The Peripheral Nervous The Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem

Facts about the PNSFacts about the PNS

All nerves that are not encased in All nerves that are not encased in bone.bone.

Everything but the brain and spinal Everything but the brain and spinal cord.cord.

Is divided into two Is divided into two categories….categories….somaticsomatic and and autonomicautonomic..

Video

Somatic Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous System

Controls voluntary Controls voluntary muscle movement.muscle movement.

Uses motor Uses motor (efferent) neurons.(efferent) neurons.

Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous SystemSystem

Controls the Controls the automatic automatic functions of the functions of the body.body.

Divided into two Divided into two categories…the categories…the sympatheticsympathetic and and the the parasympatheticparasympathetic

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Sympathetic Nervous Sympathetic Nervous SystemSystem

Fight or Flight Fight or Flight Response.Response.

Automatically Automatically accelerates heart accelerates heart rate, breathing, rate, breathing, dilates pupils, slows dilates pupils, slows down digestion.down digestion.

Parasympathetic Nervous Parasympathetic Nervous SystemSystem

Automatically Automatically slows the body slows the body down after a down after a stressful event.stressful event.

Heart rate and Heart rate and breathing slow breathing slow down, pupils down, pupils constrict and constrict and digestion speeds digestion speeds up.up.

What happens in What happens in Fight/Flight?Fight/Flight?

What happens after?What happens after?

ReflexesReflexes

Normally, sensory Normally, sensory (afferent) neurons (afferent) neurons take info up through take info up through spine to the brain.spine to the brain.

Some reactions occur Some reactions occur when sensory when sensory neurons reach just neurons reach just the spinal cord.the spinal cord.

Survival adaptation.Survival adaptation.

GeneticsGenetics

…….our blueprint for life.our blueprint for life

General information:General information:

All physical and some personality All physical and some personality traits are determined by our genes.traits are determined by our genes.

Identical twins reared apart are Identical twins reared apart are ideal for studying genetic make up ideal for studying genetic make up versus the effects of environment. versus the effects of environment. (nature vs. nurture.)(nature vs. nurture.)

Genes are all pervasive, but not all Genes are all pervasive, but not all powerfulpowerful

Did you know?Did you know?

There exists a real genetic disorder that makes individuals smell like rotting fish.

Its called Its called TrimethylaminuriaTrimethylaminuria (TMAU) (TMAU)

List of genetic disordersList of genetic disorders

Building blocks of us…Building blocks of us…

Genes are passed down from parent to Genes are passed down from parent to child.child.

23 chromosomes from mother via egg.23 chromosomes from mother via egg. 23 chromosomes from father via sperm.23 chromosomes from father via sperm. Chromosomes are made up of DNA.Chromosomes are made up of DNA. DNA is made of genes.DNA is made of genes. Genes are made of nucleotides.Genes are made of nucleotides. 4 Nucleotides symbolized by letters 4 Nucleotides symbolized by letters

A,T,C,G.A,T,C,G.

Did you know…Did you know…

Humans are 99.4% identical – Humans are 99.4% identical – only .1% of our genetic makeup only .1% of our genetic makeup differs.differs.

Genetic Factors…Genetic Factors…

Dominant v. Recessive TraitsDominant v. Recessive Traits The 23 chromosomes taken from each The 23 chromosomes taken from each

parent form pairs and determine many parent form pairs and determine many traits like hair and eye color. traits like hair and eye color.

If either parent contributes a dominate If either parent contributes a dominate trait that will be expressed.trait that will be expressed.

If both parents contribute a recessive If both parents contribute a recessive gene, the trait will be expressed. gene, the trait will be expressed.

Did you know…Did you know…

If the total DNA in one person were If the total DNA in one person were laid in a straight line, it would laid in a straight line, it would stretch to the sun and back over 600 stretch to the sun and back over 600 timestimes

Dominant v. Recessive Dominant v. Recessive TraitsTraits

List onlineList online Man with attached earlobe (left) Man with attached earlobe (left)

and man with free earlobe and man with free earlobe (right).(right).

Woman with widow's peak (left) Woman with widow's peak (left) and woman with no widow's peak and woman with no widow's peak (right).(right).

Incomplete List of Incomplete List of Dominant TraitsDominant Traits

Eye coloringEye coloring brown brown eyeseyes

VisionVision farsightedness farsightednessnormal visionnormal vision

HairHair dark hair dark hairnon-red hairnon-red haircurly haircurly hairfull head of hairfull head of hairwidow's peakwidow's peak

Facial featuresFacial features dimples dimplesunattached earlobesunattached earlobesfrecklesfrecklesbroad lipsbroad lips

AppendagesAppendages extra extra digitsdigitsfused digitsfused digitsshort digitsshort digitsfingers lack 1 jointfingers lack 1 jointlimb dwarfinglimb dwarfingclubbed thumbclubbed thumbdouble-jointednessdouble-jointedness

Why are twins so special?Why are twins so special?

Two types of twins: Two types of twins: Fraternal (dyzygotic)Fraternal (dyzygotic)

Develop from separate eggsDevelop from separate eggs Different genotype (no more similar than non twin siblings)Different genotype (no more similar than non twin siblings)

Identical (monozygotic)Identical (monozygotic) Develop from same egg and spermDevelop from same egg and sperm Same genotype, different phenotypeSame genotype, different phenotype

Phenotype is the interaction of heredity and Phenotype is the interaction of heredity and environment that causes observable characteristics.environment that causes observable characteristics.

Genotype is the genetic constitution of an Genotype is the genetic constitution of an individual.individual.

TwinsTwins Best way to really Best way to really

study genetics study genetics because they come because they come from the same zygote.from the same zygote.

Bouchard StudyBouchard Study .69 Correlational .69 Correlational

coefficient for IQ tests coefficient for IQ tests of identical twins of identical twins raised apart.raised apart.

.88 raised together..88 raised together.

HeritabilityHeritability

HeritabilityHeritability ““difference among people”difference among people” Def: the extent to which variation Def: the extent to which variation

among individuals can be attributed among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes. to their differing genes.

How are traits How are traits expressed?expressed?

The Punnett square shows every The Punnett square shows every possible combination when combining possible combination when combining one maternal DNA with one paternal one maternal DNA with one paternal DNA. DNA.

Assume both organisms have the Assume both organisms have the genotype genotype BbBb. They can produce gametes . They can produce gametes that contain either the that contain either the BB or or bb DNA. DNA.

The probability of an individual offspring The probability of an individual offspring having the genotype having the genotype BBBB is 25%, is 25%, BbBb is is 50%, and 50%, and bbbb is 25%. is 25%.

Genotype v. PhenotypeGenotype v. Phenotype

https://www.youtube.com/watch?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLVulUy7T7E v=NLVulUy7T7E

Genotype is ______________Genotype is ______________ Phenotype is ______________Phenotype is ______________

Draw your own Punnett Draw your own Punnett Square for the earlobe Square for the earlobe example in the video.example in the video.

The Genetic RevolutionThe Genetic Revolution

Scientists have mapped the human Scientists have mapped the human genome.genome.

See See http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/chooser.shtmlchooser.shtml

Consider the following questions in Consider the following questions in groups of 4:groups of 4:

If it were possible, would If it were possible, would you want to take a test you want to take a test

telling you which telling you which diseases you are likely to diseases you are likely to suffer from later in life? suffer from later in life?

Why?Why?

If you or your spouse If you or your spouse were pregnant, would were pregnant, would

you want to unborn child you want to unborn child tested for genetic tested for genetic

defects? Why?defects? Why?

Do you think it should be Do you think it should be legal for employers to legal for employers to use genetic testing in use genetic testing in

deciding whom to hire?deciding whom to hire?Why?Why?

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology

Focus mostly on what makes us so Focus mostly on what makes us so much alike as humans.much alike as humans. Natural Selection is used as a Natural Selection is used as a

cornerstone to understand the roots of cornerstone to understand the roots of behavior and mental processes. behavior and mental processes.

Fundamental foundation Fundamental foundation to Modern Psychologyto Modern Psychology