the ph scale created in 1909 “potential of hydrogen” = ph measures from 0 to 14 0 – 7 acid 7...
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The pH Scale• created in 1909• “potential of hydrogen” = pH• measures from 0 to 14
• 0 – 7 acid• 7 is neutral (pure water)• 7 – 14 is basic (also called alkaline)
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pH is based on how many hydrogen ions there are
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The pH scale is logarithmic.
lemon = 2 apple = 3
Lemons are 10 times more acidic than apples.
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2005
A chemist from New Zealand invented a new, stable acid with a pH of -18!
Called carborane, it is 10 billion billion times stronger than pH of 1!
It can be used to increase the octane of gasoline and to make vitamins digestible.
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Indicators = organic compounds that change color to indicate pH
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Substances with pH of 12 and above or 2 and below are considered dangerous.
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pH and Lab Safety
• Clean up a spilled acid with a base
• Clean up a spilled base with an acid
• Neutralization = chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces a solution of salt and water with a pH of 7
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pH and Life• Stomach Acid = pH ~1• Urine = pH 6.0• Sea Water = pH 8.4• Fresh Water = pH 6 – 8• Blood = 7.4
If pH changes by as little as 0.4, serious illness and death may result.
What do you call it when the stomach acid harms the stomach lining?
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pH and the stomach
In 2005, a Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to the discoverers of the real cause of ulcers, a bacteria called helicobacter pylori. Dr. Marshall, from Australia, had previously been ridiculed for his theory of ulcers and treating them with antibiotics like any infection.
pH = ~1 pH = 10.5
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pH and the Movies
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Naturally Acidic Environments
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Naturally Alkaline Environments
Soda Lake, Wyoming Mojave Desert, Soda Desert
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What is acid rain?What is acid rain?
Precipitation with higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.
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What causes acid rain?
• volcanoes and decaying vegetation put acid rain causing materials into the atmosphere
• burning of fossil fuels puts sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere
• these substances combine with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to produce acid rain
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In the United States, about 2/3 of all SO2 and 1/4 of all NOx come from electric power plants.
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Where does acid rain go?
• prevailing winds blow the material across state and national borders, sometimes over hundreds of miles
• In NJ, prevailing westerly winds bring acid rain from the midwest where there are a lot of electric generating plants.
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As of 2000, the most acidic rain falling in the U.S. has a pH of about 4.3!
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What are the effects of acid rain?
• acidification of lakes and streams
• damage to trees
• damage to soils
• speeds up the decay of building materials and paints, including irreplaceable buildings, statues, and sculptures
• reduced visibility from haze and smog
• harm public health
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How do we measure acid rain?
• Pure water has a pH of 7.0.
• Normal rain is slightly acidic, pH 5.6, because carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves into it forming weak carbonic acid
• Monitoring stations record data about precipitation, including its pH
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Hydrangea – pink in basic soil
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Hydrangea – blue in acidic soil
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What should we do about acid rain?
• Clean up smokestacks and exhaust pipes
• Use alternative energy sources
• Restore a damaged environment