe World Bank. A fundamen-tal goal is to ensure civil soci-ety is engaged in biodiversityconservation.

would benefit fish eagle and wetland conservation. Areconnaissance trip was made in July to three admin-istrative districts. In Besalampy district we visitedtwo lakes, Amparihy and Sahapy, where we foundthree fish eagles and one inactive nest. This is downfrom three pairs in 1995 when the areas were last vis-ited. In Maintirano district we also visited two lakes;each had one pair of nesting fish eagles. This areaheld the most promise for developing community-based wetland conservation due to the interest fromlocal and regional authorities. In Morafenobe districtthere were several small lakes, but no fish eagles wereencountered and local residents consistently reportedtheir absence from this area.

We continued to provide learning opportunitiesfor our fish eagle project technicians. This year theyattended training courses in environmental and edu-cational planning at a workshop held in Maintirano,participated in management planning for Ramsarsites at Moramanga, trained with government fish-eries personnel at our fish eagle research camp, andattended a scientific forum in Tamatave.

Our second major site is located in lowland rain-forest on the Masoala Peninsula in northeasternMadagascar. This roadless region is one of the

largest blocks of intact lowland rainforest remainingin Madagascar. It was here in 1993 that we rediscov-ered the Madagascar Serpent-eagle and MadagascarRed Owl, and in 1997 helped create Madagascar’slargest rainforest reserve. Working from Andranobefield station on the west side of the peninsula, wehave continued to gather natural history and eco-logical information on endangered and poorly-known raptors and assist in conservation efforts.This year our field technicians found one pair ofMadagascar Serpent-eagles constructing a nest,however several weeks later the pair abandoned thenest for unknown reasons. Blood samples were col-lected from the Madagascar Harrier Hawk and theMalagasy Scops Owl in this area for genetic analysis.

We continued to collect Madagascar Harrier dis-tribution and abundance information fromthroughout Madagascar as part of a survey beingconducted by Conservation International to estab-lish baseline data on all threatened species.

Malagasy student Tolojanahary Andriamalalagraduated with his M.Sc. degree on the breedingecology of the Yellow-billed Kite, while JuliotRamamonjisoa completed his second field seasonbased at our fish eagle camp in western Madagascar

studying the Torotoroka Scops Owl and is beginningto write his thesis. Donatien Randrianjafiniasa iscompleting his second field season studying thenesting ecology of the Madagascar Cuckoo Hawk atAmbatovaky Special Reserve in the eastern rainfor-est. He has located two nests with four young duringthe two seasons. The diet of this secretive raptor hasconsisted predominantly of frogs. Felice Rafarantsoais the first student from the University of Tulear towork with us. He is near completion of his first fieldseason studying the nesting ecology of the BlackKite in the southern region of Madagascar, where heis currently observing three nests.

We published two papers in 2005 on the breedingbiology of Madagascar Kestrels and breeding biolo-gy of Banded Kestrels from a study conducted onMasoala Peninsula by one of our M.Sc. students. Fora second year, Project Manager Lily-Arison Rene deRoland taught a one-week course on bird ecology atthe University of Tulear.

�FUTURE PLANSOur future plans in this region include: (1) con-

tinue to assist the two local associations, FIZAMIand FIFAMA, at the fish eagle and wetlands conser-vation site to help ensure they successfully managethe natural resources they share with MadagascarFish Eagles; (2) consider expanding the effort forconservation of Madagascar Fish Eagles and wetlandcommunity development in the Besalampy area; (3)study Madagascar Serpent-eagles in the Masoalaregion and other poorly-known raptors in easternrainforests of Madagascar; (4) provide study oppor-tunities for new Malagasy students, assisting them intheir educational experience, and helping them pub-lish research; (5) provide educational opportunitiesand experience to our field technicians; and (6) con-tinue disseminating results and informationthrough publications, conferences, meetings, andother venues at the national and international level.

Madagascar Cuckoo Hawk nestlings, one of several

little-known species found only on Madagascar for

which we have completed first-ever studies.

Lily

-Aris

on R

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Rola

nd

The Asia-PacificRaptor Conservation

Program focuses on rap-tors that occur in theOriental and parts ofthe Australasian biogeo-graphic regions. Theislands in this area,roughly betweenSoutheast Asia andAustralia, are notablefor their species of lim-ited range which areparticularly vulnerableto extinction. There stillappears to be time tosave many of the uniqueraptors and avifauna incountries like PapuaNew Guinea where thereis some degree of politi-cal stability, government and NGO interest in con-servation, and relatively low human populationdensity. The New Guinea and Philippine Projectsare described below. Additionally, catastrophicdeclines in Gyps vulture populations in South Asia(Indian sub-continent) have resulted in threerecently common species being listed as criticallyendangered, accounting for half of all raptorsworldwide listed in this most precarious state. TheAsian Vulture Crisis Project is described separatelyin the following pages.

�RESULTSNew Guinea Harpy Eagle Project—The

New Guinea Harpy Eagle is one of the least-knownlarge raptors in the world. Despite the species’ size,neither its basic biology nor population status wereknown until our studies began in 1999. Our goalsare to complete first-ever studies on this mysteri-ous forest eagle and develop local capacity for rap-tor research and conservation through support andtraining of New Guinea nationals. This year, fieldassistants Smith Asoyama and Amos Hatwara con-

tinued to monitor 10 pairs of New Guinea HarpyEagle nests in various stages of the breeding cycle.Student Leo Legra graduated with his B.Sc. Honorsdegree based in part on his studies of nest-siteselection and behavioral biology of the NewGuinea Harpy Eagle. He began further hands-ontraining in raptor field studies with Mark Watsonin our Student Education Program based inPanama, and is expected to continue graduatestudies thereafter.

�FUTURE PLANSWe will continue to provide student support,

training, and guidance in the study of breedingbehavior and ecology of several nesting pairs of NewGuinea Harpy Eagles. Leo Legra will publish hisstudy results, complete hands-on training in raptorresearch with Mark Watson in Panama and Belize,and possibly begin an M.Sc. program. We will con-tinue supporting local guides in the search for activenests and we will compare the phylogenetic status ofthe New Guinea Harpy Eagle with other large forestcrowned eagles using molecular genetics techniques.

Philippine Eagle Project—The PeregrineFund assists the Philippine Eagle Foundation toconserve and research the Philippine Eagle andother raptors in the 7,000 islands making up thePhilippines. The organization uses a holisticapproach to conservation and although it isinvolved in captive breeding and release ofPhilippine Eagles, it also monitors wild nests andcollects information on other raptors. In some ofthe poorest communities in the country, theFoundation operates community assistance pro-grams to conserve habitats where the eagles areknown to exist.

At its captive breeding facility on the island ofMindanao near the city of Davao the Foundationprovides tours for up to 300,000 people annually.Their public education program is focused on thenews media, schools, and people to raise awarenessand increase conservation efforts.

The Peregrine Fund will continue to supportand assist the Philippine Eagle Foundation andencourages others to do so as well.

STAFF

Rick Watson directs thisprogram with assistancefrom Cameron Ellis. BillBurnham serves as aTrustee on the PhilippineEagle Foundationboard.

COOPERATORS

In Papua New Guineawe collaborate with theResearch and Conserva-tion Foundation ofPapua New Guinea,Wildlife ConservationSociety, Andrew Mackand Debra Wright, andthe people of the CraterMountain Wildlife Man-agement Area.

With the PhilippineEagle, we collaboratewith the PhilippineEagle Foundation andJim and Joyce Grier.Important assistancewas provided by LuciaSeveringhaus.

30

G OA L

Conserve speciesin jeopardy throughresearch, hands-onintervention, anddevelopment oflocal capacity.

A Philippine Eagle soars over its native tropical forest habitat.

phot

o co

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of F

.R.E

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Ltd

.

31

Vultures in theIndian subcontinenthave for centuries beenicons of devotion, art,and culture and haveprospered for millenniathroughout the region.From a socio-ecologicalperspective, vulturesfunction as naturalgarbage collectors,capable of consuming animal car-casses swiftly before they rot andspread diseases.

Since the mid-1990s, populations of Gyps vul-tures throughout the Indian subcontinent havedeclined at alarming rates to extremely low num-bers, resulting in at least three species, OrientalWhite-backed, Long-billed, and Slender-billedVultures, being listed as critically endangered. Ourfield and diagnostic investigations proved conclu-sively that a pain-killing drug called diclofenac wasthe cause of this catastrophic population crash. InSouth Asia, diclofenac is widely administered to ail-ing livestock and when vultures feed on carcassescontaminated with the drug, they die from kidneyfailure within two to three days. It takes just onecontaminated carcass out of about 250 to cause theextent of decline observed over the last decade. Withso few vultures left in the wild, livestock carcassesare now consumed by a growing population of dogs,rats, and other scavengers that potentially spreadrabies and other diseases of human health and eco-nomic importance.

Despite our scientific results being presented inearly 2004, tangible conservation results have beenslow to materialize, and vulture populations con-tinue to decline. Removal of veterinary diclofenacfrom the environment and collecting nestlings fora captive breeding program are priorities for vul-ture recovery, but the window of opportunity isclosing fast as the last few vultures die fromdiclofenac poisoning.

�RESULTSVulture Population Trends—In 2000, we

counted nearly 2,400 occupied Oriental White-backed Vulture nests across 13 vulture colonies inPakistan’s Indus River plains. Since then, we havecollected an overwhelming 1,900 dead birds fromthese colonies, of which 11 are now completely

devoid of vultures and only two, Toawala andRangpur Canal, harbor remnant breeding birds.In 2005, vulture numbers continued to declineprecipitously at Toawala colony from 418 nests in

2000 to just 40 by the start of the 2005-2006breeding season. At Rangpur Canal, from 64 nestslocated during the 2004-2005 breeding season, only10 now remain. We estimate not more than 100pairs of this species still exist in Pakistan. This stag-gering population collapse requires urgent remedialaction. With a high adult mortality rate and an aver-age of just one chick produced for every two breed-ing pairs, the 2005-2006 breeding season is likely thefinal chance to collect vulture nestlings for a captivebreeding and restoration program proposed byWorldwide Fund for Nature-Pakistan.

At Nagar Parkar in the remote southeastern tip ofPakistan, we monitored a population of Long-billedVultures for a third year. Numbers of pairs haveplummeted by 64% from 290 in March 2003 to 105in November 2005, following a trend similar to theOriental White-backed Vulture.

We have monitored vulture populations for four years in India’s tiger reserves to determinewhether they have been equally affected bydiclofenac poisoning. If vultures in protected areasfeed primarily on wild ungulates, for example fromtiger kills, then they may be less often exposed todiclofenac poisoning. However, in Ranthambhoreand Bandhavgarh National Parks, populations ofOriental White-backed Vultures have becomeextinct while numbers of Long-billed Vultures havealso declined albeit less dramatically.

Conservation Initiatives—Our discovery of diclofenac as the cause of the Asian vulture

G OA L

Help prevent theextinction of criticallyendangered Gypsvultures in SouthAsia.

continued on page 32

ASIA

-PACIFIC R

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The sight of a lone

Long-billed Vulture

on a cliff once occu-

pied by dozens of

vultures symbolizes

the recent fate of

Gyps vultures across

South Asia.

ASIAN VULTURE CRISIS PROJECT

Mu

nir

Vira

ni

STAFF

The Asian VultureCrisis Project isdirected by RickWatson, assisted byCameron Ellis, andconducted by MunirVirani and Muham-mad Asim. The AsianVulture PopulationProject website ismaintained byCameron Ellis. Fieldassistance was pro-vided by Faisal Faridand JamshedChaudhry.

COOPERATORS

Martin Gilbert madeimportant contribu-tions during 2005,and Patrick Bensonassisted with the fieldwork.Genetic studiesare conducted by JeffJohnson and DavidMindell of the Univer-sity of Michigan.

We work in partner-ship with Nature Con-servation Pakistan,World Wide Fund forNature (Pakistan),Punjab WildlifeDepartment, NationalCouncil for Conserva-tion of Wildlife(NCCW), Bird Conser-vation Nepal, TheRoyal Society for theProtection of Birds(United Kingdom),Bombay Natural His-tory Society, and theForest Departments ofRajasthan andMadhya Pradesh(Government ofIndia).

Financial support forthis project wasreceived from theDisney Wildlife Con-servation Fund.

32

population crash was a vital contribution to the con-servation of these species as this knowledge guidesall subsequent conservation initiatives. We have usedthis knowledge to reduce mortality by providing“clean” food to vultures at our Toawala feeding sta-tion. “Vulture restaurants” have been used in Europeand Africa as a conservation tool to sustain vulturepopulations where food is lacking. The vulturerestaurant at Toawala, the first of its kind in SouthAsia, was established to provide vultures withdiclofenac-free food to curb their high mortality. Wewere able to show experimentally that by providing aconstant supply of clean food, we could reduce, butnot entirely eliminate, vulture mortality fromdiclofenac poisoning. Vulture restaurants are there-fore only a stopgap measure to reduce vulture mor-tality until diclofenac is removed from the environ-ment and captive breeding for species restoration isreliably established.

An accurate estimate of vulture numbers in thewild is needed to evaluate effectiveness of conserva-tion interventions. Given the vast extent of the Indian

subcontinent, it is beyond ourability to monitor every single vul-ture colony. Instead, we are usingthe power of the internet torecruit vulture enthusiasts fromSouth Asia to locate and monitorvulture colonies and add to ourAsian Vulture Population Project(AVPP) database. Results are regu-larly posted on our website(http://www.peregrinefund.org/vulture/) and allow users to sharecurrent data on the status of Asian

Gyps vultures. By January 2006, 26 individuals andorganizations had contributed data from 107 vulturebreeding sites.

Publications, Capacity Building, andAwareness—Over the last four years, we have pub-lished 14 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals.

Additional papers were submitted in 2005 on theeffectiveness of the vulture restaurant, populationtrends, and head-drooping behavior of vultures.These publications should help convince SouthAsian governments about the urgency for remedialconservation action.

Our work in South Asia has helped shape thelives of many individuals who have dedicated theirtime and energy toward vulture conservation. Withour support, five Master’s students have graduated,with some proceeding to doctoral studies abroad.Our Pakistan Project Manager, Muhammad Asim,was the proud recipient of the 2005 DisneyConservation Hero Award for Asia for his unstintingefforts in enabling us to identify the cause of thevulture population crash.

We participated in making a documentary enti-tled The Last Flight, about the Asian vulture popu-lation decline and discovery of its cause. This docu-mentary won numerous international awards, wasbroadcast on Asian television, and catalyzed theIndian government to begin phasing out veterinarydiclofenac.

�FUTURE PLANSWe will continue, as possible, to help establish

vulture conservation and restoration effortsthroughout South Asia. Our future work has fouraims. We will continue to monitor vulture popula-tions on the Indian subcontinent to evaluate con-servation results. We will sustain wild vultures atToawala by providing diclofenac-free food untilsufficient birds have been collected for captivebreeding. We will initiate a public awareness cam-paign to inform users of the lethal effects ofdiclofenac on vultures. An international meetingorganized by the Indian government in February2006 provides hope that the ban of veterinarydiclofenac may be expected to occur soon. Last,we will continue to publish scientific and populararticles to share information with other vultureconservationists worldwide.

continued from page 31

Oriental White-backed Vultures have been extirpated and

Long-billed Vultures have declined even inside protected

areas where natural food is available, such as India’s premier

tiger reserves. The reserves are too small to save far-ranging

vultures from diclofenac-contaminated domestic livestock car-

casses found outside their boundaries.

0

200

400

600

800

200520042003200220012000

Toawala

Dholwala

Changa Manga

Num

ber

of

Bre

edin

g P

airs

Mu

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Populations of Oriental White-backed Vultures in

Pakistan were extirpated by 2003 at two of the

largest known colonies (Changa Manga and

Dholwala), and reduced by 90% at Toawala by

2005, despite emergency efforts to reduce mortality

by feeding diclofenac-free food.

2005 Memorial Gifts and Bequests

During 2005 donations were received in memory of the following individuals:

We hope you will consider The Peregrine Fund

in your estate planning. Memorial gifts and

bequests are placed in our endowment fund

so that these gifts can permanently support the

conservation of birds and their environments.

We welcome inquiries about bequests at

(208) 362-3716.

If you wish to make a provision in your will,

the following general form is suggested:

“ I give, devise, and bequeath to The Peregrine

Fund, Inc., an Idaho not-for-profit corporation,

located on the date hereof at the World

Center for Birds of Prey, 5668 West Flying

Hawk Lane, Boise, Idaho 83709, the sum of

$_______ (or specifically described property).”

33

Edith J. Benson

Paula Cleary

Dan Cover

Ed Cummins

T. Halter Cunningham

Meryl Dixon

Ray Durham

Leopoldo Garza

Scott Goodwin

Virginia Hageman

Stephanie L. Hager

Fran Hamerstrom

Mike Kassens

Richard Keane

Terry Kohler

George Kotsiopoulos

Ronald Marchitelli

Cornelius F. McFadden

Luff Meredith

Douglas A. Mollison

Morlan W. Nelson

Ed Ng

Alva Nye

Christopher Restaino

James Nelson Rice

Mark Sawyer

Will Shor

Robert M. Stabler

M.D. Stevens

Robert H. Stewart

$20,000 OR MORE

Arizona Game and Fish Department

Lee and Ramona Bass Foundation

Archie W. and Grace Berry Foundation

The Bobolink Foundation

Liz Claiborne and Art OrtenbergFoundation

Comer Science and EducationFoundation

Laura Moore CunninghamFoundation, Inc.

Edward W. Rose III Family Fund ofThe Dallas Foundation

Roy Disney Family Foundation

Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund

ExxonMobil Foundation

Eyas Foundation

$10,000-19,999

Burlington Resources

Mr. and Mrs. Yvon V. Chouinard

Conservation International-CEPF

Conservation International-Madagascar

Decade Charitable Lead Annuity Trust

Walter C. Hill and Family Foundation

Tim and Karen Hixon

The Tim and Karen Hixon Foundation

The Peregrine Fund is a not-for-profit organization and can only operate through the support of voluntary contributions.

Because no work could have been done without this financial support, the birds truly are in your hands. We are proud to list

the individuals, businesses, organizations, foundations, and agencies who have contributed $100 or more, including gifts of

goods or services, during 2005. We regret that space limits us to listing only those who have contributed at that level and above.

Every donor is very important to us, and your continuing participation makes the programs possible. We thank each and every

one of you for your partnership.

Cina and Mark Forgason

Grasslans Charitable Foundation

Mr. and Mrs. Z. Wayne Griffin, Jr.

Mr. John Hanes

Johnson Family Foundation

The Willard T.C. Johnson Foundation, Inc.

Mr. Paul Tudor Jones, II

Mr. and Mrs. David Junkin, II

Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and Helen C. KlebergFoundation

Mr. and Mrs. Jaco Lacs

Mrs. Patricia Manigault

The Meadows Foundation

Velma V. Morrison and John J. Hockberger

The Harry W. Morrison Foundation, Inc.

M. J. Murdock Charitable Trust

Ruth O'Donnell Mutch

National Fish and Wildlife Foundation

Mr. Carl Navarre

The Offield Foundation

Mr. and Mrs. Paxson Offield

Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Paulson, Jr.

Pfendler Ranches

Turner Foundation, Inc.

U.S. Agency for International Development

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Wasendorf & Associates

Arthur H. Weaver Family Trust

Wolf Creek Charitable Foundation

Julie Ann Wrigley Foundation

The Houston Zoo

Islands Fund

Mr. and Mrs. Donald Kayser

The Kearny Alliance

Lloyd and Julie Kiff

Ledder Family Charitable Trust

Mr. Gary Mullard/Northern Stone Supply

Jim and Karin Nelson

John and Vicki Swift

Jane Smith Turner Foundation

U.S. Bancorp Foundation

Josselyn Van Tyne Ornithological Library

The G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation

Wiancko Family Donor Advised Fund of theCommunity Foundation of Jackson Hole

Ms. Conni B. Williams

2005 CHAIRMAN’S CIRCLE MEMBERS

We are pleased to honor this year’s Chairman’sCircle members. Their unrestricted gifts allowflexible response to changing circumstancesand are critical to the organization’s operation.

Drs. Frederick A. Beland and Susan S.Beland*+

Mr. John R. Bickel*Dr. Richard Bierregaard and Ms. CathyDolan*

Mr. and Mrs. Gary Boberg*Mr. and Mrs. Duncan Boeckman*Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Brodsky*Mr. and Mrs. Eric Burgess*Mr. Keith P. Carpenter*Mr. and Mrs. Frank T. Curtin*Count Charles de Ganay*Mr. Paul Dickson*Harold S. Eastman*Mr. Kevin A. Finn*+Ms. Rebecca Gaples and Mr. SimonHarrison*+

Mr. Jeffrey A. Goodby and Ms. Jan L.Deming*+

Mrs. Helen K. Groves*Mr. Edward H. Harte*Mr. and Mrs. Harvey C. King*Luther King Capital Management*+Mr. and Mrs. Brian Knox*Mr. David MacGregor Malcolm*Mr. Stanley Marcus*Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars, Jr.*+Mr. and Mrs. Harry C. McElroy*Mr. and Mrs. William Nee*Mr. and Mrs. James C. Nelson*Mr. and Mrs. Walter Parks*Ms. Sheila S. PeraMr. and Mrs. Spence Porter*+Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Rainwater*Ms. Cynthia S. Schotte*Mr. and Mrs. David Thomson*Mr. Richard S. Thorsell*Robert and Joan Wallick*+Mr. and Mrs. Blair Woodall

+ denotes Patron and Premiere members * denotes multi-year members

The Chairman’s Circle offers memberships at thePremiere ($5,000), Patron ($2,500), and Partner($1,000) levels of unrestricted annual gifts. If youwould like more information on the Chairman’s Circle,please call our membership office at (208) 362-3716.

$500-999Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. AinesAlaska Bird ObservatoryMs. Susan K. AmicucciMr. Blair AndersonMr. and Mrs. Skip AndersonAvon FoundationMr. Frank BaldridgeBennuMr. Robert W. BrachDr. and Mrs. E. Manley BriggsMr. Andrew BullenMr. Kurt BurnhamMr. David C. CareyMs. Cynthia D. CollettMr. Roger CrawfordMr. Martin DawsonMr. and Mrs. Danny DurranceMs. Carol E. Edwards andMr. John P. Gee

Dr. and Mrs. Phil EldredgeMr. and Mrs. Devon ElstunDr. Jay GlassMs. Jozeffa Ann GreerMr. Jack W. HaganMr. and Mrs. Dick HarleyMr. and Mrs. John F. HarriganMr. Scott D. HessMr. Walter HustonIdaho National Laboratorythrough corporate funds fromBattell Energy Alliance

Idaho Power CompanyInstitute of OrnithologyIntermountain Gas IndustriesFoundation

Mr. Keith JohnsonMr. Cliff Kellogg

34

$5,000-9,999AA Enterprises/Gayle Allen

American Paving

Mr. Frank Bond

Mr. and Mrs. Robert T.Blakely, III

James and Barbara CiminoFoundation

Mr. and Mrs. A. James Clark

Mr. and Mrs. Peter Davidson

Earth Friends WildlifeFoundation

Mr. Kevin A. Finn

Ms. Rebecca Gaples and Mr.Simon Harrison

$2,500-4,999Ada County Association ofRealtors Foundation, Inc.

Bank of America

Drs. Frederick A. Beland andSusan S. Beland

Mr. and Mrs. Eric Burgess

Dr. and Mrs. Tom J. Cade

Conservation International

Mr. and Mrs. ThomasCunningham

Mr. and Mrs. Jacob KirkmanMr. William M. LaneMr. Anthony LaphamMr. Steven LaRueDr. Lee LenzChristine Gempp LoveFoundation

The John D. & CatherineT. MacArthur Foundation

Mr. and Mrs. John MackiewiczMr. Stuart C. MartinMr. David McMahonMelling Family FoundationMr. and Mrs. George MellingMrs. Paul L. MillerMr. Leonard L. NicholsonMr. and Mrs. Robert ParkerProfessional RecordManagement

Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence QuielMr. Mark RestumSan Antonio Zoological Gardens& Aquarium

Mr. Ed ShermanMr. Joseph R. ShownBailey Smith Fund of the FidelityInvestments Charitable GiftFund

St. Bernard's SchoolStichting De HarpijMr. Rudolph StutzmannMs. Catherine G. SymchychMr. Nick ThomsonMr. and Mrs. Joseph UrbanoMr. Byron L. WalkerMr. and Mrs. Douglas J. WiegleyMr. David L. WoodardMr. and Mrs. Jim Zachow

Grand Canyon ConservationFund

Idaho Power Foundation, Inc.

The Idaho Statesman andGannett Foundation

Joan and Herb KelleherCharitable Foundation

The Litman Foundation

Mr. Patrick Morel

Natural Encounters ConservationFund

Mr. and Mrs. Tom Nicholson

North American FalconersAssociation

Patagonia

The Philadelphia Foundation

Mr. H. Charles Price

Ms. Faith Kalman Reyes

The Tapeats Fund

The Teddy Foundation

The Terteling Company

Texas Parks and WildlifeDepartment

The Timken Family CharitableTrust

Peter T. Toot

Tyson Foods, Inc.

Mr. and Mrs. William E. Wade, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Brian J. Walton

The Fanwood Foundation

Mr. Jeffrey A. Goodby and Ms. JanL. Deming

Hidden Valley Inn

Scott Higer/Meridian VerterinaryClinic

Higgins & Rutledge Insurance, Inc.

Key Foundation

Luther King Capital Management

Irving Kohn Foundation, Inc.

Magnolia Charitable Trust

Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. Spence Porter

Mr. and Mrs. Tom Smylie

Tesoro Petroleum Companies, Inc.

Wallick Family Foundation

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Wallick

Wells Fargo Foundation

$1,000-2,499Arizona Bureau of LandManagement

Mr. John R. Bickel

Dr. Richard Bierregaard andMs. Cathy Dolan

Mr. and Mrs. Gary Boberg

The Brodsky CharitableFoundation Trust

Dr. and Mrs. Bill Burnham

Ms. Sharon Cafferty

LTC Sidney Kent Carnie

Mr. and Mrs. Keith P. Carpenter

Colorado Division of Wildlife

The ConAgra FoodsFoundation

Mr. and Mrs. Frank T. Curtin

Count Charles de Ganay

Mr. Paul Dickson

Mr. and Mrs. Harold S.Eastman

EcoFlight

Edison Electric Institute

Fort Lewis College

The Gourmet Rodent

Great Lakes Falconers Association

Mrs. Helen K. Groves

The Hackborn Foundation, Inc.

Mr. John Harrell

Mr. Edward H. Harte

Hewlett-Packard Company

Mr. and Mrs. Richard Hokin

Mr. and Mrs. J. Peter Jenny

Mr. and Mrs. Harvey C. King

Mr. and Mrs. Brian Knox

Laird Norton Family Fund

Lowry Park Zoological Societyof Tampa

Mr. David MacGregor Malcolm

Mrs. Cynthia Marchitelli

Mr. Stanley Marcus

Mr. Dan Martin

Mr. and Mrs. Harry C. McElroy

Minnesota Falconers Association

Mr. and Mrs. William Nee

Mr. and Mrs. James C. Nelson

Ms. Natalie Nicholson

Mr. and Mrs. Walter Parks

Ms. Sheila S. Pera

Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Rainwater

Mr. Sean C. Rice

Sandpiper Fund

Ms. Cynthia S. Schotte

Sierra Club

St. Clair County CommunityCollege

Mr. Jack M. Stephens

Ms. Teresa Swayne

Mr. and Mrs. David Thomson

Mr. Richard S. Thorsell

Weyerhaeuser CompanyFoundation

Mr. and Mrs. Blair Woodall

Mr. and Mrs. Paul R. AdkinsAerie Nature Series, Inc.Mr. Allen AinsworthDr. and Mrs. Kevin AlbaughMr. Ryan AlbersAlbertson College of IdahoMr. David C. AllaisRobert and Meridith AllisMr. Robert AllisMs. Susan M. AllisonMr. Erik J. AndersonMr. Todd AndersonMr. Niels Peter AndreasenAntioch CollegeMr. and Mrs. Dave ArellanoMr. Raul Ducoing Arjona

Mr. Raphael ArnaudMs. Linda S. ArrasmithDr. Janet Jeppson AsimovAsociacion de la PlataMr. Gerhard AssenmacherMr. and Mrs. Max AultMr. and Mrs. Bruce BaconMr. and Mrs. Robert BaitingerMs. Sylvia BarbarichBarclays Global InvestorsMr. William H. BarnabyMs. Wendy BarnesMs. Laura BarnettMr. and Mrs. Roy N. BathumMr. and Mrs. Brian E. Battles

BECOME A PARTNER

The Peregrine Fund

depends on contributions

to fund our projects. Our

Board of Directors has cre-

ated an endowment, the

interest from which funds

our administrative

expenses so that 100% of

your donation will be

applied directly to our

projects. You can make a

contribution through a

direct gift, at workplace

giving campaigns, or

through planned giving.

The Peregrine Fund partic-

ipates in many payroll

deduction campaigns,

including the Combined

Federal Campaign (CFC

#0945) through Earth

Share, an alliance of

national and environmen-

tal charities and state

environmental federa-

tions. You may also

increase or even double

your contribution to The

Peregrine Fund by partici-

pating in your employer’s

matching gift program.

Ask your employer how

you can participate. To

donate directly to The

Peregrine Fund, please

use the envelope inside

this annual report or join

via our web site at

www.peregrinefund.org.

35

$200-499Ms. Barbara AmperArizona Strip InterpretiveAssociation

Mr. and Mrs. Mark ArmstrongMr. Allen Asbury andMs. Teresa Maylor

Ms. Beatrice AshburnMr. Rick AshworthMs. Donna BaileyMr. David N. BallMrs. Stephanie Herrick BallMr. and Mrs. Hatch BarrettMs. Anne BartalamayMr. William BaxterMs. Lorraine Bazan andMr. Chris M. Stover

Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. BeebeDr. and Mrs. Herbert John BeilMr. and Mrs. Roger BellMs. Elisabeth Bittner JoungAnne Gordon Harper BlanchardFoundation, Inc.

Mr. Michael BorrorMr. David J. BottjerMr. and Mrs. Dana Brabson, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. Lorne V. BraunMr. and Mrs. Jeff BrobergMr. William A. Brock andMs. Elizabeth D. Owens

Mr. Robert BurinskasMr. and Mrs. Connor B. BurtonMr. and Mrs. Russell BuschertMr. Daniel Yturria ButlerMr. and Mrs. Jack CaffertyMr. Mark S. CaldwellMr. and Mrs. DanielJ. Callahan, III

Mr. Larry CampbellMr. and Mrs. Allen ChaikinMr. Robert ChamberlainMr. Steve ChittyMr. Lawrence T. CohenDr. Charles T. CollinsDr. Scott A.B. CollinsMr. and Mrs. John CookMs. Marta CurtiMr. Peter DeversMr. and Mrs. Bruce DuckerMr. R. David DuncanMr. and Mrs. Chris duPontMr. Donald B. EmeryDr. and Mrs. JamesH. Enderson

Mr. and Mrs. Gayle ErnestThe William EwingFoundation

Mr. Leo E. FaddisMr. and Mrs. Don FarleyFederal RailroadAdministration

Mr. Mark FeingoldDr. Ken FelixMr. Charles FerrisMs. Margaret FlerchingerFriends of BlackwaterNational Wildlife Refuge,Inc.

Mr. Carlos A. GarzaMr. and Mrs. Robert GoldfarbMr. Tom GossardMs. Barbara GraceMr. Lyle E. GramleyMs. Cynthia GrayMr. and Mrs. Peter W. Gray

Mr. Mark GreenMr. Robert C. GriffinMr. Andrew GutmanHageman Family FoundationThe Halliday FoundationHawaii Planing MillFoundation

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas C. HaysMr. and Mrs. WilliamHeinrich

Mr. James HenryMr. and Mrs. Kenneth HillMr. and Mrs. George HirschHolohil Systems Ltd./Mr. Fred Anderka

Hooligans PubMr. and Mrs. John HoolihanHouston Endowment, Inc.Rich and Marsha HowardMs. Mary D. HowesMrs. Grace Ewing HuffmanDr. and Mrs. Phil HunkeMr. and Mrs. Jim InceMr. and Mrs. GregoryA. Inskip

International SwimmingPools, Inc.

Mr. David JenkinsMr. and Mrs. Terry JenningsMr. Roland JeskeMs. Merri E. JohnsonMs. Maggie JonesMs. Holly Herren andMr. Steven P. Jones

Mr. and Mrs. J. Clive JordanMrs. Judith M. JoyMr. Jed KeckDr. and Mrs. Thomas Killip

Mr. and Mrs. Brian KillpackMs. Patricia R. KorbelTakashi and Reiko KurosawaMs. Barbara Lancaster andMr. Ron Vance

Mr. and Mrs. Logan LanhamMr. Ray Lappan andMs. Cathy Kriloff

Mr. Hugh M. LawrenceMr. Stephen LaymanMs. Paulette F. LeeperMr. and Mrs. Richard LueckelMr. and Mrs. WilliamC. MacBride

Mr. and Mrs. JohnA. Manfuso, Jr.

Mr. and Mrs. J. WillardMarriott, Jr.

Mr. Bruce Richard MarshallMr. Andrew L. MartinMr. David E. MasonMr. Michael MasonMr. and Mrs. Don MastersonDr. and Mrs. Allen W. MathiesSenator John McCainMcDermott LibraryMr. and Mrs. ThomasP. McGrath

Mr. John K. McIltrotMrs. Mimi McMillenMerlin Systems, Inc.Mr. Davis Merritt and Ms. PatMcGaran

Ms. Beverly MillerMs. Hilary MillerMs. Gwendolyn E. MollisonThe Monitor Group, Inc.Mr. and Mrs. Angel Montoya

Mr. and Mrs. Don MoserMr. Brian MutchNebraska WesleyanUniversity

North Carolina Falconer'sGuild

Mr. and Mrs. Gerald OndrMr. and Mrs. Jim O'NeilO'Neill Charitable Fund ofThe Smith Barney CharitableTrust, Inc.

Mr. Howard OryMr. and Mrs. CharlesOsterbrink

Mr. Eric D. PaschalPatuxent Wildlife ResearchCenter

Peasley Transfer & StoragePennsylvania Falconry andHawk Trust

Mr. and Mrs. JamesV. Peterson

Mr. Thomas PhemisterMr. and Mrs. Donald PicaPioneer Hi-BredInternational, Inc.

Mr. Marek PlaterMs. Frances PopeMr. and Mrs. Ira PurchisRaven SoftwareMargaret W. ReedFoundation

Mr. Frank RennMr. and Mrs. Sergio Restainoand Alex

Mr. Fred ReynoldsDr. Beverly RidgelyMr. and Mrs. Rick Ridgeway

Mr. Mark RistowMr. and Mrs. William E. RoseDr. Robert RosenfieldMr. Oscar RuizDr. William SatterfieldMr. John SavageMr. and Mrs. Phil SchmidMr. and Mrs. Roger AllanSchultz

Mr. and Mrs. Michael ShawMs. Catherine C. SimpsonMs. Sue SontagMs. Susan C. StammDr. Thomas J. TempletonMs. Audrey ThompsonMs. Emily ToddMs. Sally TongrenMr. Alasdair TurnerMs. Benedicte ValentinerMr. Bill VandervalkMr. Larry Vaughn andMs. Margot LeRoy

Mr. and Mrs. John W. WadeMr. Thomas WarrenMr. Scott WebsterMr. and Mrs. Bill WeilerDr. and Mrs. James A. WellsDr. and Mrs. ClaytonM. White

Mr. and Mrs. Ron WingerMr. and Mrs. RichardB. Woodbury

Mr. Lou WoyceMr. and Mrs. Michael A. YatesMr. Kurt YoungMr. Frank Yulling

A Member of Earth Share

$100-199Linda, Tim, BreAnna, andTyler Behrman

Mr. and Mrs. Stanley R. BellMr. and Mrs. Jerry BeltramoMs. Edith J. BensonMs. Judy Bernhard andMr. Byron Spooner

Mr. James A. BevisBiblioteca Armando DugandMr. Paul BicknellMr. and Mrs. Bliss Bignall, Jr.Ms. Marga BillerMr. Steven G. Black andMs. Wendie A. Wulff

Rolinda and Al BloomMs. Dana Bochte

Ms. Susan BoettgerMr. and Mrs. ChristopherT. Boland

Mr. and Mrs. Larry BomkeMs. Kathleen BondMs. Kara G. Boudreau andMr. Richard M. Hurd

Boyd FamilyMr. and Mrs. Stan BrashearMr. and Mrs. Robert BredinMr. William J. BreedMs. Karen D. BrenderMr. Duncan B. BrownMr. and Ms. William P. BrownMr. and Mrs. John D. BrownMr. and Mrs. Stephen Brown

Mr. and Mrs. WilliamH. Bryant

Mrs. Helen S. BuchbinderMs. Heidi BuntingMs. Kim S. CaldwellMs. Caroline CalleryMr. Geoffrey D. CantDr. John Cant and Dr. AnnFinlinson

Dr. Steven B. CareMr. and Mrs. Lee A. CasebereMr. Thomas CastellaneMr. and Mrs. GeorgeCawthon

Ms. Vija CelminsDr. and Mrs. David Challinor

Mr. and Mrs. Blake ChapmanMr. Robert CicchettiMr. Ronald G. ClarkeMr. and Mrs. David W. ClaryMs. Mary E. ClemeshaMr. and Mrs. David CochranMr. Edward M. CoffmanMs. Esther CokeMr. Robert E. ColemanMr. Bob CollinsMs. Janet Tom CollinsMr. Bill ConsiglioDr. E. Newbold CooperDr. Jerald L. CooperMr. and Mrs. Bruce CopelandGeorge and Helen Cornell

Mr. and Mrs. ChristopherJ. Cox

Mr. Robert CronsheyMrs. Virginia CumminsMr. Alan CzarnowskyMr. and Mrs. Robert F. DailyMr. Robert M. DaltonMr. and Mrs. Paul D'AndreaMs. Elaine N. Daniel andMr. James A. Bailey

Mr. Darren DavisMr. and Mrs. William DavisMr. Dexter DefibaughMr. Adrian M. DelmontDelta Interest, Inc.Mr. John W. Denton

Mr. and Mrs. JamesD. DeWitt

Mr. and Mrs. WilliamL. Dickerson

Ms. Susie DillonDina's Deli and BakeryMs. Martha Lyn DippellMr. and Mrs. Les DoakMr. John DolinsekMr. and Mrs. PhilipD. Doncheck

Mr. and Mrs. John DornMs. Bonnie J. DouglasMr. Michael DownesMr. William C. DrummondMr. and Mrs. C. Bert Dudley

continued on page 36

Duggan LibraryMr. John C. DukatMr. Nick DunlopMrs. Brigette DusackMr. Wade EakleMr. and Mrs. Boyd L. EarlMrs. Susanna C. EastonMr. and Mrs. William M. EdisonThe Roger W. Eisinger FamilyTrust

Ms. Catherine ElliottMr. and Mrs. Roy EllsworthMs. Barbara C. ElwoodEmirates Falconers' ClubMr. and Mrs. Leland EndresMs. Dianne EnglekeMr. David EnglishMr. Walter EnglishMr. Richard A. EscutiaMs. Dianne EshbachMr. George T. EsherickMr. Floyd B. EutslerRichard and Rebecca EvansFoundation

Mr. and Mrs. NorvalC. Fairman

Mr. David Farner andMs. Katherine Jeschke

Mrs. George FearingMr. James FerrisMr. Herbert E. FletcherDrs. Greg and Tracy FlorantMr. David FluriMr. John F. FlynnMs. Pam FlynnMrs. Peggy FoleyMr. Dallas D. FordDr. Nicholas Christopher FoxMr. Scott FrancisMr. and Mrs. David FrankMs. Linda FraserMr. and Mrs. James H. FrazierMr. Gary FrenchMs. Bernadette M. FriehMr. and Mrs. Roy F. Frock, Jr.Mr. Gary Fry and Ms. LynnDinelli

Mr. and Mrs. Frank FuerstMr. and Mrs. Brian GallagherMr. Tom C. GallagherMr. and Mrs. Tony GalvanMr. Stephen GattiMr. and Mrs. Richard GidnerMr. and Mrs. John A. GiffordDr. and Mrs. Jonathan Giles

Mr. James F. GilpinMr. John GlickMs. Catharine E. GlothMr. Robert GoldMr. and Mrs. Eric GoodmanMs. Lauren E. GordonMr. and Mrs. StephenL. Gordon

Grand Circle Field InstituteMr. Robert GravesMr. and Mrs. JosephJ. Grazaitis

Mr. Donald Gregory, Jr.Mr. Norman E. GribbinsMr. John E. GrimmMs. Madeleine Joyce HagenGilbert and Margot HahnHaimish Holding, Inc.Mr. Arthur HallDr. and Mrs. John D. HallahanMr. James HalliseyMr. and Mrs. Philip HamiltonMs. Kathryn HamptonDr. E. A. Hankins, IIIMs. Linda HardinMr. and Mrs. DonaldHarenberg

Mr. and Mrs. Roger HaugenMr. and Mrs. Larry HaysDr. Alison M. Hazel andMr. Michael J. Gefell

Mr. and Mrs. Ross HealdMrs. Mimi HeibergMr. Tero HelinMr. Donald E. HennMr. Joachin J. HermannMr. Austin HerrmannMrs. Barbara HessMs. Arlene HesterMr. Vaughan HetemMs. Corinne HewettHigh-Tech FalconryMs. Helen I. HodgesMr. and Mrs. WilliamK. Hoffman

Honeywell HometownSolutions

Mr. Ken HookeMr. Blake HopkinsMr. Val T. HowardMs. Carole HughesMr. George W. Huguely, IIIMr. John HumphreysL. Barrie HuntDr. and Mrs. ThomasR. Huntington

Mr. Walter Imfeld, IIIImpact PhotographicsMrs. Lesley V. Ingves-HookeMr. and Mrs. Walter E. IvesonMr. Richard JacobsMr. David JamiesonMr. Joseph R. Jehl, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. Brent JenningsMr. Larry JensenMr. and Mrs. H. Phillips JesupMr. and Mrs. David F. JesusMr. David L. Johnson andMs. Anne Nobles

Ms. Catherine C. JonesDr. H. Lee JonesMr. John Marvin Jones, IIMs. M. Louise JonesMs. Valerie M. JonesDr. and Mrs. Craig L. JordanMs. Jennifer JordanMr. William F. JordanMr. Paul JuergensMr. Hank KaestnerMs. Meagan KaiserDr. Alexander KalogerakisMr. and Mrs. Junior KernsMr. Alex KilnerMr. and Mrs. Philip KinneyMr. and Mrs. Mel Lee KirkseyMr. and Mrs. Ken KitsonMr. and Mrs. H. A. KlabundeMs. Karen S. KleehammerMs. Cheryl KleinbartMs. Karen Kluge and Mr. TerryRosenmeier

Ms. Kris Knoernschild andMr. Mark Murzin

Mr. Jeff KolbMr. and Mrs. William KolbMr. and Mrs. Thomas KresslyMs. Connie KulikMr. Edwin B. KurtzLab of Forestry ManagementMr. and Mrs. David M. LabinerMr. and Mrs. Brian P. LaMayMr. John LambMr. James LambeMr. Arlen LancasterMr. and Mrs. Bertrand LatilMr. and Mrs. Richard W. LawinMs. Carol N. LawrenceMr. George LawrenceMs. Connie LeavittMr. Ed Levine and Ms. JulieMulholland

Mr. and Mrs. KennethM. Levine

Ms. Cindy A. Lewis andMr. Mark F. Holland

Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. LillyMr. and Mrs. James R. LincolnMr. and Mrs. Jeff B. LordMr. R. Dennis LundMs. Claire LuptonDr. William MacLeod, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. Craig MadsenMs. Ruth C. MagarMs. Amy MaguireMr. and Mrs. Gerald A. MakaMr. and Mrs. Bill ManeyRichard MangrichMs. Susan A. MansfieldMr. Majid Al MansouriMrs. Harry Martens, Jr.Ms. Kathryn MartinMr. Paul MartinMr. Brian McDonaldMr. Glenn McEnroeMs. Cynthia McMurrayMr. and Mrs. MichaelMcRoberts

Mr. Michael P. McSweeneyMr. and Mrs. George H. MeadMs. Georgann MeadowsMs. Sara MeglingDr. Heinz MengMr. Andrew MergensMr. and Mrs. Davis MerwinMs. Katie MichelMr. and Mrs. Rufus L. MileyMr. Lawrence MillerMr. and Mrs. Michael K. MillerMr. David MindellMr. and Mrs. Walt MinnickMs. Elsie MogckMr. Dan MonroeMr. D. Troy MoritzMs. Kellie J. MorrisonDr. and Mrs. William A. MortonMr. and Mrs. Alan Mountjoy-Venning

Dr. Margit G. MullerMrs. Marilyn S. MurphyMr. and Mrs. Amel MusticMr. and Mrs. Bob MutchMr. and Mrs. Peter MygattMr. Robert W. NahasMrs. Patricia Antoinette NeffMs. Pamela NegriDr. R. Wayne NelsonDr. Arthur NeuburgerMrs. Russell L. NicholsonMs. Paula Norwood

Ms. Barbara O'BrienMr. Mike O'CallaghanMr. Michael OchsOhio Falconry AssociationMr. and Mrs. WilliamS. O'Keefe

Ms. Kathleen OrlenkoF. Edward and JeanneP. Osborne FamilyFoundation, Inc.

Mr. John M. OurismanMr. Mandell J. OurismanMr. and Mrs. Michael PalmerMr. Richard PalmerMr. Everett C. ParkerMs. Tammy L. ParkerMr. and Mrs. Doug ParksMs. Amanda PatchinMs. Ethel M. PattersonMs. Stacey PattersonMr. Gregory PavelkaMr. and Mrs. John PeadenMr. Gordon L. PedrowMs. Rosemary PendergastMs. Sara Jean PetersMr. and Mrs. Rudolf PetersenMr. and Mrs. Len PetersonMr. and Mrs. RobertA. Peterson

Mrs. Virginia C. PeturaPheasant Farms, LLCMr. Douglas PineoMs. Laurama PixtonMs. Louise PlankCol. and Mrs. WalterW. Plummer

Dr. Bruce PolandMr. and Mrs. Calvin PomariusMr. C. Donald PowersMr. and Mrs. DonaldM. Powers

Dr. Tasha PravecekMr. and Mrs. RonaldW. Prestfeldt

Mr. Jay A. PruettPurdue University LibrariesMr. and Mrs. Peter A. QuincyMr. and Mrs. Fred RajeMr. and Mrs. Randy RasmussenMr. Brad RatcliffMr. Peter RayMr. and Mrs. Robert E. RayMr. Bayard D. ReaMr. Ken ReidMr. Richard K. ReiseMrs. Karen Heiberg Reuter

Mr. and Mrs. Randy RiceMs. Sarah RichardsMr. and Mrs. Hugh RichardsonMr. Ray RickardMr. and Mrs. John RigbyMr. Peter RinggoldMr. Mark E. RobertRocky Mountain PGAFoundation, Inc.

Ms. Karen T. RodriguezMr. Wilfredo RodriguezMr. Ronald RogackiMr. Bill RossMr. R. Thomas RossMr. and Mrs. Charles Rubens, IIMr. Gary G. Ruhser andMrs. Jean C. Ruhser

Samsung AustinSemiconductor

Mr. and Mrs. Calvin E. SandfortJoseph and Ellen SanfordMr. G. Brett SaundersMr. Michael V. ScalzoMs. Jacqueline SchaferDr. William ScheibleMr. and Mrs. Joel SchickMr. Frederick D. SchroederMr. and Mrs. Jerry SeligDr. Carol SelveyMs. Sara SeyalMr. Jack D. ShannonMr. William R. Shealy, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. Peter SheldonMs. Amy Siedenstrang andMr. Jake Ellis

Ms. Marion SimpsonMr. and Mrs. Jeffrey SippleMr. and Mrs. Dennis P. SleeperMs. Donna SmithMs. Jennifer SpeersMr. and Mrs. Ray StarkMr. Charles Stewart andDr. Nancy M. Carmichael

Mr. and Mrs. Edward StimpsonMr. and Mrs. Regis C. StirlingMr. Charles R. StirratMr. and Mrs. Samuel StreetMr. Karl H. StriedieckMr. Tom StrikwerdaMr. Scott K. Stuart andMs. Brenda L. Meltebeke

Mr. Stephen W. SubberMr. and Mrs. DavidW. Swetland

Mr. and Mrs. Ernest TaylorMr. and Mrs. Robert Temple

Mr. William TerryMr. and Mrs. John B. TestaMr. Robert J. TeufelMrs. Dwight C. ThompsonMrs. Beverley ThorneMr. Jerry ThorstromMr. John TierneyMr. and Mrs. Al TragerTransglobe/Gandwana FilmsDr. Charles TrostMr. John A. TrunnellMr. and Mrs. David R. TurnerMr. and Mrs. Ben TuttleMr. and Mrs. StephenM. Unfried

University of North Carolina,Pembroke

Mr. Roger UptonMr. George T. Urdzik andMs. Pamela Horton

Mr. Maureen VanekDr. Pieter J. VermeerMrs. Emily WadeDr. George WadeMr. Robert WaiteMr. and Mrs. LotharF. Warneke

Mrs. Winifred WashcoMs. Linda WatkinsMr. and Mrs. Arnold WatsonMs. Caroline WebberMs. Mary WeigelMr. and Mrs. Leslie S. WeissWelch Hawking ClubWestern Sporting PublicationsDr. James Wetzel, Jr.Mr. Henry WigginMr. and Mrs. George WilliamsMr. Harold WilliamsMs. Jeanne WilliamsMs. Maxine A. WinerMr. John WinnMr. Tom WitheringtonMr. Edmund J. WlodarczykMr. and Mrs. Richard WolfMr. and Mrs. Kenneth WoodMr. and Mrs. Dale C. WoolleyMr. and Mrs. WilliamL. Woolley

Mr. Pete WoolsonWyoming FalconersAssociation

Mr. Chris YadonMs. Susan YanchuckMr. Leonard YoungMs. Betty C. YoungbloodDr. Reto Zach

$100-199 DONORS (continued from page 35)

36

37

ASSETS 2005 2004CURRENT ASSETSCash and cash equivalents $ 1,207,294 $ 1,056,578Merchandise inventory 30,685 32,094Grants receivable 113,000 79,750Pledges and other accounts receivable 60,993 24,821Prepaids and other current assets 45,061 21,030TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 1,457,033 1,214,273

PROPERTY, EQUIPMENT, AND ARCHIVESLand 1,513,000 1,513,000Land improvements 693,045 686,545Buildings 4,160,061 4,160,061Trailers 222,396 222,396Equipment and vehicles 864,979 896,965Fixtures and displays 699,241 699,241Construction in progress 3,147 0

8,155,869 8,178,208Accumulated depreciation (3,260,015) (2,988,122)

4,895,854 5,190,086Archives 1,785,916* 741,251

6,681,770 5,931,337

ENDOWMENT ASSETSCash 13,517 15,949Investments 8,943,532 8,304,424

8,957,049 8,320,373$17,095,852 $15,465,983

LIABILITIES & FUND BALANCES 2005 2004CURRENT LIABILITIESAccounts payable $ 135,451 $ 150,169Accrued taxes and expenses 15,248 9,933Deferred restricted revenue 353,985 104,746TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES 504,684 264,848

FUND BALANCESUnrestricted operating fund 947,349 949,425Restricted endowment fund 8,962,049 8,320,373Investment in property,

equipment and archives 6,681,770 5,931,337TOTAL FUND BALANCES 16,591,168 15,201,135

$17,095,852 $15,465,983

* Assets were adjusted for Archives not recognized in previousyears. The net result was an increase in Archives assets of$584,848.

BALANCE SHEETS • 30 SEPTEMBER 2005 AND 2004Foundations $2,763,262

Tours/Admissions $62,678Corporations $59,000

Sales $97,339

In-Kind Donations $578,422

Investment Income $418,826

Individual Gifts $874,554

GovernmentGrants/Contracts $1,319,588

INCOME

EXPENSE(Excludes Capital Costs)

Species Restoration $2,536,065

Membership $80,997

Administration $149,063

Fund Raising $125,274

Education/Information $759,726

Conservation Programs $2,036,078

Many organizations and individuals contribute materials

at no cost or at cost. Services contributed have been recorded at

the amount it would have cost The Peregrine Fund.

The Peregrine Fund’s financial statements are audited by Eide Bailly LLP, and the organization received an unqualified opinion for

the year ended September 30, 2005. Copies of the audited financial statements are available from The Peregrine Fund.

“Approach —

Bald Eagle” © Robert Batem

an • Courtesy of the artist and Mill Pond Press, Inc., Venice, Florida 34285

The Peregrine FundWorld Center for Birds of Prey

5668 West Flying Hawk LaneBoise, Idaho 83709United States of America

Non-Profit Organization

U.S. POSTAGE

PAIDBOISE, ID 83709PERMIT NO. 606

Business Office (208) 362-3716

Interpretive Center (208) 362-8687

Fax(208) 362-2376

E-mail Address tpf@peregrinefund.org

Web Site http://www.peregrinefund.org

Ian Newton, OBE, FRS, FRSEChairman of the Board and DirectorSenior Ornithologist (Ret.)Natural Environment Research CouncilUnited Kingdom

Lee M. BassVice Chairman of the Boardand DirectorPresident, Lee M. Bass, Inc.

William A. Burnham, Ph.D.President and Director

J. Peter JennyVice President

Karen J. HixonTreasurer and DirectorConservationist

D. James NelsonSecretary and DirectorChairman of the Board,EmeritusPresident, Nelson Construction Company

Tom J. Cade, Ph.D.Founding Chairman and DirectorProfessor Emeritus of Ornithology, Cornell University

Roy E. DisneyChairman of the Board,Emeritus, and DirectorChairman of the Board, Shamrock Holdings, Inc.

Paxson H. OffieldChairman of the Board,Emeritus, and DirectorChairman of the Board and CEO, Santa Catalina Island Company

Henry M. Paulson, Jr.Chairman of the Board,EmeritusChairman and Chief ExecutiveOfficer, The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.

Julie A. WrigleyChairman of the Board,Emeritus, and DirectorChairman and CEO, Wrigley Investments LLC

B O A R D O F D I R E C T O R S O F T H E P E R E G R I N E F U N D

Officers and Directors Directors

Robert B. BerryTrustee, Wolf Creek Charitable Foundation, Rancher, Falcon Breeder, and Conservationist

Harry L. BettisRancher

P. Dee Boersma, Ph.D.Wadsworth Endowed Chair in Conservation ScienceUniversity of Washington

Frank M. BondAttorney at Law and Rancher

Robert S. ComstockPresident and CEO, Robert Comstock Company

Scott A. CrozierSenior Vice President, General Counsel, and SecretaryPETsMART, INC

Patricia A. DisneyVice Chairman, Shamrock Holdings, Inc.

James H. Enderson, Ph.D.Professor Emeritus of BiologyThe Colorado College

Caroline A. ForgasonPartner, Groves-Alexander Group LLC

Samuel Gary, Jr.President, Samuel Gary, Jr. & Associates, Inc.

Z. Wayne Griffin, Jr.Developer, G&N Management, Inc.

Robert Wood Johnson IVChairman and CEO, The Johnson Company, Inc., and New York Jets LLC

Donald R. KayserPrivate Investor

Jacobo LacsInternational Businessman and Conservationist

Patricia B. ManigaultConservationist and Rancher

Carter R. MontgomeryPresident and CEO, Longhorn Partners Pipeline

Velma V. MorrisonPresident, Harry W. Morrison Foundation

Ruth O. MutchInvestor

Carl E. NavarreBook Publisher and CEO, MyPublisher, Inc.

Peter G. PfendlerRancher

Lucia Liu Severinghaus, Ph.D.Research FellowResearch Center for BiodiversityTaiwan

R. Beauregard TurnerFish and Wildlife ManagerTurner Enterprises

Russell R. Wasendorf, Sr.Chairman and CEO, Peregrine Financial Group, Inc.

James D. WeaverPresident, Grasslans Charitable Foundationand Rancher

P.A.B. Widener, Jr.Rancher and Investor