the peter martyr library volume six commentary ......rashi rashi’s commentary on lamentations as...

i

The Peter Martyr LibraryVolume Six

Commentary

on the

Lamentations

of the

Prophet Jeremiah

PML6.book Page i Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Editors of the Peter Martyr Library, Series One

General Editors

John Patrick Donnelly, S.J., Frank A. James III, Joseph C. McLelland

Editorial Committee

W. J. Torrance Kirby, William J. Klempa, Paula Presley, Robert V. Schnucker

Editorial Board

Irena Backus

Institut d’histoire de la RéformationUniversité de Genève

Peter S. Bietenholz

University of Saskatchewan

Fritz Büsser

Institut für SchweizerReformationsgeschichte, Zurich

Richard C. Gamble

Reformed Theological Seminary

Robert M. Kingdon

Institute for Research in the HumanitiesUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison

John H. Leith

Union Theological Seminary of Virginia

Diarmaid MacCullough

St. Cross College, Oxford University

Michael Percival-Maxwell

McGill University, Montreal

Alister E. McGrath

Wycliffe HallOxford University

John McIntyre

University of Edinburgh

H. Wayne Pipkin

Associated Mennonite BiblicalSeminaries, Elkhart, Indiana

Jill Raitt

University of Missouri, Columbia

Pamela D. Stewart

McGill University, Montreal

John Tedeschi

University of Wisconsin–Madison

Thomas F. Torrance

University of Edinburgh

John Vissers

The Presbyterian College, Montreal

Cesare Vasoli

Università di Firenze

PML6.book Page ii Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Title Page

Commentary on the Lamentations

The Peter Martyr LibraryVolume Six

Peter Martyr VermigliTranslated and Edited with Introduction and Notes

by Daniel Shute

VOLUME LVSIXTEENTH CENTURY ESSAYS & STUDIES

KIRKSVILLE, MISSOURI USA u 2002

of

the

Prophet

Jeremiah

Copyright © 2002 by Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri 63501 U.S.A. All rightsreserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any informationstorage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in theUnited States of America. The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American

National Standard—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48 (1984).

Cover Art and Title Page by Teresa Wheeler, Truman State University DesignerPrinted by Thomson-Shore, Dexter, Michigan, USA

Text is set in ITC Stone Serif 10/13; display in Morris Ornaments

This book has been brought to publicationwith the generous support of

Priscilla and Stanford Reid Trustfor Reformed and Presbyterian

Theological Education in Canada

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataVermigli, Pietro Martire, 1499–1562.[In Lamentationes sanctissimi Ieremiae prophetae commentarium.

English]Commentary on the Lamentations of the prophet Jeremiah / Peter

Martyr Vermigli ; translated and edited, with introduction andnotes by Dan Shute.

p. cm. — (Sixteenth century essays & studies ; v. 55) (The PeterMartyr library ; ser. 1, v. 6)

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.ISBN 0–943549–64–7 (alk. paper)

1. Bible. O.T. Lamentations—Commentaries—Early works to1800. I. Shute, Dan (Daniel John), 1949– II. Title. III. Series.BS1535.3.V4713 2002224'.307dc21 2002006448

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v

Contents

Abbreviations Used in This Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Type Conventions Used in This Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

Translator’s Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Commentary on the Lamentations of the Prophet Jeremiah . . . . . . . . 3

Alphabet, or Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Alef, or Verse 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Bet, or Verse 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Gimel, or Verse 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Dalet, or Verse 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17He, or Verse 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Vav, or Verse 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Zain, or Verse 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Het,

or Verse 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Tet, or Verse 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Yod, or Verse 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Kaf, or Verse 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Lamed, or Verse 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Mem, or Verse 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Nun, or Verse 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Samekh, or Verse 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Ayin, or Verse 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Pe, or Verse 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Tzade, or Verse 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Qof, or Verse 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Resh, or Verse 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Shin, or Verse 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Tav, or Verse 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Alphabet, or Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Alef, or Verse 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

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Bet, or Verse 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Gimel, or Verse 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Dalet, or Verse 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76He, or Verse 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Vav, or Verse 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Zain, or Verse 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Het, or Verse 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Tet, or Verse 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Yod, or Verse 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Kaf, or Verse 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Lamed, or Verse 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Mem, or Verse 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Nun, or Verse 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Samekh, or Verse 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Ayin, or Verse 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Pe, or Verse 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Tzade, or Verse 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Qof, or Verse 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Resh, or Verse 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Shin, or Verse 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Tav, or Verse 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Alphabet, or Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Alef. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Bet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Gimel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112Dalet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Vav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Zain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Het . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Tet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Yod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Kaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Lamed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Mem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Nun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Samekh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Pe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Ayin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

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Tzade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Qof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Resh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Shin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Tav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Alphabet, or Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Alef, or Verse 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Beth, or Verse 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Gimel, or Verse 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Dalet, or Verse 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156He, or Verse 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Vav, or Verse 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Zain, or Verse 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Het, or Verse 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Tet, or Verse 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Yod, or Verse 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Kaf, or Verse 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Lamed, or Verse 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Mem, or Verse 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Nun, or Verse 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Samekh, or Verse 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Pe, or Verse 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Ayin, or Verse 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Tzade, or Verse 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Qof, or Verse 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Resh, or Verse 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Shin, or Verse 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Tav, or Verse 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Chapter 5, or the Prayer of Jeremiah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Verse 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Verse 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Verse 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Verse 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Verse 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Verse 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Verse 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Verse 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Verse 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Verse 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Verse 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Verse 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

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Verse 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Verse 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Verse 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Verse 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Verse 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Verse 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Verse 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Verse 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Verse 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Verse 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Scripture References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

About the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

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ix

Abbreviations Used in This Volume

ABD

Anchor Bible Dictionary

. Ed. David Noel Freedman. NewYork: Doubleday, 1992.

ANF

Ante-Nicene Fathers

. Ed. Alexander Roberts and JamesDonaldson. New York: Scribners, 1925.

BAGD Walter Bauer.

A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament

and Other Early Christian Literature

. Ed. and trans. WilliamF. Arndt, F. Wilbur Gingrich, Frederick W. Danker. Chi-cago: University of Chicago, 1979.

BDB Wilhelm Gesenius.

A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old

Testament

. Ed. Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, Charles A.Briggs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968.

BHS

Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia

. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstif-tung, 1977.

BIB

A Bibliography of the Writings of Peter Martyr Vermigli.

JohnPatrick Donnelly and Robert M. Kingdon, with MarvinW. Anderson. Kirksville, Mo.: Sixteenth Century JournalPublishers, 1990.

CBTEL

Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature.

Ed. John McClintock and James Strong. 1867–82.CCCM

Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis.

CP

Common Places of Peter Martyr Vermigli.

“Translated andpartly gathered” by Anthony Marten. London, 1583.

CR

Corpus Reformatorum.

Ed. Karl Gottlieb and Heinrich ErnstBinseil. Halle, 1834–.

CSEL

Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum

.DBI

Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation.

Ed. John H. Hayes. 1999.DCB

Dictionary of Christian Biography.

Ed. William Smith andHenry Wace. 1877.

DEL

Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin

. Ed. Leo F. Stelton. l995.DIAL

Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ.

Translated and editedby J. P. Donnelly. Peter Martyr Library, 2. Kirksville, Mo.:Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1995.

EncJud

Encyclopaedia Judaica.

1972.ET English translation.Even-Shoshan

A New Concordance of the Bible

. Ed. Abraham Even-Shoshan.Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer, 1991.

PML6.book Page ix Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

x

Abbreviations

GKC

Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar

. Ed. E. Kautzsch and A. E. Cow-ley. Trans. A. E. Cowley. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910.

HALOT

The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament.

Ed.Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner. Trans. M. E. J.Richardson. 1994–2000.

Hillers,

Lam.

Hillers, Delbert R.

Lamentations: A New Translation with

Introduction and Commentary

, 2d ed. Anchor Bible 7A.New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Ibn Ezra The first section of Ibn Ezra’a commentary on Lamenta-tions as found in the 1525 Bomberg Bible.

Jastrow

A Dictionary of the Targumin, the Talmud Babli and Yerush-

almi, and the Midrashto Lituraturo,

comp. Marcus Jastrow.1950.

JE

The Jewish Encyclopedia.

1901–1906. Jerome The Vulgate translation of the Bible; Lamentations Vulgate

as found in Conrad Pellican’s

Commentaria Bibliorum.

KJV Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible.Lam. Rab.

Midrash Rabbah

. Ed. H. Freedman and Maurice Simon. Lon-don: Soncino, 1939.

LC

Loci Communes of Peter Martyr Vermigli.

London: R. Masson,1576. 3 vols. Basle: P. Perna, 1580–82.

LLS

Life, Letters and Sermons.

Trans. and ed. John Patrick Don-nelly. Peter Martyr Library, 5. Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jef-ferson [Truman State] University Press, 1994.

LSF

A Latin Dictionary Founded on Andrew’s Edition of Freund’s

Latin Dictionary

. Ed. Charlton Lewis and Charles Short.1962.

LSJs

A Greek-English Lexicon

. Comp. Henry George Liddell andRobert Scott; rev. ed., Henry Stuart Jones. 1986.

LXX Septuagint.MT Masoretic text of the Bible.Münster,

Heb. Bib.

Sebastian Münster.

Hebraica Biblia Latina

. Basle, 1534–35. NLG

Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar.

Ed. J. B. Green-ough et al. New Rochelle: Caratzas, 1992.

NPNF

1

A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the

Christian Church.

Ed. Philip Schaff. New York: Scribners,1886–89.

NPNF

2

A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the

Christian Church.

2d Series. Ed. Philip Schaff. New York:Christian Literature Co., 1890–1900.

NRSV New Revised Standard Version of the Bible.

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xi

OCD

Oxford Classical Dictionary.

Ed. N. G. L. Hammond and H. H.Scullard. 2d ed. 1970.

ODCC

Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church

. Ed. F. L. Cross andE. A. Livingston. 3d ed. 1997.

OLD

Oxford Latin Dictionary.

Ed. P. G. W. Glare. 1992.OTD

The Oxford Treatise and Disputation on the Eucharist

, trans.and ed. Joseph C. McLelland. Kirksville, Mo.: TrumanState University Press, 2000.

Pagnini Santi Pagnini’s “new translation” of Scripture:

Biblia

. Lyons,1528.

Perush The second part of the Lamentations commentary of “IbnEzra” in the 1525 Bomberg Bible.

PG

Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca

. Ed. J. P. Migne.Paris, 1857–.

PL

Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Latina

. Ed. J. P. Migne.Paris, 1844–.

PML Peter Martyr Library, series 1 (followed by vol. no.).PW

Philosophical Works: On the Relation of Philosophy to Theology,

trans. and ed. Joseph C. McLelland. Peter Martyr Library,4. Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jefferson [Truman State] Uni-versity Press, 1996)

Rashi Rashi’s commentary on Lamentations as found in the 1525Bomberg Bible.

RSV Revised Standard Version of the Bible.ST Thomas Aquinas.

Summa theologiae

. Cambridge: Blackfriars,1963–81.

STS Thomas Aquinas.

Summa theologica

. Vol. 3, Containing Sup-plement QQ. 1–99. New York: Benziger Brothers, 1948.

Targum The Targum of Lamentations: Aramaic text in the 1525Bomberg Bible and the English translation, Étan Levine.

The Aramaic Version of Lamentations

. New York: HermonPress, 1976.

WO’C Bruce K. Waltke and M. O’Connor.

An Introduction to Biblical

Hebrew Syntax

. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990.

PML6.book Page xi Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

xii

xii

Type Conventions Used in This Volume

The translation of Martyr’s exposition is set in plain serif type (asis this paragraph).

Typefaces that identify sources within Martyr’s translation of theMasoretic Text verses are identified as follows:

Typefaces that identify sources in the footnotes are:

serif small capitals . . . . . . . . . . Vulgate translation

sans-serif small caps obliqued. . Münster’s trans. of Vulgate

semi-sans serif . . . . . . . . . . . Pagnini’s trans. copied by Münster

condensed sans-serif

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pagnini’s trans. not copied by Münster

serif italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Translation from none of these sources; probably Martyr himself

sans serif small caps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jewish/premodern sources

SANS SERIF LARGE CAPS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SCRIPTURE QUOTES WITHIN FOOTNOTES

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xiii

xiii

Acknowledgments

In a more primitive form this translation of Peter Martyr Vermigli’scommentary on Lamentations was part of my doctoral dissertationwritten under the direction of Dr. Joseph C. McLelland, the foundingeditor of the Peter Martyr Library. Professor McLelland made it possiblefor me to be assisted by two skilled language experts. Dr. Natalie Polzerof the Faculty of Religious Studies of McGill University led me line byline through the sometimes obscure medieval Hebrew of the BombergBible commentators. Mr. Leszek Wysocki of the McGill ClassicsDepartment patiently corrected the dissertation stage of my transla-tion and alerted me to classical allusion that I would otherwise havemissed. Finally Professor John Patrick Donnelly, S.J., of Marquette Uni-versity made a word-for-word check of a revision of my dissertationtranslation. The following scholars read through part or all of my dis-sertation and gave invaluable criticisms: Professor Gerald Hobbs ofVancouver School of Theology; the late Professor Edward Furcha of theMcGill Faculty of Religious Studies; Professor Barry Levy, then ofMcGill Jewish Studies, now the dean of the McGill Faculty of ReligiousStudies.

Ronald Finegold, reference librarian of the Jewish Public Library ofMontreal, and Professor Lawrence Kaplan of the McGill Jewish StudiesDepartment answered many questions for me. I must also mention thepatience and generosity of librarians and curators who obtained for meso many texts: David J. Wartluft, director of Krauth Memorial Library ofLutheran Theological Seminary; Cheryl Jaffee, curator of the Jacob M.Lowy Collection of the National Library of Canada; Tom Amos of theHoughton Library of Harvard University; Terrance L. Dinovo, curator ofthe Lutheran Brotherhood Foundation Reformation Research Libraryof Luther Seminary. Jutta Benfey, German tutor for the McGill Facultyof Religious Studies, and Dr. Herre de Groot, formerly professor ofAnglo-Saxon at the University of Montreal, helped me through severalGerman texts. Most recently Professor Torrance Kirby of McGill Facultyof Religious Studies read through my introduction to Martyr’s Lamen-tations commentary and made constructive criticisms. I gratefullyacknowledge the Reid Trust's generous support, which, among other

PML6.book Page xiii Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

xiv

Acknowledgments

things, made possible both the computer hardware and software usedin writing this book. Were Peter Martyr still among us, he would remindme that the completion of this project was due not only to the efforts ofthose mentioned above but also to the sheer grace of God.

PML6.book Page xiv Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

xv

xv

Commentary on the Lamentations

of the Prophet Jeremiah

Translator’s Introduction

Peter Martyr Lectures from a Rabbinic Bible

In 1542 Peter Martyr Vermigli, a refugee from Catholic Italy, arrived inStrasbourg and found work in Martin Bucer’s academy as a lecturer onthe Old Testament. Martyr began teaching first the Minor Prophetsand then Lamentations. An able Hebraist, he found so many of his stu-dents already knew Hebrew that he lectured on the Hebrew text; in anearlier period of the Christian church, Martyr would have had no suchstudents, since knowledge of Hebrew among Christians was restrictedto a few specialists.

1

In his classroom, Martyr moved consciously awayfrom the fanciful, often allegorical, exegesis of the Middle Ages andtoward the newer, more philological methods of interpretation devel-oped by Renaissance humanists; that is, he sought the most correcttext available and its original meaning. The Old Testament text that heused was a so-called Rabbinic Bible, a Hebrew-Aramaic text surroundedby the commentary of medieval Jewish grammarians such as Rashi andIbn Ezra.

2

These grammarians had, in their own scholarly communi-ties, introduced philological exegesis almost half a millennium earlier.Martyr expected his Christian students to follow him when he cited oralluded to the Jewish grammarians’ discussions of difficult points inthe Hebrew text.

1

In a letter to his former congregation at Lucca, written soon after his arrival inStrasbourg, Martyr writes: “Because many in this academy know Hebrew, I expound theHebrew text in Latin.” See LLS, 98; hereafter Donnelly’s translation of this early biogra-phy is referred to as, Simler, LLS. Simler first published

Oratio de vita & obitu …Petri Mar-

tyris Vermilii

in 1563. For Hebraism as an elistist phenomenon, see Jerome Friedman,

The

Most Ancient Testimony: Sixteenth-Century Christian-Hebraica in the Age of Renaissance Nos-

talgia

(Athens: Ohio University Press, 1983), 13–14.

2

For a fuller description of this Bible and Martyr’s personal copy of it, see “The Rab-binic (Bomberg) Bibles,” p. xxvi below.

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xvi

Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah

Taken in isolation, Martyr’s lecturing from a Rabbinic Bible seemsastonishing; nonetheless there were more than a few precedents forsuch Hebraism in the Latin Church, particularly during the three hun-dred years that preceded him, and more particularly between 1512 and1542. The bulk of this introduction will lay the foundation for under-standing Martyr’s Scripture commentary and its Hebraism by surveyinghow Martyr inherited the following: Christian Hebraism from Jerome,early Jewish Scripture interpretation from the church fathers (espe-cially Jerome) and from Rashi, Jewish philology from late medieval andRenaissance scholars, the great Rabbinic Bible from Jewish and Catho-lic scholars of his own century, and Renaissance Catholic and Protes-tant Hebraism from his contemporaries. Once we understand thislegacy of Hebraism, we shall then look at Martyr’s ability as a Hebraist,his community of Scripture interpreters, his Lamentations commen-tary in the context of his other lectures on Scripture, and the character-istics of his Scripture commentary in general. Finally we will considerthe enduring value of his Lamentations lectures.

Martyr’s Inheritance of Christian Hebraism from Jerome

While Hebraism was firmly entrenched in the Latin Church by Mar-tyr’s time, things had not started out that way. The early church hadlost Hebrew as a sacred tongue when its membership became predomi-nantly Gentile, and examples of Hebraism among the fathers are few.

3

The early church’s Bible was the standard Greek translation, the Septu-agint (LXX), which was also the source for the Old Testament portion

3

DCB, s.v. “Hebrew Learning among the Fathers.” There were two Gentile Hebra-ists apart from Jerome: Dorotheus, who was martyred during Diocletian’s persecution(Eusebius

Hist. eccl.

7.32, PG 20:722; NPNF

2

1:317); an Arian priest of the early fifth cen-tury named Timothy (Socrates

Hist. eccl.

7.6, PG 67:747; NPNF

2

2:156), and Origen, who inspite of the fact that he copied or caused to be copied every word of the Hebrew Bible intohis

Hexapla,

knew very little Hebrew. See the confused study of the Hebrew word for Pass-over that Origen presents in his

Treatise on the Passover,

trans. and ed. Robert J. Daly, An-cient Christian Writers, 54 (New York: Paulist Press, 1992), 27. John A. McGuckin, “Origenon the Jews,” in

Christianity and Judaism: Papers Read at the 1991 Summer Meeting and the

1992 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical Historical Society,

ed. Diana Wood (Cambridge,Mass.: Blackwell, 1992), 8, affirms that Origen’s knowledge of Hebrew was minimal. Thechurch fathers Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, and Chrysostom taught that the Jews corruptedthe Hebrew Bible to fit their doctrine. See Andrew Charles Skinner, “

Veritas Hebraica:

Christian Attitudes toward the Hebrew Language in the High Middle Ages” (Ph.D. diss.,University of Denver, 1986), 41–75.

PML6.book Page xvi Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Translator’s Introduction

xvii

of the Old Latin Bible.

4

The man responsible for the recovery of theHebrew text as authoritative for the Latin Church was Jerome, thechurch father whom Martyr cites more frequently than others, saveAugustine, Chrysostom, and possibly Ambrose.

5

Jerome is the onlycompetent early church Hebraist of non-Jewish origin whose writingshave survived in any quantity. An able philologist, he defended stri-dently his decision to return to “the Hebrew truth” as he retranslatedthe Old Testament into Latin. In so doing, he set his shoulder againstthe wheel of three centuries of Christian tradition. In a process not dis-similar to the gradual acceptance of the King James Version of the Bibleas the standard English translation, Jerome’s version (the Vulgate)eventually became the common Bible of the Latin Church. Since “theHebrew truth” was the source of correct translation, Hebrew wasaccorded the status of a sacred tongue.

6

When Latin Church scholars ofthe Middle Ages did original language exegesis, they were more likely towork from the Hebrew Bible than from the Greek Testament.

7

Renais-sance and Reformation scholars, to obviate the encrustation of centu-ries of Christian tradition around the Vulgate, drew from the samespring—the Hebrew Bible—as had Jerome. The Vulgate simultaneously

4

William McKane,

Selected Christian Hebraists

(Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1989), 1.

5

John Patrick Donnelly,

Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli’s Doctrine of Man

and Grace (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1976), 34.6Francis J. Thomson, “SS. Cyril and Methodius and a Mythical Western Heresy: Tri-

lingualism: A Contribution to the Study of Patristic and Medieval Theories of Sacred Liter-ature,” Analecta Bollandiana 110 (1992): 79 ff., esp. 86 n. 132. Of course, Jerome’s newtranslation, based as it was on the Hebrew text of the Jews, met with stiff resistance.Jerome’s contemporary, Augustine, while at first cool toward Jerome’s project, later en-dorsed it. Augustine, in his a.d. 396 work, De doctrina Christiana (2.15, PL 54:45–46, NPNF1

2:542), favors the Septuagint over the Hebrew. Jerome produced the Vulgate a.d. 391–406.Augustine, De civitate Dei (completed a.d. 427), acknowledges the priority of the Hebrewtext (15.13, PL 41:452–54; NPNF1 2:294–95; 18.42–43, PL 41:602–4; NPNF1 2:385–86).

7This was partly due to the inaccessibility of Greek. The Byzantine Empire main-tained a presence only in southern Italy, and even that was lost in the eleventh century.Irish Celtic scholars kept the knowledge of Greek alive until their communities were dev-astated by Norse invasions. While Greek was little known, and the Byzantines were fearedand hated, there were scattered Jewish communities in Europe, and Christian scholarscould and did have recourse to them for knowledge of the Hebrew text. See Beryl Smallie,The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages, 2d ed. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1952), 360–62. Inspite of a theoretical veneration of the Hebrew text, no pre-twelfth-century medievalscholar of Gentile origin has yet been discovered who could read Hebrew fluently. SeeFriedman, The Most Ancient Testimony, 13–14; and Skinner, “Veritas Hebraica: Christian At-titudes,” esp. chap. 2, “The Early Church and ‘God’s Language,’” and chap. 3, “Veritas He-

braica: Jerome and Beyond.”

PML6.book Page xvii Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

xviii Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah

obscured the Hebrew text and drew Latin scholars toward it. When theReformers sought a standard of authority to set against Catholicism’smagisterium, they went back to the Scriptures, which, in the case of theOld Testament, led them, as Latins, to the Hebrew text.

On the whole, Jerome the translator was an immense help to phi-lologists, such as Martyr, who came after him. Jerome the commentatoris another matter. Jerome learned Hebrew from Jews who had not yetanalyzed their language scientifically, and he himself held certain ideasabout the interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures that were anythingbut philologically sound. In particular Jerome had the idea that themeaning of alphabetical acrostics in the Hebrew Bible was governed bythe mystical meaning of the letter—a notion he probably inheritedfrom Eusebius.8 I coin the term “letterish” to describe this interpretivemethod. The first four chapters of Lamentations are alphabetical acros-tics; the Septuagint and Jerome’s Vulgate begin each verse or sectionwith the name of a Hebrew letter. Sometime after the death of Jeromean unknown commentator apparently took Jerome’s notion of letterishinterpretation and produced a commentary on the first chapter of Lam-entations.9 This pseudo-Jerome work was the only Lamentations com-mentary of supposedly patristic origins available to the Latin westbefore the modern era. Thus it was the starting point for expoundingLamentations until scholars such as Erasmus exposed its pseudonymityand discredited its interpretive methods.10 This work is not lengthy; it

8In a letter to one of his better-known disciples, Paula, Jerome follows up on a lessonhe had given her on the alphabetical Psalm 119. DomenicoVallarsi’s careful editing of thisletter is reprinted in PL 20:441–45; also Sancti Eusebi Hieronymi Epistulae (eps. 1–70), ed.I. Hilberg, CSEL 54 (Vindobonae: F. Tempsky, 1910). There is no ET. Eusebius apparentlyderived these definitions from someone whose first language was Greek, maybe from a lostwork of Origen or Philo (Eusebius Praep. ev. 10.5, PG 21:787–90.) The interpretation of thedalet [d] as “tablet” is a calque, or transposition, of the Greek delta [D] for “tablet”: see PL22:443 n. b. Nor are Jerome’s Hebrew etymologies always accurate: see Dennis Brown, Vir

Trilinguis: A Study in the Biblical Exegesis of Saint Jerome (Kampen: Kok, 1992), 74–78.9There is no modern critical text for it. Migne, In Lamentationes Jeremiae, PL

25:787–92, merely reprinted Domenico Vallarsi’s of 1734–42. See ODCC, s.v. “Vallarsi.”10For an enumeration of premodern commentaries on Lamentations, see CBTEL,

s.v. “Lamentations, Book of.” In fact, very little patristic commentary on Lamentationssurvived the ruin of the ancient world, and none of that was in Latin; see Origen, Scholia

(in Greek); Ephrem Syrus, Explicatio (in Syriac); and Theodore, Interpretatio (in Greek). Theeditio princeps of Theodoret’s work came in 1642, and Origen’s Greek works andEphrem’s Syriac later than that; see ODCC, s.v. “Theodoret,” “Origen,” “Ephraem Syrus.”Erasmus included in his first edition of Jerome’s works this pseudonymous commentaryon Lamentations among Jerome’s genuine works. On sober second thought Erasmus sug-gested that it might be a patchwork creation of the Venerable Bede; see PL 25:787–88.

PML6.book Page xviii Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Translator’s Introduction xix

occupies little more than five columns in Migne’s patrology. It is com-posed in very straightforward Latin, but its interpretations seemextremely fanciful to those unfamiliar with patristic or medieval com-mentary and, in particular, with Jerome’s letterish interpretation.11

This false interpretive key gives the pseudo-Jerome its notion of a verse’s“literal” meaning. However inauthentic this so-called Hebrew exegesisof Lamentations may be, it is an excellent example of how deeply Chris-tian interpretation could be affected by what were thought to be Jewishmethods of interpretation.

The next oldest surviving Christian commentary on Lamentationsafter the pseudo-Jerome is the commentary of the ninth-century Bene-dictine theologian Paschasius Radbertus (d. 865). Radbertus made aname for himself by laying a major foundation stone for the medievaldoctrine of transubstantiation. Less well known is his lengthy commen-tary on Lamentations.12 In true medieval style Radbertus tried not todepart too far from his authorities, and he alluded liberally to variousclassical and patristic sources, including the pseudo-Jerome. He used let-terish interpretation for all five chapters.13 Radbertus’s exposition ofLamentations passed into the corpus of a mostly patristic exegesisknown as the glossa ordinaria. For a philologically sound exegesis of Lam-entations, Latin scholars had to get past the pseudo-Hebraism of letter-ish interpretation. Two pre-Renaissance commentators did exactly that:Hugh of St. Victor ignored it, and Nicholas of Lyra ridiculed it.14

In most circumstances Martyr, who admired the church fathers,

11“At the beginning of each verse, an alphabetical series punctuates its order. Theinterpreter, who translated them from Hebrew into Latin, did not wish to join togetherimpediments so he might observe this; rather, he put the letters of the alphabet at the be-ginning of each verse because the verse’s meaning hangs on the interpretation of the let-ter” (Jerome, In Lamentationes Jeremiae, PL 25:787).

12Paschasius Radbertus, Expositio in Lamentationes Hieremiae Libri Quinque, ed. BedaPaulus, CCCM 85.

13Radbertus, In Lamentationes, 1311 (ed. Paulus, 1.136–40).14Hugh of St. Victor, Adnotatiunculae elucidatoriae in Threnos Jeremiae secundum mul-

tiplicem sensum et primo secundum litteralem, PL 175:255–322. Nicholas of Lyra (d. 1340)drew extensively from Rashi when producing his Postilla Litteralis, which was revolution-ary inasmuch as it focused on what was called the “literal” meaning of the text: “[Theseinterpreters] also imagine that these letters are not integral parts of the verse but areplaced in front of them as if they were titles. This is not true because in Hebrew the lettersare an integral part of the verses. We have a similar case in the hymn A solis ortu [From therising of the sun]. The other Latin letters a through g inclusive are integral parts of theverses”: Nicholas of Lyra, Postilla super Totam Bibliam (Strasbourg, 1492; repr. Frankfurt/Main: Minerva, 1971), one fol. preceding sig. SS.

PML6.book Page xix Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

212

212

Scripture References

Genesis3:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30n

9:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18610:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201n

10:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185n

11:1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lvii14:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163n

15:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4816:1–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .103n

18–19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160n

19:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16022:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185n

24:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7185n

27:41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185n

28:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83n

28:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131n

31:36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181n

34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204n

36:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125n

36:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185n

47:13–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Exodus6:30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150n

7:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79n

11:2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53n

12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72n

12:33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15n

16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25n

16:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38n

18:13–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8719:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125n

19:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72n

1:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79n

20:5–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .196n

24:10 . . . . . . 162–63, 163n

33:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138n

Leviticus1:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174n

Leviticus (cont’d.)13:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110n

15:19–24 . . . . . . . . . . . .52n

Numbers5:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53n

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161n

12:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6612:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53n

12:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53n

14:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196n

18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19n

22–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . .169n

34:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Deuteronomy2:32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46n

4:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1494:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1726:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139n

7:7–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21n

8:1–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96n

8:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7712–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36n

13:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93n

17:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22n

17:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84n

23:3–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36n

28 . . . . . . . . . . . . 22n, 174n

28:43–44 . . . . . . . . . . . . .2232:27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Joshua 10:13. . . . . . . . . . . l

Judges6:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46n

7:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101n

11:37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34n

15:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79n

16:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205n

Ruth 4:1–2 . . . . . . . . . . 19n

1 Samuel2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128n

9:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173n

10:1–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .183n

14:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127n

15:35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68n

16:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68n

16:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121n

18:6–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19n

24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66n

28:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158n

2 Samuel12:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8613:1–29 . . . . . . . . . . . .204n

15:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30n

15:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8116:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169n

20:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131n

22:44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117n

24:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

1 Kings3:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62n

6:28–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10310:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154n

10:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154n

12:25–31 . . . . . . . . . . . . 18n

14:25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25n

16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18n

18:13ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . .25n

18:44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138n

18:45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69n

18:46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26n

19:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201n

19:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183n

21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18n

21:27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8622:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86n

22:36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101n

24:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25n

PML6.book Page 212 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Scripture References 213

1 Kings (cont’d.)24–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1625:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

2 Kings2:15ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . 183n

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185n

21:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170n

1 Chronicles1:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185n

1:42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185n

11:19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201n

15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19n

2 Chronicles5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19n

17–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70n

24:15–22 . . . . . . . . . . .103n

24:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104n

28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18n

28:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18n

35:25 . . . 8, 153–53n, 183n

36:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117n

36:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Ezra 1:1–2:67 . . . . . . . . .12

Nehemiah 9:2ff. . . . . 53n

Esther2:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158n

4:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86n

Job1:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185n

1:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86n

1:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94n

3:1–31:40 . . . . . . . . . .121n

6:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94n

13:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109n

14:7–12 . . . . . . . . . . . .199n

16:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116n

29:7–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 86n

29:21–23 . . . . . . . . . . . 86n

36:32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138n

38:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92n

38:13–17 . . . . . . . . . . . .156

Psalms3:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147n

3:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147n

5:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137n

5:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116n

10:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137n

14:1–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137n

14:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14314–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125n

18:34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26n

19:5–6 . . . . . . . . . . . 1340n

19:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9719:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9723:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4834:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116n

36:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137n

38:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54n

43:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7543:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183n

46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92n

47–49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44n

48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97n

50:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139n

51:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12551:15–16 . . . . . . . . . . .139n

55:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34n

73:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180n

73:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180n

74:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18n

74:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18n

75:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58n

79:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168n

79:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78n

116:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . .121n

119:126 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61n

122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97n

124:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145128:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24136:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . .201n

137:7 . . . . . . . . 185n, 201n

139:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116n

139:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69n

140:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137n

145:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97n

Proverbs1:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137n

7:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93n

13:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174n

15:14–15 . . . . . . . . . . . .98n

31:10–31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Ecclesiastes9:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8711:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185n

Isaiah1:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96n

3:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486:9–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26n

13–23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62n

19:25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70n

21:13–14 . . . . . . . . . . . .55n

41:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209n

51:17ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18657:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209n

59:7–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137n

59:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116n

60:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70n

62:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47n

63:1–6 . . . . . . .47–48, 116n

66:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7066:2–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .200n

Jeremiah2:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47n

7:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81n

8:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20n

9:1ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68n

12:1–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .128n

15:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38n

17:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122n

18:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47n

20:1–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117n

20:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4122:13–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48n

25:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185n

36:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9n

37:14–16 . . . . . . . . . . . 145n

37:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14637:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148n

38:4 . . . . . . . . . . . 53n, 14938:6–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145n

PML6.book 3 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

214 Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah

Jeremiah (cont’d.)38:7–13 . . . . . . . . . . . .148n

38:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180n

39–42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342:11–17 . . . . . . . . . . . .14943:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14948:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174n

52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180n

52:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101n

Lamentations1:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxiii1:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101n

1:3 . . . . . . . . . xxxviii, lxiii1:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lx, lxiii1:7 . . . . . . .xxi, lvi, lx, 23n

1:8 . . . . . lx, lxiii, lxv, 58n

1:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38n

1:12–22 . . . . . . . . . . . 108n

1:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxiii1:15 . . . . . . . . . . .lx, 56, 621:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21n

1:20 . . . . . . . . . . . 58n, 89n

1:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23n

1:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 1422:2 . . . . . . . lxin, lxii, 105n

2:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxiii2:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lvi2:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23n

2:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49n

2:11–22 . . . . . . . . . . . 108n

2:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39n

2:20 . . . . . . . . . 155n, 165n

2:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxii2:21–22 . . . . . . . . . . . 109n

2:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . lx, 150n

3:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . lxii, 117n

3:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117n

3:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150n

3:43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414:1ff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . lxv, 165n

4:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv4:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163n

4:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194n

4:21 . . . . . . . . lx, lxii, 185n

4:21–22 . . . . . . . . . . . 201n

4:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184n

Lamentations (cont’d.)4:60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150n

5:7 . . lv, 101n, 130n, 132n

5:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53n

7:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxii

Ezekiel1:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163n

3:17–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1714:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163n

4:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18n

11:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1712:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119n

16:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21n

17:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15217:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194n

18:19–20 . . . . . . . . . . . . 19620 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19620:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195n

24:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120n

32:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34n

34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165n

34:1–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Daniel1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128n

2:34–35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1876:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167:3–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75n

7:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75n

10:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7310:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7312:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200n

12:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18n

Hosea2:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115n

6:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138n

9:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110n

10:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12613:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116n

Amos1:6–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .682:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .847:10–17 . . . . . . . . . . . .170n

Obadiah12–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185n

1:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68n

Micah3:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377:11–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . .62n

Zephaniah1:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138n

1:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1382:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72n

3:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Zechariah1:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83n

1:18–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75n

10:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92n

Malachi3:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209n

3:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211n

4:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61n

1 Maccabees 1:20–24 . . 36

Matthew5:12 . . . . . . . . . . 128n, 1505:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955:35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705:39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130n

5:44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635:45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856:16–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36, 857:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16910:14–15 . . . . . . . . . . .160n

10:25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15011:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7011:29–30 . . . . . . . 45, 128n

12:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3612:43–45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3715:1–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94n

15:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17315:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13916:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167


Scripture References 215

Matthew (cont’d.)16:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15819:13–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . .8920:1ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . 128n

21:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8221:33–41 . . . . . . . . . . . .16021:33–46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1722:32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199n

23:13–31 . . . . . . . . . . . . .8223:35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104n

24:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169n

26:38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189n

26:39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113n

26:57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170n

27:38–44 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11827:39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3027:30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130n

Mark4:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946:48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101n

7:1–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94n

8:33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15810:17–18 . . . . . . . . . . 126n

12:42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94n

13:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169n

14:34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189n

Luke6:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639:55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6510:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7015:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9818:1–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113n

21:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94n

23:34 . . . . . . . . . . .63, 113n

24:36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120n

John3:30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1266:32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38n

11:49–51 . . . . . . . . . . .169n

14:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9716:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118n

20:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120n

Acts2:14–36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 113n

5:1ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66n

Acts (cont’d.)7:60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6313:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66n

13:46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13922:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128n

23:46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Romans1:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411:21–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . .76n

1:24 . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 194n

1:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462:28–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1873:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24n

3:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573:3–4:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1243:10–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 137n

3:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54n

5:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1295:4–5:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1266:21–23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337:7–25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159n

8:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157n

8:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190n

8:26–27 . . . . . . . . . . . . .62n

8:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1298:35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579:1ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20n

9:4–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24n

9–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiv9:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13311:9–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5711:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8311:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5711:30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711:33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196n

12:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6312:15 . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 68n

15:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5716:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

1 Corinthians1:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1672:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94n

1 Corinthians (cont’d.)3:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583:6–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943:10–15 . . . . . . . . . . . .198n

3:16–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . .80n

4:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666:15–19 . . . . . . . . . . . . .80n

10:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx10:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88n

11:17–34 . . . . . . . . . . .158n

11:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199n

12:12ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . 173n

12:22–25 . . . . . . . . . . . .52n

13:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57n

14:40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96n

15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200n

2 Corinthians1:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242:14–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . .94n

3:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209n

11:16–33 . . . . . . . . . . .129n

12:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Galatians1:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223:23–214 . . . . . . . . . . . .88n

3:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 654:1 0 – 5:22 . . . . . . . . . . . 654:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165n

Ephesians1:13–14 . . . . . . . . . . . .200n

1:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224:27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Philippians 2:1–2 . . . . 177

Colossians2:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129n

4:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94n



1 Thessalonians2:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165n

4:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .885:176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

2 Thessalonians2:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169n

2:9–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

1 Timothy 4:1 . . . . . . .17n

2 Timothy1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128n

2:25–26 . . . . . . . . . . . 201n

4:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66n

Titus 2:13 . . . . . . . . . . 113n

Hebrews1:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183n

1:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73n

4:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1496:4–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24n

8:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190n

9:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88n

10:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200n

10:25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71n

11:25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

James1:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26n

1:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94n

1 Peter1:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130n

1:10–11 . . . . . . . . . . . .200n

1:23–24 . . . . . . . . . . . .130n

2 Peter 2:4. . . . . . . . .6, 31n

1 John 3:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Jude3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24n

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31n

11–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31n

Revelation 8:2 . . . . . . . 73n


217

217

Index

adages“by their fruits you will know them,”

9n126“hate the sin but love the sinner,” 63“let us lift heart to hands,” 138-39“misery loves company,” 40“race not to the swift,” 25what is holy not to be given to dogs, 85

afflictionand role of human sin, 136-37,

136n138and will of God, 129-33, 131n120

aggadot (sing. aggadah), xx nn, 15-16, 29n87

Martyr’s inheritance of, xx-xxiimidrashic, of Rashi, 72n19, 73n20

altar, of the Temple, 81-82anger

of God, 176, 209, 211 (See also wrath of God)

God’s rod of, 109and justice of God, 140and retribution, 40-41, 69, 74, 101

animalsdragons, 154eagles, as bird of Jupiter, 181-82foxes, 208ostriches, 155-56wild beasts, 114, 116

anthropomorphismseye, 49, 100feet, of God, 17, 70, 134-35hands/right hand, of God, 74-76, 109kidneys, 116liver, 89memory, of God, 189

Antichrist, 22, 169Antiphon (poet), 32, 32n103anti-Semitism, xxxv-xxxiv, 17Aristotle

Eth nic, 64n260influence of, xxiii-xxiv

Aristotle (cont’d.)Poetics, 5rule of contraries (Int), 54

assuagement (sublevatio), 68Assyrians, 194Augustine, lviii, 33n108

Babylonians, 16, 64, 180descended from Ham, 201

baptism, 127Bible

for all believers, 157-58commentaries, lxv (See also

Gersonides; Ibn, Ezra; Kimh.i; Rashi); of Bomberg Bible, xxx-xxxii, lxiii; inauthentic, xxx; Martyr’s, on Romans, xxxiv; Masorah, xxvii-xxviii; Perush, xxiv-xxv, lxiii, 12n5, 42, 51; perush

ha-ta’amim (on Lam.), xxiv-xxv; perush of Pentateuch, xxiv-xxv; Rabbinic and Protestant, xxvin37; of Reformers, xliii-xliv

divisions of, 3-4versions: Masoretic Text, xxii-xxiii,

xxviii, lvii-lviii, lxiv, 27n79; Rabbinic, xxiv; Bomberg, xxvi-xxxii; Martyr’s use of, xv-xvi; Septuagint (LXX), xvi-xvii, lix; Targum, xxvii-xxviii, xxx-xxxi, xxxvii-xxix, 16, 109, 133, 177; Vulgate, xvii-xviii

bitterness, of Israel, 20-21Bomberg, Daniel (d. ca. 1549–53), xxviibread, and stones, 120Brutus, M. Junius, 202Bucer, Martin (1491–1551), xv, xlii, xlv-

xlix, xlvi, lviiBullinger, Heinrich, 151n213

Campi, Emidio, xxxivcannibalism, 102, 103n188, 165



Capito, Wolfgang (1478–1541), xlvcarnality, 113Cassius Longinus, C., 202Cato, M. Porcius the Younger, 202childbirth, 90-91children

abandonment of, 155-56captivity of, because of iniquities, 23-

24deaths of, 101hunger of, 90, 101, 156-57as orphans, 191OT and NT views of, 89

Christadvent, 113crucifixion, 118fullness of, 183prayer of, 189second coming, 187-88in the Trinity, 126n93yoke of, 45

Christian Hebraismamong church fathers, xvi-xviiof Martyr, lvi-lxivMartyr’ community of, xli-xlivMartyr’s inheritance of, xvi-xxRenaissance Catholic, xxxii-xxxviii

Christianscharity, 46, 49consolation, as duty of, 49departure from the faith, 24and kingdom of heaven, 190and mourning, 87-88

churchas “assembly,” 35n117authority of, 170-71and authority of Scripture, 170defined, 167as human body, 173NT appropriation of Israel’s

perfection, 96-97OT, so-called, 58n232

CiceroDe finibus and De oratore, 28n83on opportunists, 55n214Oratio pro M. Coelio, 40n146

city, as bereaved woman, 11-12Clement of Alexandria, xxclothing, distinctiveness of Jews’, 15

color, 163, 203comfort, given by Holy Spirit, 97compassion, 60, 96

of God, 5-6, 58, 123-24, 196confession, 139consolation, 12-14, 91

as Christian duty, 49day of, 60n240of Holy Spirit and word of God, 50“misery loves company,” 40of religious people, 129

contempt, of God, 75cowardice, 25crimes, 32, 42, 44, 67

as punishments, 159cup, of rejoicing, ironical statement, 185curses. See also retribution/revenge

against Capernaum, 69-70of kings and priests, 81NT and OT compared, 65

Daniel, 128daughters of my city/people, 142n170,

154, 165-66David, 25-26, 66day of Judgment, 197day of the LORD, 67derision

by enemies, 106, 115, 118and motion, 141

desolation, 18-19, 48, 114despair, 27, 110-13devil, 36

power of, over rejecters of God, 22dictionaries, M.aberet, xxiiidirges, 3-4Donnelly, John Patrick, 14n18

Edomas Rome, 187slavery under, 201as type of enemy of God’s people, 185-

86education, theological, in Strasbourg, xlv-

xlviEgyptians, and Israel, 179-80, 194elders, dislocation of, 206elements, and human sustenance, 191-92


Index 219

enemiesderision from, 106, 115parallelism, with “consoler,” 50prayer for, 63

Epicureans, 28eternal life, OT/NT views, 200Eucharist, as celestial bread, 38n136evangelical movement, xxxviexile

and disinheritance, 14-15ignominy of, 175-76result of straying from God, 31of youths, as utter destruction, 53

extravagance, 158

Fagius, Paul (1504–49), xlii, xlvfaithfulness, of God, 124, 209, 657famine. See hungerfigures of speech. See also typology

archer, and bow and arrow, 115-17artisan, potter’s hand, 153blindness, as defilement, 172-73ceasing, as Sabbath, 29childbirth/pain metaphor, 40n147church, as body, 173city: as abandoned child, 155; as

bereaved woman, 11-12contracted bowels, 58, 89crimes: as harsh ropes/yoke, 42, 44; as

menstrual uncleanness, 32dead body, 59exile, as wandering, 31extend hands, and anguish, 50eye, and mourning, 143-44false friends, 54-57females, as dragons, 154fire, as wrath of God, 41, 74, 76-77, 166footstool, of God, 69-70fruit: of doctrine, 94; as pleasure, 102“gulp down,” 95horn, as power, 75, 99hyperbole, 163ironical use of “cup,” 185irony, 185Jerusalem, nakedness of, 29-31Jews, as orphans and widows, 191Judeans, as bad figs, 48n186king and priest, 81Martyr’s adaptation of Perush,

42nn154-55

Figures of speech (cont’d.)menstruating woman, as antithesis,

51-52metaphor, 40monarchs, compared to stags, 25parallelism, of “consoler” and

“enemies,” 50pleasure, as fruit, 102plummet (plumb), 83, 83n69rod, of God’s anger, 109sapphires, as color, 163sea allusions, 91-92slavery, as harsh ropes, 44spurs on a running horse, 100tears, 13, 48“the LORD devoured,” 71-72thorns and brambles, 114-15treading grapes, as slaughter, 48n187wild animals, 114windows of heaven, 143winepress metaphor, 47-48, 48nn182-

89wood and water, as slavery, 193, 205

Flaminio, Marcantonio, xxxivfree will, and sin, 46friendship, 54-55

as opportunism, 55n214

Gaon, Saadiah (882–942; Heb. grammar-ian), xxiii, 162

Garden of Gethsemane, 113Gentiles, 15, 35-36, 175Gersonides (Rabbi Levi ben Gershon;

1288–1344), xxvglory, of israel, 70gluttony, 37-38God. See also love of God (charitas); mer-

cies of God; will of Goddestruction of Sodom and Jerusalem,

160not cruel or unjust, 134-35only means of salvation, 208providence of, 190the Trinity, 126n93unchangeableness of, 30-31

gold, darkened, 153goodness, 125-26the gospel, and retribution, 66grace, of God, 66, 121



Hebrew grammar/language, 40n147, 100n168, 106n202-3, 107n5

“abomination” interpreted as “motion,” 51, 51n203

adjectival yod, 12“crime” explained, 159“daughters of my people,” 143difficulty with µkyla awl, 39n137exegesis of, in Strasbourg academy, xvgender of “Judah,” 15, 15n25grammatical works, xxiv-xxv, xxvi-

xxviiimperative, 122n78“in,” 41n148Martyr’s views on and use of, lvi-lxivmem and nun usage, 18-19dqcn [nishqad], 43operative mood, 62, 62n49philology, xxi, xxi n, xxii-xxvi, 22,

72n19“she went down,” 34“to be silent,” 143triliteral verb roots, xxiiin27“ût” (corrupt; to weaken a lawsuit),

148wordplay, 181

Hebrews (people), usage of the term, 3n1Hobbs, R. Gerald, xliiiHoly of Holies, 36Holy Spirit, 183

as consoler and exhorter, 50and inspiration of Scripture, 170and “mode of providence,” 65, 65n262and prayer, 64work of, 97

hope, 126Hugh of St. Victor, xix, xixn14human corruption, 54n210human love (dilectio-diligio), 57, 57nn221-

24hunger, 37, 166

and “gushing,” 164-65spiritual, 156-58

Ibn Adonijah, Jacob ben Hayyim, xxvii-xxviii

Ibn Ezra, Abraham (1089–1164), xxiv-xxv, lxi, lxii-lxiii, 7, 9, 159

on Lam. 4:3, 155on operative mood, 62, 62n49translation of, 69, 110

Ibn Jana.h, Jonah (ca. 1000–1050; Heb. grammarian), xxiii

Ibn Saruq, Mena.hem ben Jacob (fl. 950; Heb. grammarian), xxiii

infertility, 102-3infidels, 36iniquities. See crimes; sin(s)irony. See under figures of speechIsaac (Jewish tutor of Martyr), xxxiii,

xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxivIsrael

captive, because of iniquities, 22-24devastation of, 72land of, as heritage from God, 190racially, a kingdom, 72

Jeremiahas a boy, 127, 127n100imprisonment of, 145-46prophesies of, 146-47

Jerome (church father), 8Christian Hebraism of, xvi-xxx, xvii-

xix, xxi n, 21philology of, xviiisyntax in Lam. 1:7, 17nn80, 82

Jerusalem. See also Temple of Jerusalemcontrasted with Sodom, 160destruction of, 83as naked, 29-30, 31n102as pitiable spectacle, 105

Jews, 3n1, 175Job, as an Edomite, 186Judah, 71-72, 108n8justice

and day of the Lord, 67divine, 135, 140; extent of, 67; and

revenge, 41, 51, 63, 67and punishment of future

generations, 196-97

Kim.hi, David (Radak) (1160?–1235), xxv-xxvi, lix

kingdom of heaven, as heritage of Chris-tians, 190

Kirby, Torrance, 28n83Krüger, Thomas, li

Lamentationsas alphabetical acrostic, 5, 9, 152;

variations of, 5, 9, 107n6, 144, 152


Index 221

Lamentations (cont’d.)Christian commentaries on, xviii-xxJewish interpretation of, xx, 51n15letterish commentaries on, xviii-xix,

lviiorigin of, 8-9

Latin grammar/language, 86n87, 107n1love of God (charitas), 57, 57n221

magic, in Rashi’s aggadot, 72-73Maimonides (1135–1204), xxiiimales, as nursing mothers, 155Martyr, Peter. See Vermigli, Peter MartyrMasoretes (Jewish philologists), xxiiMcNair, Philip, xxxv-xxxviMedes, 16memory, 28, 33

and despair, 122forgetting the good, 120and seeing, 189

mercies of God, 123, 123n83, 131-33, 161metaphor. See figures of speechmidrash, xxn15, 72n19, 73n20, 84n75mishnah, xxn15mockery. See derisionMoses, meekness commended, 66mourning, 19-21, 34n112

sackcloth/dust and ashes, 85-87unconsoled, 49-50, 206

Münster, Sebastian, xxxviii, xxxix, lix-lxtranslation compared with others’, 47translation of dqcn [nishqad], 43n158

nakedness, 20, 31nature, and annihilation/death, 199Nazirites, purity of, 161-62Newman, Louis Israel, xxxviNicholas of Lyra (d. 1340), xix, xix n,

xxvi, lxii, 14

oaths, in NT, 70Oecolampadius, xliv-xlvoracles, 62n251Ottoman empire, 71n10

Pagnini, Santes (d. 1536), xxxvii, lxtranslation compared with others’,

59n235, 60n239translation of dqcn [nishqad], 43n158

parents, duties of, 90

Pastore, Alessandro, xxxivpatience, 113, 126, 128

of God, 196peace treaties, with enemies, 194Pellican, Conrad, xxxviii, xl, xliperfection, of Israel, 96nn141-42persecution, 128-29, 148-50

and flight, 192-93Jews/Gentiles, 175

Persians, 16Persius Flaccus (Roman poet), 38, 44n163Perush. See under Bible, commentariesphilology, lxiii-lxivPlato

Crito, 23n62Leg, 60n243

pleasure, 97-98, 102Pliny, Natural History, 155Plutarch, Mor., Quomodo adulescens poetas

audire, 32n103poetry/poetical devices

alphabetical acrostic, 5, 152; variations of, 9, 107n6, 144

as Christian prophecy, 62n250Greek, 117-18in Hagiographa, 4-5in Lamentations, 5, 114n36parallelism, 60n241rhetorical repetition, 107n4specifics denoting a totality, 105n197used by Holy Spirit, 108vulgar, 117-18

Postel, Guillaume (1510–81), xxxixprayer

of Christ, 189for enemies, 63of Jeremiah, 189-211as prophecy, 63-64of repentance, 139-40for restoration, 102-3unheard, 112-13

predestination. See will of Godprophecy

collective, 108n8forms of speech for, 62n251, 63and imprecations, 63purpose of, 93-95

prophetscontempt for, 177and priests: crimes of, 169-70;



prophets (cont’d.)and priests (cont’d.)

deceitful, 178; office of, 168-69as seers, 172

Publilius Syrus, proverbs, 40n145punishment

completed, 186for “crimes,” 46of God’s people, 118temporal vs. eternal, 197-99of unbelievers, 198

purgatory, 197, 199

Radbertus, Pachasius (d. 865), xixRashi (Rabbi Shemu’el ben Isaac, 1040–

1105), xxiv, xxvi, lxi, 8-9, 12n6aggadot on Lam. 2:2, 72n19on false friends, 55-56on Heb. grammar, 79nn48-50interpretation of Lam. 1:17, 51on Lam. 1:13, 41-42on Lam. 1:21, 23on Lam. 2:13, 91n110on Lam. 4, 153on Nazirite vows, 161-62translation compared with others’, 41,

58, 103rebellion, and misfortune, 59reference works, used by Martyr, lixremembering. See memoryrepentance, 138

public confessions of, 52-53resurrection, of believers, 197-200retribution/revenge. See also curses

and anger of God, 40-41, 69of/by God, 16, 151in OT and NT, 65-66as physical ailments and attacks, 107-

22Reuchlin, Johannes (1455–1522), xxvi,

xli, lvi, 59n235“Book of Roots,” lix, lxn153

Roussel, Bernard, xliii

Saadia ben Joseph. See Gaon, SaadiahSabbath, 29sackcloth/dust and ashes, 85-87, 120sacrifice, of repentance, 138-39sapphires, color of, 162-63Saruq, Ibn, xxiii

Satan, as an angel, 31Scripture

inspiration and authority of, 170Martyr’s doctrine of, ix-lv, xlMartyr’s lectures on, xlvii-xlix

Sefer ha-Shorashim dictionaries, Mah.beret, xxiii

self-examination, 137self-flagellation, 129nn108-9Septuagint (LXX). See under BibleSermon on the Mount, 66-67, 157shame, and sordid death, 152silence

and ecstasies, 128-29of elders, 86-87as guilt, 171and tears, 142-43as a virtue, 127

simile. See figures of speechSimler, Josiah, biographer of Martyr,

xxxii-xxxiv, xxxvsin(s)

and anger of God, 74crushing effects of, 45and destruction of Temple, 207of fathers, visited upon children, 195-

96and free will, 46as penalty and sacrifice, 159as punishments, 46, 194

skin, blackened, 203slavery

under Babylonians, 201of God’s people, 191-99

Sodom, destruction of, 160sorrow

for sins, 207and tears in the night, 13-14,

stonesprecious, 162of the sanctuary, scattered, 152-53

Strasbourg, Bucer’s school, xlv-xlviStucki, Johann, 151n213

editor of Martyr’s commentary, xlviii, lxvi

Sturm, Johannes, xlvsuffering

and compassion of God, 5-6and derision of enemies, 106, 115of Jerusalem, 91


Index 223

suffering (cont’d.)portrayal of, 13-16and sin, 5, 68

suicide, 201-2, 204synagogue, as “OT church,” 58n232

Tabernacle of God, 18tears. See weepingteeth, shattered with pebble/stone, 119Temple of Jerusalem, 18, 80test, 24thirst, 191-92Thompson, John L., lvThrenoi (dirges), 3tranquility, of conscience, 23translation notes, lxvi-lxviiiTremellius, Emmanuel (b. 1510), xxxvi-

xxxvii, xxxviin70, 11n1Treschow, Michel, 46n173truth, and pleasure, 97-98Turks, 167, 195

as agents of God, 71n10typologyl. See also figures of speech

king of Judah and Christ, 183-84of Temple and altar, 81-82nn

unbelief, 26-27, 166-67uncleanness, and pollution, 32, 174-76unfaithful deeds, 121n72

Vergil, Aenid, 28n84Vermigli, Peter Martyr

as a Hebraist, xvi-xx, xxxvii-xli, xlv-xlvi, lvi-lxiv

characteristics of commentary, lv-lvicommunity of Protestant Hebraists,

xli-xlivdoctrine of divine accommodatio, 70n6doctrine of Scripture, xlix-lvexpectation of raising a family, 24n64on Godly imprecations, 61n247, 63and Jewish philology, xxii-xxvi, 5n7,

72n19lectures on Scripture, xlvii-xlixmethod of interpretation, 6-8modern view of commentary, lxiv-lxvi

Vermigli, Peter Martyr (cont’d.)poetical translation, 4, 48n188, 256and Rabbinic Bible, xv-xvi, xxxii,

xxxixand Renaissance Catholic Hebraism,

xxxii-xxxviiitranslation of Hebrew in Lam. 1:12,

39nn137-44views of Jewish commentators, lxi-lxiiviews on purgatory, 197-98

vileness, of Jerusalem’s people, 37-38

Wakefield, Robert (fl. 1524–32), lviwander, expounded as “weep,” 34n112weapons, of God, 76-77weeping, 13, 48-49, 49nn190-91, 100

as Christian charity, 46n193, 49and exposition of “wander,” 34n112by God’s people, 143-44and silence, 142-43

will of Godas: “decree” of the Lord, 51;

“discourse” of God, 99; Israel, as God’s particular portion, 125-26, 125n91; prediction, 62; providence, 136

and affliction, 129-31and destruction of cities, 160

windows of heaven, 143wisdom, of elders, 86women, affect of, upon cities, 204wounds, from shafts of quiver, 115-17wrath of God. See also anger, of God

balanced with long-suffering, 166revealed in nature, 41

yokeof Christ, 45as metaphor, 42-45of youth, 127-29

youthcompassion of, for elders, 177dislocation of, 206yoke of, 127-29, 205

Zwingli, Ulrich, 11n1commentary on Lamentations, 4n6


About the Editor

The Reverend Dr. Daniel Shute earned his B.A. at the University ofGuelph, the M.L.S. from McGill University, the M.Div. from KnoxCollege in Toronto, and the Ph.D. from Dr. Joseph McLelland at McGillUniversity. Dr. Shute is an ordained minister of The PresbyterianChurch in Canada, and has served in a pastoral charge in NewBrunswick. Shute has been librarian of the Presbyterian College atMcGill since 1979. His teaching appointments include seminars onpreaching and Presbyterianism at McGill University, and Hebrew atFacultré de Théologie Evangélique. His research interest is focused onthe Italian Reformer, Peter Martyr Vermigli.


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