the pergamene mint under philetaerus / by edward t. newell

8/9/2019 The Pergamene mint under Philetaerus / by Edward T. Newell.

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N M NT

E T A R U S

W E L L

cSociety

C r e a

t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_

u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


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9 36 B Y

NNU M SMAT CsO C E T

G NC R R I NT NGCO .

A .

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N M NT

E T A R U S

echancehasbrought

nmarketanumberof

vedspecimensbelonging

ee illustriouscontempo-

eleuc usand hiletaerus. Some

eties.1Allcontribute

nderstandingoftheissues

nthesec ond thirdand

centuryB .C.Asare-

c ointypesandlegendsbec omes

darkperiodwhiche tends

ysimac hus throughthose

ageswhic h hiletaerushim-

ergamumunderSeleucid

the coinageswhichwe

salreadybeendone by

sbrilliantstudyentitled:D ie

v o n e r ga mo n B e r l i n 1 8 84 .

ever wasnotina positionto

varietiesofthevoluminous

presshisdeepgratitudeto theauthorities

tic c ollec tionsatB erlin B russels Cam-

ondon. Munich aris TheHague and

pplyingcasts.AlsoMessrs.H .A.Greene

atsonhavemostgenerously forwardedc asts

hiletaerusintheircollections.

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houldbeassignedtothe

thoughin thisconnection

rdinshowing2thatthe

bypreviouswritersto

eptedashavingactually

eaknessattheoutset

st ofcertainimportant

rendersomewhatin-

er smaterialsc overingthe

rebelliontohis deathin

ose Lysimachuscoined

m thatpowerfulandstra-

wherehehadstoredan im-

e3andwhereamint hadal-

ry inthefourthc enturyB . C . 4

ereto enterintoadetail-

coinage towhichachapter

ingworkonallthecoinages

oted. orthepresent a

ensfromthefinalPergamene

lateI nos. 1-3 P lateII 1

earin thefield immedi-

dAthena acurious

cingsimulacrumnotunlike

rtemis.Inadditionto

yinglettersandmonograms

einvariablystar PlateI

ac cordingtoStraboX III 4 1.

la N um i sm at i ca p . 4 71 1 . B a b e l on T r ai t t

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I 2 P la te I I l o r he rm P la te

t i s to b e n ot e d r e cu r a ga i n an d

his mint.Theassign-

eparticularLysimachan

ofnumismatic stylistic

bservationstooinvolved

placeinthisshortstudy

oinagesofL ysimachus butto

eleucusandofPhiletaerus.

arehereillustratedsolely

ingthereaderwiththe

fthecoinswhichwepro-

tedtheendofLy-

esultedinthe risetopower

wasthee ec utionin286-5

eirapparentA gathoc les.

tionhadnowbecome

othefactionwhich

bleandmuchbeloved

ontothepartyheadedby

eambitiousA rsinoe sc hem-

er ownchildren.So

rmanyyearsasthe

dthetrustedguardianof

posited Philetaeruswas

rhis ownsafety.Some-

.C.manyoftheAsiatic

ofLysimachusopenly

onSeleucusforaid. Phile-

M e mn o n V I I I— F . H . G. I I l p . 5 3 2 S t r a bo

284-3B . C . hasbeenadoptedbyDroysen

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yrian king placinghim-

underhisc are atthelatter s

rmy togetherwitha

nts 7intotheAsiatic

Inthesummer8of281

attheheadofhisarmy

der.O ntheplainof

reoccurredthefinaland

n.Inthisheis followedbyImhoof-

. 2 6 w h il e C ar d in a l , / / Re g no d i P er g am o p . 8

.C.CambridgeAncientHistoryV II

t moreacc eptably to282B . C .

4 .

26. Thepresenc eofelephantsisprac tic ally

cientauthorisresponsibleforthestatement.

ideandfre uentlythemainreliance

allytomeetsopowerfulanadversary

ucusbeinclinedtoemployeverymeans

ameoftheseelephantsafterthebattle

surmised.W epossessadistincthint

tweresecuredbyCeraunuswhenSeleucus

Lysimachia.Anissueofcoins certainly

ustaboutthisverytime bearstheunusual

tsf ield c f . MQ ller DieMUn en des

mac hus No. 55 Po z iColl. Nav illeSaleI

70 p i . x x v i ii . J u st i n X V I I 2 1 4 s ta t es

phantstoPyrrhusfor thelatter s

. C . whilePlutarch Pyrrhus 15 gives

aunuscouldonlyhavesecuredthese

C . lotsch Epirotisc heCesc hic hte p. 216

stoiremilitairedesElephants pp. 69 106 as

nMacedonia inA ntipater sarmy had

ofPydna A rmandi loc . tit. p. 113 .

h eC e sc h ic ht e I V , 1 p . 2 44 a n d no t e 2 I V , 2

men.p.234.Thesite inLydiaisconfirmed

as B ull. Cor. Hell. vol. X X IV , 1900 p.

P hi l . X X V I 1 9 02 p . 2 5 7 c f . a ls o B e v a n T h e

l . I p . 3 22 f . B e l o c h I V , 2 p . 4 58 f f .

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asiswellknown L ysima-

pire.

revoltof Philetaerus

mhoof-B lumerhas

ander stypesbutinsc ribed

.W eshallsoonhave

weenthebattleofCoru-

tionofSeleucusseven

uiteanothertypewere

uringwhichtheSeleucid

eenstruckismorerestricted

poses.ThatImhoof-

ifiedinattributingthese

hePergamenemint how

tscholarshaveeverdoubted. 11

s pointdefinitelyto

ncipal andcon-

ef ield anA thenaheadin

wellasthesubsidiarysymbols

mistakablysuggestPer-

esentwriterstyle andfabric

ressionof theirbeing

obablyaf ter280B . C .

unatelyourknowledge

6 P lateIII no. 19-21. O npage26Imhoof -

orthis issuetohavebeenbetween284-

esontoadmitthatitmayhavec ontinuedfora

death.

e i n h is R o ts d e S yr i e p . X X X V I I h a s

larcoinstoSide withoutgivingdefinite

fromtheacceptedattribution.W roth

113 note2 stronglysupportsImhoof -

asagainstB abeion simpossiblesuggestion.

cussedbyImhoof-Blumer loc.cit.p.26.

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e ecutionofAgathocles

usisso scantyastothrow

gein uestion.Allthat

tementthatPhiletaerus

eand hermalevolent

sband wrotetoSeleucus

yand thetreasureunder

iven. orallthatour

thavetakenplacein284 it

moreprobably itwasaslate

ess asmentionedabove the

withalargearmyinvaded

elearndetailsof the

cussecuredthefortress

sthere deposited. And

imac husandSeleuc usarefac eto

efatefulbattletakes

drefersto anyactionof

efellhimbeforethegreat

ohisproblemssofar as

ed.

oltbefore282B .C.or

spondencesuccessfully

ofSeleucusbefore

ntnolongernecessary

theactualdateat which

khisstandasa rebel

Lysimachusandanally

val mustdependtheperiod

4 .

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heSeleucidAle ander

on P l at e s II I I V , V , V I .

he theorythatPhiletaerus

.C.Thethreeyears

battleof Corupediumin

mighthavebeensufficient

oinageofthoseSeleucid

erestrikingofsuchc oins

nameofSeleucus would

erusasbeinginopen

as earlyas284B .C.

entof therebelsandthe

sure wouldhavefound

sposition duringthe

blinghisarmy crossing

siaMinor andlayingsiege

character andbyallc on-

rategy Lysimachus

an actoftreasonand

ed norc ouldhe uietly

bleaportionofhisking-

eswasfallingintoother

ittedscantinessofour

erystrangethat notthe

fany actiontakenby

ngtrustedanderstwhile

s.Thisdifficultyhas

eciatedbythelatest

usB elochplacesthe

eas 282B .C.Tacitly

huswasprobablysurprised

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ion andthathemust

conclusionswithhis

rousenemySeleucusbefore

ownrebellioussub ects.To

preferableto supposethat

ndencebetweenPhiletaerus

sfullyconcealeduntilalmost

hiletaeruswiselyrefrained

openuntil perhaps the

earerapproachofSeleucus.

riterhas beenespecially

simachus issuesofthe

alandnumismaticcon-

tthat issuesofthat

edthereonlyafterthe

byearth uakein288-7

earsbetweenthatevent

dhardlybesufficientto

ofcoinwhichnowtook

eheisforcedtosuppose

continuedtoappearuntil

he obviouscorollaryis

enlyrebeluntil that

chusatCorupediumthe

nstantlychangedand

vinceoftheSyrian

veralmonths16here

p. 244depic tsL ysimac husasmarc hingpastthe

thoutstopping onhisfinalmarchto

ium.

4 .

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ghteninghishold over

rocessthe aidofhis

leandastutePhiletaerus prob-

orwasnotthelatter

rfulandstrategically

amumandalsothe

mensetreasure Itis

e Pergamenemintatonce

ypesofwhichobviously

ofthe newsu erainSeleu-

overpracticallythewholeof

eritage. Itishereproposedto

fulbute ceedinglyrare

gamenemintfortheshort

etweenthedecisive

heassassinationof

theseveralobverse

Roman thereversedies

are onlyonescholarhaspreviously

Z eitsc hr. furNum. X X I p. 230suggests

ec onv iction asthemintof theB erlin

heseparticularcoinstoa definitemint.

mbridge 1933 pp. 227-8 Mr. Seltmanrec og-

possibly thef irstissueof theA ntioc hene

veradvancingverysatisfactoryorsufficient

an assignmentisstylisticallyand

e.UnderSeleucusthesilverissues of

drinetypesandinbothstyle andfabric

rse-elephantcoinsdescribedinthe

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h280B .C.

B AZIAEQ2above

EA E K O r belowele-

. 16 . 74 P l at e I I 2 .

gr. 16.59. C f . Zeitschr. f .

p . 23 0 Pl at e V I 6

e MU n e a l s u n st -

o . 83 9 S e lt m an

2.

theupper

Coll. , gr. 16. 75 P late

R o is d e S yr i e et c . p . 9

I m ho o f- B l u m er T i er

ateII 17and

edbytheseimpressive

norand oftheearly

rfabric too isnotonly

ealdistric t butalsoe -

precedingPergamene

l at e I 1 - 3 P l at e I I 1 .

s gentlenuancesoftheir

edelicatecircleofdotsonthe

eabsenceonthereverse

rsc hSaleX III RhousopouloaColl.

hSaleX X I ConsulWeberColl. no. 4031

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ven well-madeandbeautiful

reall identicalinthetwo

chusissuesofPergamum

and2areTor . urther-

agistrate ssymbols beeand

Pergamenemint.Thestar

ePergameneissuesofLy-

, 18andwastoappearagain

eswiththenameofSeleucus

e I V , 1 - 2 . I t h ad a l re a dy

ergamenebron ec oins 9and

aragainasatype on

s20butalsoasaveryf re uent

menecoppercoinsbothof

secondcenturyB. C.

ppears likewiseasa

osbron ec oinsofPergamum

ch v . r i t e d a te s 23 i n t he f i rs t

. C . andinthetimeof

occursbothasa

endesthrac ischen dnigsLysimac hus.

er varietiesofthismintbearingthe

tiller.

oo ll a N um i sm a ti c a p . 5 2 P I . ii 1 2 w h er e t he y

meofLysimachus.B rit.Mus.Cat.

4-5 P I. X X III 10. datesthesec oins310-

eMUn enderDynastic vonPergamon p.

hor sc ollec tion. Imhoof -B Iumer loc . cit.

y si a . p. I l l N o . 13 P I . X X I I I 5 . S ir

5162 PI. 188.

ct. p p. 5 2- 3.

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6onlaterA ttalidbron e

ccessorysymbolspoint

themintof nos.1and2.

ypesemployedforthis

eucus manycoinages.Not

lybeenusedsingly 26but

nappearedincon unction

sparticularpiece how-

nof typic allySyrian not

ndso beyondthemoregeneral

tyoftypes couldhave

vertetradrachmsde-

canceofthetypesofthe

dofthe elephanthavebeen

yB abelon28thatweneed

peatingthemhere in

ehornedhorse sheadwas

worldfamousB ucephalus29

oryof thegreatA le ander

adnowallbutsucceeded

therit representedSeleu-

o c. t i t. p . 7 N o . 24 P I . II 1 4 a n d No s .

p . 8 N os . 30 -3 2 P I. I I 1 6 a nd N o. 3 3 P I. I I

2 . PI . I ll 7 .

ea d se e B a be lo n l oc . ti t. P I. I I 8 1 0 1 1 1 3

an t s ee B a b e l on l o c. c i t. P I . II 1 4 1 5 P I .

P I . II 1 4 .

Sy r ie e t c. I n tr o d. p p . X V I I I - X X V .

of -B lumer TierundPf ian enbilder p.

ThesauroB rittanico vol. II p. 20 ed. 1772

ell IstitutoA rc h diRoma vol. X III

a lsoC. T. Seltman GreekCoins. Cam-

.

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twouldbedif f iculttodecide.

ngasidetheirpossibleap-

A le ander sownhorse

vineattributeand among

ally emblemsofpowerand

ustberememberedthat

arsaf terA le ander s

mounted Household

andowedhisfurtheradvanc e-

ofthisimportantposition

es especiallyinthe

ccas deathandatthe

Triparadeisus.

hisearlydate hadprob-

mblemoftheSeleucid

earstimeandagainon

ometimesweseethehead

entireanimalstandingor

ong sometimesintwosor

raisedtrunks drawingthe

emis.

thehorseandtheelephant

dprincipalstrengthof

pecificallysignali ethe

whichtheyhadprobably

. p. oriii wouldhaveit. Hetherecalls

Mallala B onned. p. 202 whotellsus

sidethewallsofAntiochtheeffigyof a

anyingthiswasaninscriptioncommemorat-

iftnessSeleucushadbarelymanagedto

igonus.

lutarc h sDemetrius 25whereSeleuc us

E X i ^ a v r i p i -

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essentialrole.32Inthe

drachmsmaybelooked

natureof v ic torymedals "

emedallions reminding

c tsnotonlyof thedec isive

eranddominion—the

tusofhis armedmight.

d coinagewasdestined

.Seleucusandhisarmy

e Europeancontinent

whenhewastreacher-

emyCeraunus.This

yhistoriansin the

33sevenshortmonths—

erCorupedium.W ith

ssue doubtlessceased.

oinswerenowproducedby

esaremoreinconsonance

ndencetowardswhichhe

threespecimensofthe

hhavesurvivedemphasi e

ararityfarfromsur-

hee tremelybriefperiod

vebeenstruck.The

vationofthethreeknown

ndicatethattheycould

ort time.B uttheissue

ovehisdeathtohavetakenplacebe-

1stofNisan.Cf.CambridgeAncient

te1.

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nedona moregrandiose

efactthatthesethree coins

common.Evidentlythere

umerousdies andto

cteduseofsomeof them.

uallybeenproducedor

hemomentousnews

leucus murderandthe

Ceraunus.Probablythe

stopped—fornonecould

ofeventswouldbe. A nd

sonandheir wasfarawayin

forsafety ssake now

setoa coinagebearingthe

esofA le ander. orto

whenallcentralauthority

oved whentheSeleucid

osalofSeleucus assassin

Greekcities loc alrulers

ependently whenthe

orsinAsiaMinor were

stunnedbythedread

wasstillfar awayandany-

thisintervalofstress un-

rthewriterwouldassign

rarePergameneissue.

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eB A SIAEQ Sonr.

. A AESA NA PO Y on

edto 1.on

4

ok e sc h -O s t e n Co l l. , t g r .

suni uevarietywith

nos. 4-8 PlateIII 2-3

I , w i ll b e s uf f ic i en t t o pr o ve

atedfromtheminpoint

egardtoits mint.

ofA le anderandthesymbol

alw iththemintypes sty le

neaththethrone.In

sitionofdies detailsof letter-

adingontheobversebut not

overysimilartotheim-

ucidtetradrachmsnos.1

bustis new inthis

assindicationsofa uiveratthe

utesymbolmaybe distinguished.

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


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eseries. Itis however but

heEphesiantypeof

conspicuoussymbolfor

ergameneissuesof

n o s. 1 - 3 P l at e I I 1 . T h e

hand isof f re uentocc ur-

urmint bothunderLy-

P l at e I I l a s w el l a s un d er

1 2 .

seemtohavebeen of

avecomedowntousin

ughitwouldnotbe surpris-

rthere amples.

eprecedingvariety as

arstyle comesthefar

tradrachmsbearingthe

imilartothepreceding

n

.

el , + , g r. 1 6. 97 P la te H I 2 .

r . 16 . 95 P l at e i n 3 .

bb e ck e , k g r . 16 . 93 5

P l at e I V , 2 .

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oll. SothebySale May

9 7 S p ar k es C o ll . ,

M y si a p . 1 13 N o .2 6

r i t . M us . C at .

p . 2 N o . 12 g r .

onPlate

i t . Mu s . Ca t . M y si a

romthe

ermanW eber-

hertheB ritish

mepair of

terisunabletostate

stsofthecoin

ection.0

1925 No. 758 gr.

= S i r He r ma n

P a rt 2 N o .7 8 30

X V = B u n -

ale Dec . 1896

Northw ic kColl.

9 No. 1265

selSaleNo. 4 O c t.

16 . 86 P l at e X X X .

R o is d e S yr i e p . 3 N o .

g r. 1 7. 05 .

ob b ec ke , , g r . 1 7. 0 85 P l at e

ssSale Jan. 1926 No.

c auseofdamagetothe

of thec oinitself

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clear.Hence

ertainthatthis

obversedie

E g ge r S al e X L V I M a y

g r . 16 . 65 P l at e

Sale13 B erlin eb. 1935

lateL.

oll. HirschSale

N o. 2 85 3 , t g r.

Mc CleanColl. IIl p. 324

ol. Sotheby

o . 68 8 , t g r . 17 . 07

J u ne 1 9 25 N o . 75 7

I .

a vi l l eS a le V I I J u ne

g r . 16 . 86 P l at e

ov. 1904 No. 125


-

m ho o f- B l u m er , t g r . 16 . 97

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


22/57

P l at e V I 2 .

M a y 19 1 2 N o . 10 7 3 g r .


no

d

t g r. 1 6. 90 P la te V I 3 .

16. 56.

theleftfield isthe

certaintetradrachmsyet

0 P l at e V I I 2 . T he

efamiliarcrescent No.5

, 1 -3 N o. 6 P la te V I 1 N o.

r st ar N o. 4 P la te I II 2 -3

tatedbefore theseareboth

ergamenetetradrachms

2 - 3 P l at e I I 1 . T h e

eleucus tetradrachmNo.

h e cr e sc en t o n th e Al e a n dr i ne

e I II 1 a s w el l — i n t he

asonthelater tetra-

P l at e V I I 1 - 2 .

umberofcomponent

symbols thenumerousdies

hteenreversediesare

manyspec imens twenty-three

ewasane tensiveoneand

ofatleast fiveorsi

thenumberwhichoriginallye isted.

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ctaloneprecludesthe

totheperiod ofPhile-

gthetriumphofSeleucus.

mmencedafter butpre-

Seleuc us death. The

posthumousissueneed

wofthef re uentocc urrenc e

ncoinsofthe Diadochi

newsoftheassassi-

etaerusapparentlyatonce

ywasto playinclosely

Asitsmost conspicuous

tthis distressing unc-

hathehadmoretogainthan

EvensomeoftheGreek

nion.40Pursuanttohis

f-B lumer whofirstsuggestedthis

ememberedthathe wasundertheim-

overednotonlythe actualrevoltof

esucceedingsevenmonthsofSeleucus

dmightevenhavec ontinued ashestates

rafewyearsaf terSeleuc us death. Imhoof -

umismatistnot tohavebeenfullyaware

inhisday ofknownspec imensandvarieties

derspointedtoacoinageofseveralyears

edhimfromrecogni ingtherealtruth

tthatthee istenceofcoinssuchasour

nknowntohim nordidhesensethefac t

aringSeleucus owntypes ourNos. 1

gnedto Pergamumforthesevenmonths

heearly Seleucidissueswillrevealseveral

ure.

seofSeleuc us V ol. I pp. 130-1.

Cf.theinscriptionfoundtherebySchlie-

5 DittenbergerI 156—C. I. A . 3595.

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madeoverturestoPtolemy

eleucus.Havingsecured

alc osttohimself hegave

ral andthenforwarded

eceremoniestoAntiochus.

uncturethattheSeleucid

dtoappear.Asstatedabove

imens ofmagistrates

hat theymusthavecon-

odofatleastfive orsi

huswase ertingal-

toholdtogetherhis

wasgraduallybringinga

soccasionedbyhis

. Theretookplac e sometimes

mesinrapidsuccession:

ere thewarwithPtolemy

edinapeacetreatywith

edisastrouscampaignof

thef ruitlesswarsw ith

rthernLeague Nico-

rac leia Calchedon B y an-

ttackbyPtolemyandtheopen-

ar thedevastating

theGallichordesand

Antiochuswonover

odPhiletaerus still

mandpossessorofits

. A. I l l p . 5 34 .

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psa uietbutsurelyanim-

leadingsub ec tandally

oc casion inoraround

tsuddenlytoc easec oiningthe

scribedaboveandtoin-

wandapparentlymore

A ETA IPO Y onr.

thenato1.oncurved

ble ? ) seatw itha

palmette

g

g r . 16 . 85 P l at e V H 1 .

as

t

d

ng

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a t k i ns C o ll . t g r . 16 . 41 .

C ol l. , t . Cf . Im ho of -

. 3 N o. 1 P la te I 2 .

o .4 4 8 = H i rs c h

N o . 23 1 P l at e

6 P la te V H 2 .

asSimilar butA thena s1.

supona

g e L e ak e C ol l . , , g r .

. Hell. Suppl. p.

oc . c it. p. 3 No. 3.

kenindescribing

andindicating

is.Actually

ticalobverse

erlin Imhoof -

g r . 16 . 66 P l at e V H

13 eb. 1935

lateX L III.

milar tothepreceding

y

N o . 31 P l at e V I I I 3 1

thebySale May

V I I I 1 5 , t g r.

c h Sa l e X I I N o v. 1 9 04 N o .2 3 2

I m ho o f- B l u m er

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


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P la te V m 1 . Cf .

i t. p . 4 N o . 4

6. 82. C f . Imhoof -

. 4 N o . 5.

tstateof theobversedie. London

s i a p . 1 1 4 N o . 2 7 ,

dstateof theobversedie whic h

c es , a B oston

g r . 16 . 88 . Cf .

arren p. 161 No.

/ S G l as g ow

I I p . 2 77 N o .4

I I 1 2 .

milar tothepreceding.

e X X X I M a y 19 1 2 N o .4 4 7

6 .7 8 P l at e V m 3 . Cf .

eetdeglypti ue

ues 1849 P late

oo f -B l u m e r l o c. t i t.

owever themonogram

oduced.

milar tothepreceding

no

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G r ee n e E g ge r S al e J a n. 1 9 08

, g r . 16 . 78 .

. M us . C at . M y s i a p .

X I II 1 2 , , g r .

. M us . Ca t . M y si a p .

g r. 1 6. 98 . 0 B r u ss el s

i C o ll . N a vi l le S a le I A pr . 1 92 1

P l aT E L X V I I .

, 2 .

N e we l l = P h il i ps e n Co l l. H i rs c h

9 09 N o .1 8 23 P l at e

C ol l . , t - g r .

P l a te L X , 3 .

Similartothepreceding

m-

C o ll . N a vi l l eS a le I A p r. 1 9 21 N o .

= E g g e r Sa l e

N o. 5 49 P la te X V I ,

spec imenof thisvariety intheB ompoia

S al e 1 8 82 N o . 14 1 7 g r . 16 . 92 . B u t a s t h e

simpossibletodeterminefromwhich

struck . Itc annotbeeitherthePo z i

sasitsweightis muchtoolow.

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nColl. IIl No.

B unburyColl.

896 No. 107

. Sotheby

. 994= ThomasColl.

4 N o . 20 0 0 , t

1 .

a l t o n Co l l. R e v. N u m. 1 9 09

t g r . 17 . 10

suesis identicalwiththat

hoof-Blumerand es-

ediesthemselves particu-

Theonly modification

o. 9 avarietyunknown

ustcomeattheheadofSeries

II 1 presentsasplendid

agedSeleucus.The

seisobviouslycopied

hus c f . P lateI 1-3

fersanimportantmodific ation

ed.Insteadofrestingher

plac edbehindher and

tretchedr. thegoddess

nd upontheshield hold-

undinfrontof her.

ac hus c oins A thena sspear

d withnovisiblesupport.

asalsoremovedany

forherleft elbow.At

nd 2 4 P l at e V I I 1 - 2 t h e

onlyaveryvaguelysug-

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ysupposedbackto the

more hiddenbythefolds

ysatisfactorysolutionof

nthereverseof thisf irst

sa crestedattic

tutinganewvarietyap-

rthefirst time.Thesub-

ngmoon inthee ergue

chhasappearedso

ingLysimachusand

um.

ingissue No.10

uestheuseof thesamesplendid

ithaslightrecuttingnotice-

ofhair directlyabovethe

brow.O nthenewreverse

t h e ar t is t h as r e co g ni e d t he

torypositionofthespear

ena slef tsidewhere

shoulderandis further-

herbentlef tarm. The

again thehelmeted

8 butalwaysfacing1.

ysymbolwaningmoon

easonNo. 9.

isc onnec tedw iththepre-

seofthe obversedie

morewornc ondition. O n

bolreplacesthehelmeted

thee erguethemonogram

precedingwaningmoon.

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detailsofthe reverse

thefirsttime.A tiny

ucedasamoreconvincing

telbow.Astrung bowalso

andfield.This bow

ds asanintegralpartof the

Philetairidissuesdownto

hesphin continuestodo

hereignofAttalusI

whenthemaintypeisonc emore

eldas asupporttothe

ustasithadbeeninL ysimachus

I I l a n i vy l e af r e -

nsasa conspicuous

ghouttherestofPhiletaerus

those ofhissuccessors

e connectionwiththe

ismaintainedbythec on-

ergualmonogram©. A

c utforthisissuegreatlyre-

r em a in d er X I V a n d X V ) a r e

Herethecheeksof

thoughtheoutlinesofthe

thehero slook is ifany-

e.

3 is c loselyassoc iatedw ith

seof theobversedieX IV ,

replacestheprevious

ue.

stillemploysanobversedie

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w hi le t wo n ew d ie s X V I a nd

pp e ar a nc e. D i e X V I P l at e

hgherreliefandisobv iously in-

eriesIII namelyX II.

dmorecarefullymodelled.

3 p r es e nt s a s ma l le r h ea d

heretofore thelocksof

hefeaturesmorecongested

cheekandbrowmorepro-

scarriedstillfurtheron

d X I X P l at e X , 1 - 2 o f

whereSeleuc usismadetoappear

too thepalmette

nedisappearscompletely

e monogramA which

tionon theissuesof

Eu m en e s I P l at e X , 3 .

llthe intervalbe-

ucidA le anders Nos.

ssuesofEumenesI P late

ringthetwenty-nineknown

sesevendistinctvarieties

verseandnineteenreverse

A le andersandtheirtwenty-

comprisingbutfivevarieties

erseandeighteenreverse

ssionthatNos.9-15covered

timethandidNos.4-8.

eswegrantaperiodof

rationof theircoinage

ustifiedinassigningthe

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disposal forthecoining

-15.This isadmittedly

ofascertainingthe

oissuesin uestion.

suggeststhatthedrasticchange

drine tosomethingmuc h

us apparentlyoccurred

he criticalperiodof

proposetofollowTarn s

onande planationof

ridgeAncientHistory

eJournalofHellenic Studies

55-62 ac c ordingtowhic hthe

rwere f irst thesudden

ptureof Damascusby

276 followedbyA nti-

er-attackandrecaptureof

of275Antiochus

ectedcontingentoffresh

recrossedtheTaurusand

s thusforthemoment

aMinor ofimminent

eturningtohissouthern

lannedtoinvadeEgyptin274

posedthatitwasatthis unc turethat

edhisgreaterindependencebyissuing

dvantageofAntiochus absenceinSyria.

to Philetaerusthat withtheGauls

tiochusina lifeanddeathstruggle

heSyriank ingdom sdayswerenumbered.

buthardlyprobableinviewof thematerial

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mefromCyrene.Every-

mpletefailureofthese

restsusat themoment

atprec isely in274B . C .

gallhisresourcesand

sionofEgypt itself.

angerousenterprise and

prev iousocc asions ended

especiallytriedand

sandAntigonus.Anti-

nowindeedhavebeen

st.An ietytobefree

andthesafetyofhisdo-

gthe progressofhis

whaveseriouslyoccu-

ectsolutiontothis

surely haveseemedtobe

ssistanc eor atleast the

mumwouldconstitutea

gainstpossibleforeign

orGallicirruptions.Incon-

onc essions ofwhichthenew

mbol mayhavebeen

eby Antiochus oreven

eruswhowasdoubtless

king sdilemma.Possibly

smatter.Notonlyhad heinheriteda

mSeleucus owingtomassdefectionsto

diatelyprecedingseriousdisasterin

bedbyTrogus Prolog.17 buttheyears

onstantwarsagainstCeraunus the

ithynian ingdom A ntigonus. and

hesuppressionofnumerousrebellions

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ceuntil thefollowing

bywhichtimeA ntioc hus ill

mpletefiascoattending

onfromthewestwere

atbetherealcase then

sowninitiativeinaugu-

morein consonancewith

hichheaspiredand which

tionnowfavored.The

ntiochusfoundhimself

rotestonhis part.

e—bythe presenceof

meonthereverse— clearly

practicalindependence

edsu eraintyofthe

pilymaintainedbythe

ndbytheportraitonthe

ucus.

etaerushis final

betterknowncoinagesof

3 w h os e s ig n al d e fe a t of

n262B .C.gavecomplete

amenestate.This

edbythenewcoinage

otunalteredintype tothe

elf.

aterialatour disposal

owthatthePergamene

ntystirringyearsfromcirca

somewhatmorevariedthanhas

ssuccessivechangesand

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

the pergamene mint under philetaerus / by edward t. newell

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