the performance analysis of aomdv protocol by …
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THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AOMDV PROTOCOL BY VARYING
NODE MOBILITY SPEED AND PAUSE TIME
AHMAD AKMAL BIN AHMAD JOHARI
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
(COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY) WITH HONORS
FACULTY OF INFORMATICS AND COMPUTING
UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
2019
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this report is based on my original work except for quotations and
citation, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has been previously
or concurrently submitted for any other degree at University Sultan Zainal Abidin or
other institutions.
Signature : ………………………………......
Name : Ahmad Akmal Bin Ahmad Johari
Date :
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APPROVAL
This thesis titled Performance Analysis of AOMDV by Varying Node Mobility Speed
and Pause Time was prepared and submitted by Ahmad Akmal bin Ahmad Johari
(Matric Number: BTBL17047367) and has been found satisfactory in terms of scope,
quality and presentation as partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Bachelor of
Computer Science (Computer Network Security) with Honor in University Sultan
Zainal Abidin.
Signature : …………………………………
Supervisor : Dr. Nor Aida Binti Mahiddin
Date :
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate all praise is
to Allah, and prayers and peace be upon Mohamed His servant and messenger. Praise
to Allah, for blessing and giving me the opportunity to undergo and complete my
proposal for final year project title, Performance Analysis of AOMDV by Varying
Node Mobility Speed and Pause Time.
I am grateful to some people, who worked so hard with me from the beginning
until the completion of this project. Here, I would like to express my heartiest
gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Nor Aida Binti Mahiddin for her outstanding
teachings, kindness, unbelievable patience, and excellent ideas toward this project.
Without her generosity, it is impossible for me to finish this project efficiently. I
would like to take this opportunity to say warm thanks to my family members, who
has been my source of inspiration and game me strength when I thought of giving up,
who always been there in my hard and easy time, may Allah protect and blesses them.
Lastly, thank you to all my beloved friends, who have been so supportive along the
way of doing my project and to all my lectures who taught me throughout my
education from Semester 1 until graduated.
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ABSTRACT
Mobile ad hoc network, MANET is a collection of independent mobile nodes
that can communicate with each other via radio wave which is autonomous
decentralized where each node is free to move anywhere at any time to form a network
without the use of a network infrastructure or any centralized administration. MANET
is capable of providing the Ad-hoc network facilities in the absence of any infrastructure
due to absence of electrical energy supply and situation where rapid implementation of
network would be essential to co-ordinate the effort of emergency services and rescue
operation. This paper investigates the performance of Ad-hoc Multipath Distance
Vector (AOMDV) Routing Protocol. AOMDV is also called On-demand routing
protocol an enhance version of AODV routing protocol. The main difference lies in the
number of nodes in discovery route. However, analysis of performances of AOMDV
and AODV routing protocol based on mobility speed with different pause time.
Performance metrics considered in the study are throughput, packet delivery ratio and
packet delay.
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ABSTRAK
Rangkaian ad hoc mudah alih, MANET adalah koleksi nod mudah alih bebas
yang boleh berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain melalui gelombang radio yang
bersifat autentik di mana setiap node bebas bergerak di mana saja pada bila-bila masa
untuk membentuk rangkaian tanpa menggunakan infrastruktur rangkaian atau mana-
mana pentadbiran terpusat. MANET mampu menyediakan kemudahan jaringan Ad-
hoc dengan tidak adanya infrastruktur apapun akibat ketiadaan bekalan tenaga listrik
dan keadaan di mana pelaksanaan jaringan yang cepat akan menjadi penting untuk
menyelaraskan upaya layanan kecemasan dan operasi penyelamatan. Makalah ini
menyiasat prestasi Protokol Routing Jarak Varian Multipath Adhoc (AOMDV).
AOMDV juga dipanggil protokol routing On-demand versi peningkatan protokol
routing AODV. Perbezaan utama terletak pada bilangan nod dalam laluan penemuan.
Walau bagaimanapun, analisis prestasi protokol routing AOMDV dan AODV
berdasarkan kelajuan mobiliti dengan masa jeda yang berbeza. Metrik prestasi yang
dipertimbangkan dalam kajian adalah penghantaran, nisbah penghantaran paket dan
kelewatan paket.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................... II
APPROVAL ............................................................................................................... III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... IV
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. V
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................. VI
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................... VII
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... X
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... XI
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background Project ........................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) ........................................................... 3
1.1.2 Classification of Routing Protocol.............................................................. 5
1.1.3 Ad-Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector AOMDV ..................... 7
1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................... 10
1.3 Objective ............................................................................................................ 10
1.4 Scope .................................................................................................................. 11
1.5 Limitation of Work .......................................................................................... 11
1.6 Summary ........................................................................................................... 12
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CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................... 13
LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 13
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Related Work .................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Summary ........................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 20
3.2 Research of Methodology ................................................................................ 20
3.3 Simulation ......................................................................................................... 22
3.4 Project Framework .......................................................................................... 24
3.5 Project Flowchart ............................................................................................. 25
3.6 Summary ........................................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................... 28
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 28
4.2 Installation of Oracle Virtual Box .................................................................... 28
4.3 Installation of Ubuntu Operating System ........................................................ 31
4.4 Installation of NS-2 ............................................................................................ 34
4.5 Simulation Environment ................................................................................... 41
4.6 Configuration of MANET Environment ......................................................... 43
4.7 Configuration of AOMDV Environment ......................................................... 43
4.7.1 TCL Source File ............................................................................................ 44
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4.7.2 NAM Simulation file ..................................................................................... 46
4.7.3 AWK File ........................................................................................................ 46
4.8 Results ................................................................................................................. 48
4.8.1 Packet Delivery Ratio .................................................................................... 49
4.8.2 Throughput .................................................................................................... 50
4.8.2 Packet Delay ................................................................................................... 51
4.9 Summary ............................................................................................................. 52
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................... 53
5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 53
5.2 Finalization of Project ....................................................................................... 53
5.3 Constraints and Challenges .............................................................................. 54
5.4 Future Works ..................................................................................................... 49
5.5 Summary ............................................................................................................. 50
REFERENCE ............................................................................................................. 55
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................. 60
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1 Comparison of Network Simulator ..................................................... 22
Table 4.1 Simulation Environment ...................................................................... 41
Table 4.2 Parameter Environment ...................................................................... 42
Table 4.3 Simulation Result ................................................................................. 48
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1 Infrastructure Based Network ......................................................... 2
FIGURE 1.2 Infrastructure Less Network ............................................................ 2
FIGURE 1.3 Example of MANET .......................................................................... 3
FIGURE 1.4 MANET with Three Participating Nodes ........................................ 4
FIGURE 1.5 Classification Routing Protocols ..................................................... 5
FIGURE 1.6 Route Discovery of AOMDV ............................................................ 7
FIGURE 1.7 Route Maintenance of AOMDV ....................................................... 8
FIGURE 3.1 Research Methodology .................................................................... 21
FIGURE 3.2 Ubuntu Operating System .............................................................. 23
FIGURE 3.3 Network Simulation 2 Tool ............................................................. 23
FIGURE 3.4 Framework of Mobility Speed ........................................................ 24
FIGURE 3.5 Flowchart of AOMDV Routing Protocol....................................... 26
FIGURE 4.0 Oracle Virtual Box Official Website. ............................................. 29
FIGURE 4.1 Oracle Virtual Box Setup. ............................................................... 30
FIGURE 4.2 Main Page of Oracle Virtual Box ................................................... 30
FIGURE 4.3 Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS. ....................................................................... 31
FIGURE 4.4 Creating of Ubuntu Operating System. ......................................... 32
FIGURE 4.5 Ubuntu 16.04.05 LTS Desktop Image is added. ............................ 32
FIGURE 4.6 Ubuntu Installation Page. ............................................................... 33
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FIGURE 4.7 Ubuntu Desktop Page. ..................................................................... 33
FIGURE 4.8 ZIP Folder Directory. ...................................................................... 34
FIGURE 4.9 Extract the Folder ............................................................................ 35
FIGURE 4.10 Extracted Folder Directory........................................................... 35
FIGURE 4.11 ZIP File Directory .......................................................................... 35
FIGURE 4.12 ls.h File ............................................................................................ 36
FIGURE 4.13 Command to Home Directory. ..................................................... 37
FIGURE 4.14 Install Packages.............................................................................. 37
FIGURE 4.15 Fetch and Install Some Packages. ................................................ 38
FIGURE 4.16 Install NS-2. .................................................................................... 38
FIGURE 4.17 Bashrc File ...................................................................................... 39
FIGURE 4.18 NS-2 Installed ................................................................................. 40
FIGURE 4.19 NAM Installed ................................................................................ 40
FIGURE 4.20 Simulation Environment ............................................................... 41
FIGURE 4.21 Code of AOMDV TCL. ................................................................. 44
FIGURE 4.22 Simulation Mobility. ...................................................................... 45
FIGURE 4.23 Mobility Speed Environment. ....................................................... 45
FIGURE 4.24 Pause Time Environment. ............................................................. 45
FIGURE 4.25 simulation of NS-2. ........................................................................ 46
FIGURE 4.26 Throughput awk. ........................................................................... 47
FIGURE 4.27 Packet Delivery Ratio awk. ........................................................... 47
FIGURE 4.28 Packet Delay awk. .......................................................................... 47
FIGURE 4.29 Packet Delivery Ratio. ................................................................... 49
FIGURE 4.30 Throughput. ................................................................................... 50
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FIGURE 4.31 Packet Delay. .................................................................................. 51
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Project
Network Components in a wireless network communicate with each other using
wireless channels. The use of wireless networks has become more and more popular.
Based on the type of network infrastructure used for communication, wireless
communication network are categorized into two types:
• Infrastructure networks
• Infrastructure-less networks
I. Infrastructure Networks:
An infrastructure network consists of mobile wireless nodes and one or more
bridges that connect the wireless network to the wired network, as shown in figure
1.1. The bridges are referred to as stations of base. A network mobile node scans and
connects with the closest base station.
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Figure 1.1: INFRASTRUCTURE BASED NETWORK
II. Infrastructure-less Network
In Contrast to infrastructure networks, every network node serves as a router,
as well as host. The topology of the network is dynamic because the communication
between nodes changes over time due to node enhancements. There is no base or
access point. Nodes will interact by creating a multi-hope track as shown in figure 1.2.
Consequently, an effective routing protocol is needed to allow nodes to communicate
on multi-hop routes without an entry point. Due to various diverse hurdles, these
networks have difficulties in understanding and reacting. Mobile ad-hoc networks are
a kind of fewer network infrastructure for mobile device and laptop nodes.
FIGURE 1.2: INFRASCRUCTURE LESS NETWORK
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1.1.1 Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET)
Figure 1.3: Example of MANET
Mobile ad hoc (MANET) is a network of mobile wireless computers (or
nodes), where nodes agree with packets to allow them to communicate outside of the
range. Ad hoc networks do not require central or fixed network infrastructures such as
base stations or access points, and they can be installed quickly and cost-efficiently as
necessary.
Easy and fast deployment of wireless networks will be expected by the future
generation wireless systems. This fast network deployment is not possible with the
existing structure of present wireless systems. Recent developments, including
Bluetooth, have led to a new form of wireless system known as mobile ad-hoc
networks. Mobile ad-hoc networks or “short live” networks monitor permanent
infrastructure inexistence.
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MANET is an ad-hoc wireless network and a self-configuring network of
mobile (and related) wireless network routers which is united by arbitrary topologies.
The routers, which are the participating nodes, can move randomly and manage
themselves at random, so that the wireless topology of the network can change quickly
and unpredictably. Such a network can either operate independently or be linked to the
wider Internet.
Mobile ad-hoc network is an independent collection of mobile nodes that can
be interconnected by radio waves. Mobile nodes can communicate directly to the
radio nodes, while other nodes need the aid of intermediate nodes to relay packets.
Such networks are entirely distributed and can operate without any kind of
infrastructure at any place. This makes the networks extremely robust. In Figure 1.4,
indicates that nodes 1 and 3 must discover the route through 2 in order to
communicate. The circles show the formal range of the radio transceiver of every
node. Nodes 1 and 3 are not directly transmitted, since 1 is not covered by 3 circles.
FIGURE 1.4: MANET with Three Participating Nodes
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1.1.2 Classification of Routing Protocol
MANET is routing dynamically. Dynamic routing means it depends primarily
on the state. Routing protocols can be categorized into three types as Table-driven or
Proactive Routing protocol, On-Demand or reactive routing protocol and hybrid
routing protocol as shown in figure 1.5 below.
Figure 1.5: Classification Routing Protocols
Proactive protocols are table-driven protocols where all nodes’ routing is
consistent and also always up-to-date. Reactive protocols vary from proactive protocol
because it is on-demand routing protocol. The routes in reactive protocols will not be
maintained before the routing packets are transferred. AOMDV are reactive protocols,
it is an improvement to the protocol for computing several loop-free and link-disjoint
paths for Ad-hoc On-Request Distance Vectors (AODV) and more in the next section.
Ultimately, the dual routing protocol incorporates constructive and reactive protocols.
Classification of Routing
Protocols
Proactive Reactive Hybrid
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The single routing protocols only find a single path between a pair of sources.
In case of any road break, a new discovery of roads is necessary. Route discovery and
maintenance phases are the basis for single routing protocols. A route is found among
any source destination pair in route discovery. Maintenance phase involves the
reparation of a broken road or a new route in the event of a failure of the road. The
most common single path routing protocol AODV protocol.
In multipath routing, between any source-destination pair more than one route
is sought and used. The tolerance to faults and load balance are given. An alternative
path can be used for failure and the necessary route exploration can therefore be
delayed. Road discovery, road allocation and road maintenance phases consist of
multi-path routing protocols. The exploration step of the path is to discover several
disjoined nodes or connect disjointed routes between any pair of sources. In the
process of traffic distribution, source sends data on various paths to the destination. In
case of connection and/or node breakdown, the route maintenance process consists of
locating routes. AOMDV is the example of multipath routing protocols.
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1.1.3 Ad-Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) Routing
Protocol
AOMDV stands for Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing
protocol. The AOMDV extension is an AODV multipath extension. Several routes
between source and destination are identified in AOMDV protocols. This provides
alternative routes for a malfunction of the route. In AOMDV protocols new route
discovery is needed when all the routes fail. Multipath routing in AOMDV protocol is
an advantage of standard routing in which the demand in the network can be managed
and congestion avoided and reliability improves.
Figure 1.6: Route Discovery of AOMDV
AOMDV is designed on the basis of an AODV routing protocol that uses a
route discovery method. The source node floods the network with a Route Request
(RREQ) message labelled with a specific sequence number to destination.
Intermediate nodes can send a Route Response (RREP) message to the source node if
the message is not sent via a correct and fresh route to the destination. Intermediate
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nodes must delete redundant RREQ communications. When the first RREQ message
arrives at the target node, the RREP message is sent back to the source node along the
reverse direction created by intermediate nodes during the process of discovery. All
submitted RREQ repeat messages are discarded at destination. AODV’s problem, it
constructs a one-way route to the destination. If this route fails, it will take another
route discovery. AOMDV is developed with the same path discovery process to set up
multiple routes to the destination. AOMDV uses the redundant RREQ messages to
create multiple routes in the root and intermediate nodes. Destination node sends
RREP messages from a different hop to each RREQ message received. In order to
detect link breaks, AOMDV uses HELLO messages.
Figure 1.7: Route Maintenance of AOMDV
To maintain a fresh status of disjoint paths, Hello notes are regularly
transmitted by neighbours to preserve a fresh state between disjointed routes. The
expired duration of contact to neighbours is extended when these signals are received.
When no communications have been received, these neighbours can no longer be
accessed and a path connection between source and destination is therefore not linked.
Multiple reasons can cause links failure (network congestion, node mobility or power
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failure, and so on. To recover from a link failure, a Route maintenance procedure is
launched. The route maintenance consists of sending a Route Error message RERR
backward to the source node. The source node selects another secondary path for
packet transmission. The best available path among the alternative paths is chosen.
When all the alternative paths fail, the source restarts the route discovery process
again. Figure 1.7 shows the RRER flood in network
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1.2 Problem Statement
In mobile ad-hoc networks, one of the characteristics are nodes may frequently
change their position across the network. This movement can lead to changes in the
connection between the nodes in MANET especially in a reactive routing protocol
such as AOMDV. Therefore, it contributes to excessive overhead routing due to the
creation of some redundant routes in the routing table. AOMDV has more message
overhead during route discovery due to increased flooding and since it is a multipath
routing protocol, the destination replies to the multiple RREQs those results are in
longer overhead. There may be more congestion due to RREQ and RREP messages.
1.3 Objective
This thesis’ main objective is to address the problem statement through the
suggested MANET AOMDV routing protocol. This project therefore focuses
primarily on the following objectives:
III. To study the AOMDV routing protocol in MANET.
IV. To implement the AOMDV routing protocol in MANET by using NS-2
simulation tools.
V. To modified the AOMDV routing protocol by varying node mobility speed
and pause time.
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VI. To analyze and examine the performance of parameter of AOMDV compare
to AODV routing protocol
1.4 Scopes
The scopes in this thesis are to evaluate the AOMDV routing protocol’s
performance in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and packet delay
based on different speed mobility with different pause time on the constant nodes.
1.5 Limitation of Works
MANET cannot be used in the real-world experiment since this project only
runs on the simulation network, NS-2. In real-life experiment, the network could not
be implemented because:
I. A very high cost is needed because there are more nodes required in a
large field such as disaster or military area. There are more nodes that need
to prepare which may lead to high cost to afford them.
II. Normal operating system software indications that are not present in
MANET node when linked in infrastructure mode, it can be difficult to
maintain a stable connection without the ability to monitor the intensity of
the signals, particularly when the MANET devices change their position.
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III. Take a long time to set up on MANET. The coverage area for MANET is
broad in the real-life setting. For example, disaster areas such as floods,
can take a few days to prepare the network.
1.6 Summary
This chapter has been discussing the introduction on MANET, the problem
statement of AOMDV routing protocol, the objective, scope and limitation of the
project. The next chapter will discuss literature review which referring to previous
research paper and journal articles that are related to the project. Thus, it is
encouraging and motivating to develop this research as a great effort to bring some
contribution to society.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, as a literature review, few research papers related to the project
are chosen. Data and information are gathered to give a better understanding of how
the process works and how it profits from the initiative.
As defined in chapter 1, the concept of routing protocol in MANET is clearly
stated. AOMDV routing protocol is a reactive protocol that establishes the multi-path
route information when the source node wants the packet to be passed. Because of the
unpredictable mobility speed, however, link breakage can occur. Different speed
mobility and pause time are implemented in AOMDV routing protocol and
performance metrics are observed to solve this problem.
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2.2 Related Work
The performance analysis of varying mobility speed of the network is
proposed to this project in order to determine the optimal node speed and to find the
other simulation parameter such as pause time in AOMDV routing protocol.
In a research paper “AOMDV protocols in MANETS: A Review” by Preeti
Aggrarwal, and Er Pranab Garg. (2016). According to the particular paper, they
studied the various aspects of AOMDV protocol. After studying the various aspects of
pros and cons in AOMDV, they have concluded that AOMDV has many advantages
but there are some shortcomings in AOMDV which needs to be improved to improve
the performance of Manet.
This recent research paper written by G. Shankara Rao, E. Jagadeeswararo,
and U. Jyothsna Priyanka with their title “Performance Analysis of Manet Routing
Protocols – DSDV, DSR, AODV, AOMDV using NS-2”. This paper determine the
performances of Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV), Dynamic
Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Ad hoc On-
demand Multi-path Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocols based on the Quality of
Service metrics i.e., Packet Delivery Ratio, Packet Loss, Delay, Control Packet
Overhead and Throughput using the Network Simulator (ns-2). Authors also
presenting functionality, benefits, limitations and simulations results for the above
mentioned routing protocols. The obtained results of this simulation indicate that each
protocol has its own significance on a particular QoS metric. It is observed that in
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term of packet delivery fraction and throughput, delay, AOMDV protocol provides
better performance compared to AODV and DSR. It is observer that the performance
of DSDV is higher. And it is observed that DSR protocol overhead is less. And
AODV has higher packet loss. AOMDV incurs more routing overhead than AODV.
AODV gives less delay with respect to pause time. The main conclusion of this paper
is that the choice of which protocol to use, depends on the properties of the network.
In addition, Indrani Das, D.k Lobiyal. And C.P Katti have conducted the paper
“Effect of Node Mobility on AOMDV Protocol in MANET” (2015) evaluated the
effect of node mobility on the performance of AOMDV multipath routing protocol
with different mobility models. The authors contrasted the protocols of AOMDV and
OLSR with Levy-Walk and Gauss Markov Mobility Model, considering varying node
mobility speed and network traffic load. Our results show that in comparison with
OLSR, the AOMDV protocol achieved a higher packet delivery ratio and efficiency.
In comparison, OLSR has less overhead latency and routing at various node densities.
Authors have contrasted the AOMDV and AODV routing protocol with the random
mobility point model with various traffic sources such as TCP and CBR. The result
shows that the performance of both routing protocols degraded with increased traffic.
In MDSR (Multipath Dynamic Source Routing) is a DSR-based on-demand routing
protocol, in reality it is a DSR multi-path extension. An on-demand routing protocol
and extension of well-known DSR protocol is available in SMR (Split Multipath
Routing). The main purpose of this protocol is to split traffic into multiple paths such
that the use of bandwidth is efficiently carried out. In DSR-based GMR (Graph-based
Multipath Routing) protocol, a destination node uses network topology graph to
measure the disjoint route in the network. In MP-DSR, it is based on DSR; it is
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designed to improve end-to-end delay support for QoSAn on-demand multi-path
routing protocol AODV-BR has been introduced in writing. But it doesn’t spend extra
control message to set up multipaths. To provide multiple alternative paths, this
protocol uses mesh structure. For their analysis, node-disjunct and link-disjunct multi-
path routing protocol have been considered in authors. Consideration is given to the
various models of mobility Random Waypoint, Random Path, Gauss-Markov, City
Area, and Manhattan. Through the thorough analysis, they have shown that the
development of multipath models in Gauss markov is less, but the consistency of the
path is high. (The random direction model forms a larger number of multipaths.)
AODV and AOMDV protocol have been considered by authors for their random
waypoint model performance analysis. The result shows that AOMDV has more
overhead routing than AODV and a longer end-to-end delay. But in terms of packet
declines and packet distribution, AOMDV performs better. The Steady State mobility
model is used in different energy models with the Random Waypoint Mobility Model
to analyze the energy overhead in routing protocols AOMDV, TORA and OLSR.
Results show that in all energy models, the TORA protocol has the largest energy
overhead. To explore how this protocol operates in various mobility situations,
AOMDV protocol efficiency is evaluated for different mobility models. The results
show that the packet delivery ratio increases with increasing node density but
decreases with increasing node mobility packet delivery ratio.
On the other hand, the research paper titled “Performance Investigation of
Single Path and Multi Path Routing Protocols in High Mobility MANETs” written by
Suveg Moudgil, and Sanjeev Rana, investigated the performance of single path
routing protocol AODV and multipath routing protocol AOMDV under different
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mobility conditions using NS 2.35 simulator. Node are simulated with different
mobility speeds with different pause times. Packet delivery ratio, end to end delay and
network routing load are considered for comparing the AODV and AOMDV
protocols. In high mobility MANETs, AOMDV protocol proves to be more robust
than AODV due to its ability to search for alternate route when current links breaks.
Routing overhead of AOMDV protocol is more due to its alternate route discovery
mechanism. Hence, we can conclude that in high mobility MANETs, AOMDV gives
better performance then AODV as it has better PDR and less average end to end delay
but it has more routing overhead.
The studies from Neetha Paulose, and Neethu Paulose with their research
paper entitled “Comparison of on Demand Routing Protocols AODV with AOMDV”
(2016) shows the comparison of two on demand routing protocols, AODV and
AOMDV. AODV is the most basic on demand routing protocol most of the routing
protocols are the enhanced or modified version of AODV. The Ad Hoc On-demand
Distance Vector (AODV) routing scheme is a widely used routing technique in ad hoc
networks due to its low routing traffic overhead. However, the performance of the
minimum hop routing used by AODV degrades significantly when the underlying
system has routes that have high throughput and hop count. Ad hoc on-demand
Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) is the enhanced version of the AODV protocol,
which is part of the ad-hoc wireless networks on demand and reactive routing
protocol. The main objective is to measure several loop-free and link-disjoint paths
between the pair of source and destination. In terms of increased packet delivery ratio,
throughput and reduced average end-to-end delay and uniform overhead power,
AOMDV’s value is calculated. Performance evaluation performed using NS2
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simulator tool and comparison with AODV, though maintaining a good packet
delivery ratio, AOMDV can effectively reduce end-to-end delay and energy
consumption. For hybrid network with heterogeneous characteristics, the enhanced
protocol has been created.
This recent research paper written by Xiao Zhou and Hui Tian with their title
“Comparison on Network Simulation Techniques” (2016) indicated that network
simulation is an important tool used to check new algorithms, evaluate network
performance, and implement functional networks. Similar tools for network 18
modelling is used for various scenarios. Their performance in various applications is
discussed in detail in this paper. The author introduces three main types of network
simulation software: OPNET, Network Simulator (NS) and Objective Modular
Network Testbed (OMNeT++) in C++. NS is widely used in research on the network.
This paper discusses how to apply NS in the analysis of network traffic.
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2.3 Summary
This chapter brings about the research that has to do with the performance of
AOMDV routing protocol through the different flexibility parameters implemented in
MANET. This study is essential in order to obtain an idea and as a guide to the
efficient project.
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter will discuss the methods and alternatives used from the start to
the end of the project. This chapter also discusses the simulation tools that will use in
the project. The network simulation tool used is NS-2 simulator. To go further into the
project, this chapter includes the framework structure and flow chart for a better
understanding of visualization while executing the project. Methodology research.
3.2 Research of Methodology
In research methodology, the preparation of the project is very relevant to
develop the project. A few phases of methodology are usable. The phases are shown
in figure 3.1 below. The first phase is about identifying the problems regarding the
area. For this project, the problems in MANET are defined. The problem statement is
defined on the basis of the related research paper or literature review in order to gain a
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better understanding of MANET and the issues that have arisen on MANET. The
second phase is designed and developed which tell about this project’s overall
development. This process describes the correct and relevant approaches used to solve
the problems. AOMDV routing protocol is used for this project with different node
mobility speeds. Next phase is project simulation. The simulation to be used in the
project will be addressed in this phase. The NS-2 version 2.35 is the simulation used
for this project. And the final phase is the performance evaluation. Performance
metrics must be evaluated and analyzed for this project. The performance metrics to
be measured are throughput, packet delivery ratio, and packet delay.
Figure 3.1: Research Methodology
22
3.3 Simulation
The project experiment has been conducted by using a simulation network
because in real-life environment required a lot of cost and consumes extensive time.
Network Simulator (NS) is one of the simulations that used to simulate the networks such
in MANETs and VANETs. Network Simulator 2 (NS2) provides substantial support for
simulation of different protocols over wired and wireless networks. It is also providing a
highly modular platform for wired and wireless simulations supporting different elements,
protocols, traffic and also routing types. It is normally installed in Linux (Ubuntu).
NS2 is a simulation package that support several network protocols includes TCP,
UDP, HTTP and DHCP and these can also be modelled using this package. NS2 used
C++ programming language and Otcl. Otcl is a relatively new language that uses object-
oriented aspects. It was developed at MIT as an object-oriented extension of the Tool
command language (Tcl). Nam (Network Animator) is an animation tool used to
graphically represent the network and packet traces. Below shown the comparison of
network simulators
Table 3.1: Comparison of Network Simulator
23
Figure 3.2: Ubuntu Operating System
Figure 3.3: Network Simulation 2 tools
24
3.4 Project Framework
Figure 3.4: Framework of Mobility Speed
25
3.5 Project Flowchart
The AOMDV protocol first discovers the multipath route to the destination
through route discovery process and sends the packets to it. The flowchart of the
discovery is shown in Figure 3.5. At the very beginning of data transmission, the
source node broadcasts RREQ and the next hop that has route to the destination sends
back RREP. On the contrary to AODV, AOMDV processes every RREQ. While
AODV processes only the first RREQ and discards the rest. By processing every
RREQ, AOMDV ensures multipath connectivity. The destination node chooses one of
the multipath by comparing the sequence number. The freshest route is guaranteed by
considering the largest sequence number. In case of equal sequence number, path with
less hop count is considered to ensure the shortest path. The destination forwards the
RREP to the source node and the path is defined for data transmission. The packet is
then reached the destination through one of the selected multipath.
26
Figure 3.5 Flowchart of AOMDV Routing Protocol
27
3.6 Summary
The following chapter clarifies and shows the concept of the research
methodology, framework, and flowchart of the project. It provides a better
understanding for the implementation of the simulator that we selected in this project.
28
CHAPTER 4
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter are going to discuss the configuration on MANET simulation on
simulation tool which is NS-2 version 2.35 and implementation AOMDV routing
protocol to achieve the objective in this project. The implementation of different
mobility speed and pause time is discussed in detail. This chapter also shows the
evaluation and results of the network performance of the project.
4.2 Installation of Oracle Virtual Box
VirtualBox is open-source software that functions as a hypervisor, creating a
virtual system where another operating system can be run by the user. It's used for
running the Ubuntu 16.04 operating system which is used on my window computer.
Configuration steps are fully described.
29
Step 1: Download Oracle Virtual Box.
The following link allows to download Oracle Virtual Box:
https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads. On the official website, it offers many
customizable software kits based on the existing machine's operating system. The
Oracle Virtual Box for Windows host must be used in this project because it is
compliant with existing Windows 10 operating system.
Figure 4.0: Oracle Virtual Box Official Website
Step 2: Run the installation
The Oracle Virtual Box installation will begin, and the default option will be
selected for installation.
30
Figure 4.1: Oracle Virtual Box Setup.
Step 3: Installation succeeds
After the installation is successful, the main page of Oracle virtual box is
shown in figure 4.2.
Figure 4.2: Main Page of Oracle Virtual Box
31
4.3 Installation of Ubuntu Operating System
Ubuntu version 16.04.6 LTS (Xenial Xerus) is used for the emulation of the
AOMDV routing protocol in MANET as the base operating system to operate NS
2.35. The instructions for downloading and installing Ubuntu 16.04 in the Oracle
Virtual Box is shown in the instructions below.
Step 1: Download Ubuntu 16.04
The following link allows to download Ubuntu version 16.04.6 LTS (Xenial
Xerus): https://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/. Desktop image of 64 bit PC Desktop will
be downloaded for this project as it is compatible with this machine.
Figure 4.3: Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS
Step 2: Create a virtual machine
Ubuntu Operating system is created by clicking the “NEW” button. the default
and recommended option will be selected for installation.
32
Figure 4.4: Creating of Ubuntu Operating System
Step 3: Ubuntu 16.04 Desktop image is selected
The virtual machine is added in Oracle Virtual Box. The Desktop image of
Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS is selected into the controller, IDE in the storage button of the
Ubuntu 16.04 virtual machine.
Figure 4.5: Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS Desktop Image is added
33
Step 4: Install the Ubuntu Inside the Virtual Machine
Start Ubuntu 16.04 virtual machine and continue with installation of Ubuntu
Operating System. The default and recommended option will be selected for
installation.
Figure 4.6: Ubuntu Installation Page
Step 5: Installation succeeds
Desktop page of Ubuntu Operating System is shown in figure 4.7.
Figure 4.7: Ubuntu Desktop page
34
4.3 Installation of NS-2
NS-2 version 2.35 is used to stimulate this project. The platform used to install
NS-2 is Ubuntu version 16.4. The steps below show the installation of NS-2 version
2.35. All the steps below must be followed to get a successful installation.
Step 1: Download the NS-2 version 2.35
NS-2 can be downloaded from this link:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/nsnam/files/allinone/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-allinone-
2.35.tar.gz/download. After download the zip file, keep the zip file ‘ns-allinone-
2.35.tar.gz’ to home folder/directory.
Figure 4.8: ZIP Folder directory
Step 2: Open the terminal, Extract the folder from the Zipped folder by the following
command, “$ tar-xyzf ns-allinone-2.35.tar.gz”
35
Figure 4.9: Extract the Folder
Figure 4.10:
Extracted Folder directory
36
Figure 4.11: ZIP File directory
Step 3: Go to the linkstate folder inside the ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35 by typing the
following command in the terminal, “$ cd ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/linkstate”
Step 4: Inside this folder (linkstate), make some changes in the file “ls.h” in the line
number 137. Use the following command. “$ gedit ls.h”. Go to line number 137 and
replace the following command; “void eraseAll() { erase(baseMap::begin(),
baseMap::end()) }” with “ { this->erase(baseMap::begin(), baseMap::end()) }. Save
the file after edited it.
Figure 4.12: ls.h File
Step 5: Now go back to home directory in the terminal by typing the command, “cd\”
37
Figure 4.13: Command to home directory
Step 6: For this step, an active Internet connection is required onwards. Type the
following command in order to download some required updates; “$ sudo apt-get
update”, and “Password: $ type here Ubuntu root password”. The system will take
some time to install the updates.
Figure 4.14: Install updates
Step 7: Now type the following command to fetch some required files from the
Internet. “$ sudo apt-get install build-essential autoconf automake libxmu-dev”. This
will install some required packages.
38
Figure 4.15: Fetch and Install Some Packages
Step 8: Now go to “ns-allinone-2.35” folder and type the following command; “$ cd
ns-allione-2.35”, then “$ ./install”. This command will start the installation process, it
will take around 40-60 minutes (varies with certain system).
Figure 4.16: Install NS-2
39
Step 9: After the installation process, set the path in the “.bashrc” file. Open the
“.bashrc” file with the following command, “$ gedit .bashrc”. Append the following
PATH settings in the bashrc file and save the file.
Figure 4.17: Bashrc File
Step 10: Now close the terminal and restart the OS, then open again the terminal and
type the command “$ ns”. If “%” signs appear, it indicates correct installation of NS2.
Also type “nam” in order to check the nam installation.
40
Figure 4.18: NS-2 Installed
Figure 4.19: NAM Installed
41
4.3 Simulation Environment
Table 4.1 shows the simulation environment discussed the parameter used
when simulating the AOMDV environment in the simulation tool. In this project, the
simulation parameters used are referred on previous research paper shown in Table
4.1.
Table 4.1: Simulation Environment
Based on table 4.1, the simulation parameters are proposed. The simulation area is
1500(m) x 1500(m) with simulation time is fixed to 900(s) where is the maximum
simulation times used in previous research papers. This project requires a moderate
number of nodes thus, 75 nodes are used. The number of nodes is kept constant 75
nodes with a 250m transmission range. The mobility speeds are varied to 4 situations,
Very Slow Mobility (VSM), Slow Mobility (SM), Moderate Fast Mobility (MFM),
and Fast Mobility (FM) which are 2m/s, 4m/s, 10m/s and 30m/s. Pause time are varied
42
to 10, 20 ,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 in second. Due to the modify the of mobility
speed and constant pause time, it can improve the performance of AOMDV routing
protocol in the network. The parameters used are summarized in Table 4.2 below.
Table 4.2: Parameter Environment
43
4.4 Configuration of MANET environment
The parameter on configuring this project into the simulation tool has been
discussed. In this section, the configuration of AOMDV will follow as proposed in the
simulation parameter. To ensure the simulation run successfully, there were must have
files needed. In NS-2, the files such as tcl, nam, .tr, .cc, and .h are important extension
file. TCL file is used to define the components and to assemble the them into a
network. A C++ file is needed to implement the functionality of the TCL file in C++
language. In addition, the NAM file is used to run the simulation.
4.5 Configuring AODMV Environment
Mobility situations are added into the TCL file. The file shows the main
function of the simulation that consist of simulation time limit, number of nodes,
mobility speed of each node, pause time, and the set area of simulation.
Algorithm 1: Simulation Environment
Simulation time
Number of nodes
Area of simulation
Mobility type
900s
75 nodes
1500(m) x 1500(m)
Random way point
Figure 4.20: Simulation Environment
44
4.5.1 TCL Source File
Figure 4.21: Code of AOMDV TCL simulation environment
Figure 4.14 shows the source code of AOMDV environment. The code is
modified, such as number of nodes, simulation time, mobility speed and pause time as
shown in Figure 4.15. In addition, the random way point model and mobility speed is
added to ensure that the nodes are moving in random manner with different mobility
speed. This allow random motion of the node to reach the destination from the starting
point with varying mobility speed as shown in Figure 4.16.
Furthermore, Figure 4.17 show the constant pause time is added and changed
based on the proposed pause time. The process is repeated until getting the whole
result of four mobility speed situation with a different proposed pause time.
45
Algorithm 2: Simulation Mobility
Simulation time
Number of nodes
Mobility Speed
Pause Time
900s
75
2mps (VSM), 4mps (SM), 10mps (MFM),
30mps (FM).
0s, 10s, 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s,
Figure 4.22: Simulation Mobility
Figure 4.23: Mobility Speed Environment
Figure 4.24: Pause Time Environment
46
4.5.2 NAM Simulation file
Nam is an animation tool focused on Tcl / Tck to show traces of virtual
networks and traces of real-world packets. NAM software is a separate application
distributed with NS2 Simulator for interactive reading of an input file and drawing the
network events. This is used to imagine packet development across the network.
Figure 4.25: Simulation of NS-2
4.5.3 AWK File
The gawk is a GNU implementation of the awk programming language. Gawk
file is used to analyse the trace file with the specific awk script prepared. there are
three types of AWK script files that will calculate the results of throughput, packet
delivery ratio and average packet delay. Terminal window is used to execute awk
script, which includes installation of the gawk first in the operating system. The gawk
install command code is, "sudo apt-get install gawk". The command code for running
the awk script after installing gawk is, "gawk -f < awk file name><trace file name >”.
Figure below indicates the scripts used for this project. After entering the command,
47
after entering the code, the result value of throughput, PDR and average delay can be
obtained.
Figure 4.26: Throughput awk
Figure 4.27: Packet Delivery Ratio awk
Figure 4.28: Packet Delay awk
48
4.6 Results
The proposed performance metrics of this project are throughput, Packet
delivery ratio and packet delay to evaluate the network performance. For evaluated the
results, there is a formula that gives the specific answer. The result obtained for this
performance metrics with different mobility speed and pause time.
Speed
(m/s)
Pause Time
(s)
Throughput
(kbps)
PDR Average Delay
(ms)
2
(VSM)
0 208.137 137.393 153.362
10 152.229 189.614 164.309
20 110.406 262.274 225.683
30 203.838 141.788 308.807
40 43.262 661.957 47.396
50 198.750 145.229 174.89
4
(SM)
0 161.992 177.646 253.396
10 209.998 136.527 181.259
20 183.882 156.170 326.704
30 189.126 151.967 149.584
40 222.686 129.495 168.835
50 154.272 186.856 197.472
10
(MFM)
0 220.275 130.099 164.976
10 231.013 124.430 107.891
20 254.352 113.051 38.279
30 216.678 133.381 122.438
40 49.794 575.804 92.699
50 202.791 141.804 131.120
30
(FM)
0 178.870 160.169 200.865
10 218..889 131.425 129.915
20 190.036 152.258 410.743
30 83.661 343.839 13.517
40 95.487 301.459 155.996
50 176.452 16.230 141.336S
Table 3: Simulation Result
49
4.6.1 Packet Delivery Ratio
Packet Delivery Ratio is defined as the ratio of the data packets received by the
destinations to those generated by the sources. Based on figure 4.23 below, MSM has
the highest PDR when the pause time is set to 40 second. In addition, MFM has the
second highest PDR after VSM at the same pause time. This means that AOMDV has
better packet delivery when the mobility is set in VSM and MFM at the same 40
second pause time. Furthermore, SM and FM delivered better in most of the pause
time, they can adapt in both longer or shorter pause time.
Figure 4.29: Packet Delivery Ratio
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 10 20 30 40 50
Packet Delivery Ratio
VSM SM MFM FM
Pause Time (s)
Pack
et D
eliv
ery
Rati
o
50
4.6.2 Throughput
It is defining as the total number of the packet delivered over the total
simulation time. In this simulation, the node density is kept constant as 75 while
mobility speed and pause time are varied. According to the result obtained, the
throughput of AOMDV in MFM has the better performance in most of the pause time.
However, SM has higher throughput when the pause time is set to 40 second.
Furthermore, FM can adapt in both longer or shorter pause time. Nevertheless, the
throughput of FM are at its lowest when the pause time is set into 30 seconds
Figure 4.30: Throughput
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50
Throughput
VSM SM MFM FM
Th
rou
gh
pu
t (k
bp
s)
Pause Time (s)
51
4.6.3 Packet Delay
Packet Delay is the packet ration between dropped and sending data packets.
Packet delay is decrease during the whole simulation. Based on figure 4.25, VSM
shows that delay is increasing as the pause time increase until the pause time is set in
30 seconds. The delay than decrease afterward. However, MFM shows decreasing of
delay until pause time 20 second. After that, the delay slightly increases as the pause
time increase in 30 second onward. Furthermore, FM has the highest delay when the
pause time is set to 20 seconds and has the lowest delay when the pause time is in 30
seconds.
Figure 4.31: Packet Delay
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 10 20 30 40 50
Average Packet Delay
VSM SM MFM FM
Aver
age
Pa
cket
Del
ay (
m/s
)
Pause Time (s)
52
4.7 Summary
This chapter discuss about the implementation and results of AOMDV
performance by varying the mobility speed and pause time. Therefore, the simulation
is running and all the tests from the simulations are used to test MANET performance
in the AOMDV routing protocol, the most critical aspect of the project development.
53
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the conclusion, constraints, and challenges that were
faced during the process of completing the project. In addition, some modification of
future work is also proposed. The project constraints and the challenges state all of the
difficulties that have been faced throughout the entire process of this project. In
addition, the chapter is also discussing future work on the suggestion for the future
project.
5.2 Finalization of Project
The simulation of MANET is significant in order to let people understand the
operation of MANET and the process of its routing protocols. In real-world, MANET
is noteworthy in setting up a network for the purposes of consumers living in a
constraint environment where it would be incredibly inefficient to access the wired
54
network. The mobility of the node needs to be studied as in real-life, people are
moving not in a static manner. In this project, the performance of MANET is
proposed, especially in AOMDV to make possibly to implement in the simulation
rather than in real world. This will allow h=the researcher to look for the acceptable
speed and pause time of AOMDV. The results of this parameter have been discussed
in the previous chapter. The results are evaluating the performance of AOMDV based
on throughput, packet delay and packet delivery ratio after the parameters have been
implemented.
5.3 Constraints and Challenges
MANET is still fresh, because there are not many outlets who speak or write
about this network. To put it another way, the origins of knowing how MANET
operates and all of its routing protocol is not taught in the syllabus in the context of
the network, so an earlier project is hard to grasp what MANET is and its routing
protocols. Not to mention it may also lead to some uncertainty and ambiguity on a
specific aspect, including models of mobility. There are many items that need to be
researched and read first before beginning the project, and it took much of the time to
learn and get a better understanding of basic routing protocol and which routing
protocol is appropriate for implementing the proposed mobility speed concept. A lot
of recent academic papers on the current project need to read and understand the
structure and the method of transferring data from node to node until the routing
protocol has been determined. Subsequently, in order to pick a parameter to be applied
in the simulation, a lot of other research paper often needs to be referred and evaluated
in order to achieve better simulation results.
55
In terms of simulation for the project also faced many challenges. One of the
difficulties in conducting this project is unstable connections of the Internet
connection, which could bring some problems during the installation process. There
are many updates when installing the simulation tools which required active Internet
connection. The issue also emerged when the simulation tools were installed which
are connected to the incompatible Ubuntu operating system version. In addition, it is
difficult to fix computer system and panel related errors. Moreover, there are many
agent files which is needed to understand first before implementing the source code to
run the simulation similarly with the proposed project.
5.4 Future Works
For further research on AOMDV routing protocol, there are some suggestion
to get better performance on AOMDV. Firstly, instead of using Random Waypoint as
a mobility model parameter, it is varied with other mobility models such as the Gauss-
Markov mobility model. In addition, the simulation can be run successfully until all
the packets sent to the destination without set the time limit. It is also important for
future work, instead of varying the pause time, try varying the node density into low
density, moderate density and over dense with different mobility speed. Eventually,
for further works, evaluate the performance of AOMDV, which is a reactive protocol
with different routing protocols for instance proactive or hybrid protocol.
56
5.5 Summary
Highlighted in this chapter are the advantages of this initiative and the
obstacles encountered during the implementation process. Then, the future work
highlighted could possibly help in the development process in a better tool that may be
more useful for future users. The MANET simulation is an attempt to enable people to
understand MANET 's function in the real-world climate. Implementation in the real-
world environment takes time, and the production costs are high. Therefore this
application is used to operationally deal with these problems.
57
REFERENCE
1. Preeti Aggarwal, Er. Pranab Garg, “AOMDV Protocols In MANETS : A
Review”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science &
Technology (IJARCST 2016).
2. Neetha Paulose, Neethu Paulose, “Comparison of On Demand Routing
Protocols AODV with AOMDV”, IJSETR Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2016
3. Suveg Moudgil, Sanjeev Rana, “Performance Investigation of Single Path and
Multi Path Routing Protocols in High Mobility MANETs”, IJoCA (0975-
8887), Volume 166 – No. 12, May 2017
4. G.Shankara Rao, E. Jagadeeswararao, U. Jyothsna Priyanka & T. Indira Priya
Darsini, “Performance Analysis of Manet Routing Protocols – DSDV, DSR,
AODV, AOMDV using NS-2”, Global Journal of Computer Science and
technology: E Network, Web & Security, Volume 15 Issues 16 Version 1.0
Year 2015
5. Xiao Zhou, Hui Tian, “Comparison on Network Simulation Techniques”, 17th
International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications
and Technologies, 2016.
6. Neha Trivedi, G.Kumar, Teena Raikwar, “Performance and Evaluation of
Routing protocol DSR, AODV and AOMDV in MANET”, International
Journal of Computer Applications, January 2015.
58
7. NED Script and example ieee802154a, retrieved from
http://mixim.sourceforge.net/doc/MiXiM/doc/neddoc/index.html?p=org.mixim
.examples.ieee802154a.ieee802154a.html
8. OMNeT script Discrete Event Simulation, User Manual (1999), András Varga.
Retrieved from
https://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/es/Nov1999/18/manual/usman.htm
9. Indrani Das, D.K Lobiyal, and C.P Katti, “ Effect of Node Mobility On
AOMDV Protocol in Manet”, International Journal of Wireless & Mobile
Networks (JWMN) Vol 6, No 3, June 2014.
10. A. Mercy Ran, and K. Priyadharshini, “ Analysis of AOMDV Routing
Protocol in Square and Triangle Based Topologies of Wireless Mesh
Network”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advaned
Engineering, Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2017.
11. Djellouli Ahmed Amine, Abdi Mustapha Kamel, and Kechar Bouabdellah, “
Formal Verification of a New Version of AOMDV in Ad Hoc Network”, The
5th International Conference on Emerging Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive
Networks (EUSPN-2014)
12. Enciso Liliana, and Mengual Luis, “Performance parameters of protocol
AOMDV under random obstacle mobility model”, Internation Journal of
Engineering & Technology, 8(3) (2019) 180-187.
13. Ayushi Varshney , and Prachi Maheshwari, “Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath
Distance Vector Routing Protocol with Route Repair for MANET” ,
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security
(IJCSIS),Vol. 14, No. 8, August 2016.
59
14. Muhanad Ibrahim Ali Idris, Dr. Ashraf Gasim Elsid2, Musaab Nasr Alhady,
“Enhancement the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector of Network”,
International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing (IJCSMC)
Vol. 4, Issue. 9, September 2015.
15. Hosam Rowaihy, and Ahmed BinSahaq, “Performance of GPSR and AOMDV
in WSNs with Uncontrolled Mobility”, the 7th International Conference on
Emerging Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive Networks (EUSPN 2016)
16. Rama Rao, N.Murali Vishnu, K.V. Swathi, K. Hanisha, and N. Anand,
“Performance Evaluation of DSR, AOMDV andZRP Routing Protocols in
MANETS by using NS2”, IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science
and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (1) 2014.
17. Mohammed Humayun Kabir, Syful Islam, Md. Javed Hossain, Sazzad
Hossain, “Detail Comparison of Network Simulators”, International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2014.
18. Chintan Bhavsar, and Sonal Belani, “Stability Enhanced AOMDV Protocol for
MANETs”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 148 – No.5, August 2016.
19. Bhawna Mathur, and Anuj Jain, “AOMDV Protocol: A Literature Review”,
International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR) ISSN: 2454-
4116, Volume-4, Issue-7, July 2018.
20. S. Saranaya, and Dr. R. Manika Chezian, “Comparison of Proactive, Reactive
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Certified Vol. 5, Issue 7, July 2016.
60
APPENDIX
GANTT CHART FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1
Activity/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Topic
Discussion
Project Title
Proposal
Introduction
Literature
Review
Presentation
Methodology
Draft Report
Submit Draft
Report
Final
Preparation
and
Presentation
Final Report
FYP 1
Gantt Chart 1: Activities of milestones of FYP 1
61
GANTT CHART FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2
Activity/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Project
Meeting with
Supervisor
Project
Development
Progress
Presentation
and Panel’s
Evaluation
Project
Development
(cont)
Project Testing
Writing
Workshop
Project Testing
and Pitching
Submit the
draft Report
and
Documentation
of the project
Submit Poster
and
Preparation for
Final
Presentation
Seminar/ Final
Presentation
Final Thesis
Submission
Gantt Chart 2: Activities of milestones of FYP 2
62