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The Perils of Agriculture(and their solutions)
Presentation by Richard Hoenisch
The Development of Plant Pathology
OR
Migration and the movement of humans, plants, and animals
2Image courtesy of Marius Christensen
Plant Importation
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With the Age of Explorationcame a keen interest inBotany. Plants were broughtTo Europe from all over theworld. Botanical gardensand private collectors viedwith each other for the largest and most exotic collections.
In 1865 alone, 460 tons of plants were imported into France,and by the 1890’s, the trade had grown to 2,000 tons. In 1875, 50 tons of vines were imported from the US.
Captain Bligh and Breadfruit
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Alexander von Humboldt
Sir Joseph Banks
Louis de BougainvilleCaptain James Cook
Engelbert Kaempfer
Early Plant Explorers
Asa Gray and Liberty Hyde Bailey
David Fairchild 1869 - 1954
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An American botanist and plant explorer. Fairchild was responsible for the introduction of more than 200,000 exotic plants and varieties of established crops into the United States, including soybeans, mangos, avocados, nectarines, dates, bamboos, and flowering cherries. Certain varieties of wheat, cotton, and rice became especially economically important.
The World Was My Garden (1938)
Gingko biloba
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Meteor 2017 Wikipedia
Kurt Stueber Wikipedia
Engelbert Kaempfer was the doctor with theDutch East India embassy to Japan in 1690.In 1691 he discovered Gingko biloba ina Buddhist monastery in Nagasaki. Hebrought seeds and planted them in thebotanical garden in Utrecht. The originaltree is still there. The species is approx.270 million years old.
Dawn Redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides
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Discovered in China in Modaoxi, Hubei, in 1943, in a temple courtyard, by Zhan Wang and identified by Wan Chun Cheng
http://arbresvenerables.free.fr
In 1948, the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard sent an expedition to bring back seeds and cuttingsof this “living fossil.” They distributed seeds and cuttings to universities and arboreta.
Plant a Plant – Get a Plant Pest
Photo USDA -ARS
This fungus has plagued wheat crops and the humanpopulations that depend on them for generations — theancient Romans even worshiped Robigus, the god of rust.Each spring they held the Robigalia festival and offeredsacrifice of a red dog so that he might spare their wheatthat year.
Wheat rust is not a new phenomenon. A rust epidemic in1916 destroyed 100 million bushels in the U.S. andCanada, and the last major North American episode in1954 destroyed 40 percent of the U.S. wheat crop.
Rusts of WheatPuccinia graminis f. sp. tritici
Ergot of Rye Claviceps purpurea Tul. 1853
Photos CPS
Luerssen
Ergotism – or St. Anthony’s Fire, was first mentioned in
857, and occurred sporadically through
the 19th century, when millingpractices were able to
separate out the diseased kernels
Late Blight of Potato 1845Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary
Photo USDA-ARS
Photo Cornell University
Phytophthora infestans can be traced to a valley inthe highlands of central Mexico. It was first noticedin the US, in Philadelphia, in 1843. It crossed theAtlantic ocean with a shipment of seed potatoesfor Belgium in 1845. Weather conditions in northernEurope were so wet between 1845 -1850 - perfectfor the fungus to flourish on potatoes.
America’s Deadly Gift to Europe
• Powdery Mildew 1847
• Phylloxera 1863
• Downey Mildew 1878
• Black Rot 1885
• In France alone, 6.2 million acres of grapevines were destroyed
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Pier Andrea Saccardo
Anton de BaryRev. M.J. Berkeley Robert Koch Louis Pasteur
The Microbe Hunters
Charles Valentine Riley Louis René Tulasne Pierre-Marie Millardet
Microbe Hunters – The Book
Microbe HuntersBy Paul de Kruif
1926
Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB)Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, 1824 - Coleoptera
Photo: USDA/Scott BauerPhoto: Richard Casagrande
Photo: W. Crenshaw
The CPB was a North American native beetle living on the east slope of the Rocky Mountains, feeding on a native solanaceous plant, Solanum rostratum. As the settlers advanced westwards, they planted potatoes. The CPB quickly found this a more nutritious hosts, and began to follow potato crops eastward, then made it to Europe in WWI, spreading quickly after WWII
Photo by Jerry Friedman
Buffalo Bur
Colorado Potato Beetle Spread
Map by Fritz Geller-Grimm
Photo: Estonian Institute of Agriculture
The CPB, once it met the potato,began a reproduction frenzy. The female can lay as many as 800 eggsin her lifetime. The eggs are laidin batches of 30 on the undersideof a leaf. The CPB populations wereso immense, that the beetles devastated crops, filled houses and buildings. They reached Germany in 1877, but were eradicated. Then…
Rocky Mountain LocustMelanoplus spretus Walsh 1866
1873 to 1877 - now extinctPhoto by Jim Conrad
Photo courtesy of University Cambridge
The habitat of the species was the high, drylands on the eastern slope of the northern Rocky Mountains. The species occurred at elevations of 2,000 to 10,000 ft. It was unable to survive in low, moist areas for more than one generation. It was once found in greatest abundance in prairie lands with annual rainfall of less than 25 inches. As settlers moved into its rangeduring the western migration, they planted mostly grains. The locusts would swarm outof the Rockies and destroy the crops and anything green. They were destroyed whenfarmers moved into their breeding grounds and destroyed the species by 1902. It is estimated that one swarm in 1874 covered approx. 198,000 square miles!
Rocky Mountain Locust Range
Copyright © 2010 public domain published 1877
Locust is from Latin, locus ustus, meaning "burnt place"
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Yue Jin
Black Stem Rust
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Black Stem Rust• Stem rust fungus is the most feared wheat disease
• Wind born
• Produces 100 billion urediospores per hectare
• Can destroy a crop of wheat in 3 weeks
• Outbreaks of stem rust hit North America in 1905, 1916, and 1953-1955
• Extensive USDA and CIMMYT resistance breeding
• 1999 in Uganda a new race appeared: Ug99
• Spread into Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Iran
21photos courtesy of the University of Hawaii
Uredospores 1N
Teliospores 1N
Basidiospores 1N(two mating types)to Berberis
Spermogonium(two mating types
Aecium 2N Aeciospores 2N (infects wheat)(sexual recombination)
Life Cycle of Puccinia graminis
Berberis Leaf
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Berberis vulgaris – BarberryAlternate host for Puccinia graminis
Albert Roodink
Wikipedia
Native to Eurasia
Brought to North America as a medicinal and culinary plant
Anton de Bary proved that it as the alternate host for cereal rusts in 1865
Berberis eradication programs in the US, including 2 native species
Includes genera:
Berberis Mahoniax Mahoberberis
over 500 species
Zereshk - Dried fruit of B. vulgaris, a much favored delicacy of Iran
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Berberis vulgaris
Barberry quarantine area of the United States
Barberry distribution in US & Canada
In 1920, the USDA Barberry eradication program began a farm to farm survey covering 750,000 sq miles. By 1933 over 18 million bushes had been destroyed. Canada began its program in the Prairies in 1910.
WY 1990
jaki good
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Uganda 99 Wheat Rust Epidemiology
1999 Uganda2001 Kenya
2003 Ethiopia
2007 Yemen
Cyclone Gonuhit the ArabianPeninsula on June 8, 2007
2008 Iran
IRAN 2008
NematodesAntonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 – 1723) first saw “eel worms”
with his original microscopes, which could magnify up to 275 X
Karl Rudolphi ( 1771 – 1832) and Otto Bütschli( 1848 – 1920) from Germany identified, catalogued, and described the hosts and life cycles of 1000 species. They
are considered the “Fathers of Nematology”
Nathan Cobb (1859 – 1932) studied nematology
at Jena, then worked with the USDA, traveling the world and compiling collections and literature, he
In turn trained Benjamin Chitwood (1907 -
1972), who worked extensively on both plant, animal, and human parasitic nematodes. He studied & developed treatment for Liliaceae bulb nematodes
Nematode Damage
Iowa State UniversitySoybean cyst nematode
Courtesy G.L. Tylk
Iowa State University
Iowa State University
Courtesy R.D. Riggs
Pratylenchus
Photo courtesy of UCD Nematology
Plant Viruses Discovered
Martinus Willem Beijerinck1851 –1931
Wageningen and Delft UniversitiesThe Founder of Virology
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)called it “contagium vivum fluidum”
TMV
Plant Viruses
Wendell Meredith Stanley 1904 – 1971 UC BerkeleyWith the English crystallographer Rosalind Franklin discovered the structure of plant viruses and the structure of the polio and influenza viruses.
TMV Polio Virus Influenza Virus
Virus Spread and Symptoms
INRA Avignon, France
Lettuce mosaic virus
INRA Avignon, France
Grapevine fanleaf virus
Aphids Whiteflies Mites Nematodes
Scottish Crop Research StationUF/IFAS
Squash Mosaic Virus
Cornell CE
Heredity to the Rescue
Gregor Mendel 1822- 1884demonstrated heritable traits
Hugo de Vries 1848 – 1935Defined the word “gene”
Walter Sutton 1877-1916
Theodor Boveri 1862 – 1915both observed chromosomes
dividing and recombining
Notable Plant BreedersJohn Garton in England – First hybrid grains and vegetables – early 1900sNazareno Strampelli in Italy – high performing hybrid wheat varieties 1900 onwardsLuther Burbank in the US – hybrid fruit and flowers – 1880s – 1920s Norman Borlaug 1950s to 2000s
New Molecular Toolsor
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)1973 – first recombinant bacteria – E. coli with a Salmonella gene1978 – E. coli with insulin gene – mass manufacturing of insulin
(Genentech)
Transgenic Plants:Tolerant of glyphosphate (Roundup) corn and soybeansCorn with Bacillus thuringiensis gene ( Monsanto)Resistant to Papaya Ringspot Virus ( Dennis Gonsalves)Golden Rice ( high in vitamin C) - ( IRRI )
John McHugh
The Future
1999 6 billion
2006 6.5 billion
2009 6.8 billion
2011 7 billion
2025 8 billion
2050 9.4 billion
World Population Growth
Science, Education, Teaching, and Agriculture
Solutions?