the pharmacological evaluation of foeniculum vulgare miller for antianxiety.pdf
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Imperial J. Pharmacology & Toxicology 1(1):June 2011 ISSN: 2248 9746
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Imperial Journal of Pharmacology & Toxicology
www.imperialpharmajournals.com--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF FOENICULUMVULGAREMILLER FOR ANTI-
ANXIETY
Archana Divekar*1, Rajesh J. Oswal
2,
Yogita R. Bagul1, Rishikesh V. Antre
2
1Department of Pharmacology, JSPMS Charak college of Pharmacy and Research, Wagholi, Pune, MH, India
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSPMS Charak college of Pharmacy and Research, Wagholi, Pune,MH, India
ABSTRACT
Foeniculum vulgare Miller is commonly used in India as flavouring
agent for food preparation. The crude ethanolic extract of
Foeniculum vulgare Miller containsAnisic acid, Anisic aldehyde, D-
pinene, Fenchone, organic Phellandrine, Volatile oils (50-60%)
Anethole. Since the crude extract of Foeniculum vulgare Miller
contains aromatic oil as revealed by phytochemical assay. Here it
was decided to explore the anxiolytic activity on lab animal. The
crude ethanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare Miller has been
explored for its anxiolytic activity on albino mice by Elevated plus-
maze model. The results were very encouraging. The extract at
doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg has been found to possess
significant anti-anxiety activity on the tested experimental models.
The extract (400 mg/kg) exhibited maximum anti-anxiety effect. At
a higher dose the extract (400 mg/kg) showed increase number of
entries and time spent in open arm of Elevated plus-maze model.
The effect produced by the extract was comparable to that ofDiazepam, a prototype of Anxiolytic agent.
Correspondence to Author
Ms. Archana Divekar
Department of Pharmacology,
JSPMS Charak college of
Pharmacy and Research,
Wagholi, Pune, MH, India
Key Words
Foeniculum vulgare Miller,
Anti-anxiety activity, Elevated
plus-maze model, Diazepam.
Email
[Research Article]
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INTRODUCTION
It has many biological activities like antibacterial,
anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and stimulatingactivity. It was found that the aromatic oil is the main
constituent responsible for stimulant effect. Anxiety is
a psychological and physiological state characterized
by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral
components1. These components combine to create
an unpleasant feeling that is typically associated with
uneasiness, fear, or worry.
Types of anxiety disorder are as follows
1. Panic disorder.
2. Panic disorder with agoraphobia
3. Generalized anxiety disorder.
4. Social anxiety disorder/social phobia.
5. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
An anxiolytic (also antipanic or antianxiety agent2) is a
drug used for the treatment of symptoms of anxiety.
Anxiolytics have been shown to be useful in the
treatment of anxiety disorders. Anxiolytics are also
known as "minor tranquilizers3" though their use and
effects are by no means minor; this term is less
common in modern.
Types of Anxiolytics1. Benzodiazepines
2. Azapirones
3. Barbiturates
4. Hydroxyzine
5. Herbal treatments
Types of behavioural model for anxiolytic agents
a) Exteroceptive stimuli models
b) Interoceptive stimuli models
a) Exteroceptive stimuli models
1) Response-independent presentation of stimuli.
Open field test.
Y-maze model.
Elevated plus-maze model.
Head dipping test.
Black and white test box.
2) Response-contingent presentation of stimuli.
Geller-seifters test.
Vogel conflicts test.
Quinteros punished bar pressing.
Social interaction test.
b) Interoceptive stimuli models
Electrical stimulation of brain.
Pharmacological manipulation (drugdiscrimination tests)
a) FG-7142-induced anxiety.
b) Caffeine induced anxiety.
c) Yohimbine-induced anxiety.
d) Flumazenil-induced anxiety.
e) Amphetamine-induced anxiety.
Aggression / anxiogenesis
a) Foot shock-induced Aggression.
b) Drug-induced Aggression.
c) Isolation-induced Aggression.
We are selected elevated plus maze model because, it is
simple and less time consuming procedure, does not
involve any sophisticated equipment nor prior training
nor noxious stimuli. Based on spontaneous behavior of
the animal, the test provides a valid and reliable
measure of anxiety in animals and for testing of anti-
anxiety drugs4.
Elevated Plus-Maze Model (EPM)
The elevated plus maze (EPM) is a rodent model of
anxiety that is used as a screening test for putativeanxiolytic compounds and as a general research tool in
neurobiological anxiety research.
The test setting consists of a plus-shaped apparatus
with two open and two enclosed arms, each with an
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open roof, elevated 4070 cm from the floor5. The
model is based on rodents' aversion of open spaces.
This aversion leads to the behavior termed
thigmotaxis, which involves avoidance of open areasby confining movements to enclosed spaces or to the
edges of a bounded space. In EPM this translates into
a restriction of movement to the enclosed arms.
Anxiety reduction in the plus-maze is indicated by an
increase in the proportion of time spent in the open
arms (time in open arms/total time in open or closed
arms), and an increase in the proportion of entries
into the open arms (entries into open arms/total
entries into open or closed arms). Total number of
arm entries and number of closed-arm entries are
usually employed as measures of general activity.
While EPM is the most commonly employed
behavioral animal anxiety model, there are several
issues concerning the validity of the model. Classical
clinical anxiolytics, such as benzodiazepines (e.g.,
Valium), do reduce measures of anxiety in EPM.
However, more novel compounds, such as 5-HT1A
agonists (e.g., Buspar) give mixed results. Selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic
antidepressants, which are commonly employed in
clinical settings to treat anxiety disorders, also do notlead to a stable anxiolytic effect on EPM. This raises
the possibility that EPM is a suitable model for testing
GABA-related compounds, such as benzodiazepines or
direct GABAA agonists, but not for other drugs.
Despite this, the model is commonly employed for
screening putative anxiolytics and for general
research into the brain mechanisms of anxiety,
because of the ease of employment and the vast
number of studies already in the literature6,7
.
Material and Method
Plant Material
The plant was collected in November 2009 from the
Wagholi, Pune district of Maharashtra, India. The
plant was taxonomically identified by the Botanical
Survey of India, as Foeniculum vulgare Miller. The
fruits were dried under shade with occasional shifting
then powdered with a mechanical grinder and stored
in an airtight container.
Preparation of extract
The powder obtained was subjected to successive
soxhlet extraction with the solvents with increasing
order of polarity i.e. Ethanol. Extraction were carry out
for 72-80 hrs by standard Soxhlet apparatus methodand the extracts were evaporate to determine the
percentage yield and Phytochemical screening of plant.
Animal
Male Albino mice (Swiss strain) weighing 25-30g, were
be house under standard laboratory condition, in a
group of six each. The animals were having free access
to food and water at liabdum as per norms ethical
committee and CPCSEA norms of the institute approved
the protocol of the study. For this study we used
Diazepam as standard drug.
Method
Swiss albino mice weighed (25-30 g) and numbered the
animal. Divided them into four groups each consisting
of 6 mice:
a) Group 1. As a normal control (saline water).b) Group 2. Received standard drug (Dose: 2 mg/kg
by I.P.)
c) Group 3. Received dose of extract (Dose: 200mg/kg by orally)
d) Group 4. Received dose of extract (Dose: 400mg/kg by orally)
Placed the animal individually in the centre of the maze,
head facing towards open arms and start the stop
watch and note following parameters for five minutes:
a) First preference of mouse to open or enclosedarm.
b) Number of entries in open arm and enclosedarm (an arm entry defined as the entry of four
paws into the arm).
c) Average time each animal spends in each arm(average time =total duration in the arm /
number of entries).
Inject diazepam to the standard group. After 30 min
place the animal individually in the centre of the maze
and note the all parameters open and closed arm
entries and time spend in open and closed arm.
Compare the preference of the animal to open
/enclosed arm, average time spent in open arm number
of entries and average time spent by the mouse in the
open arm.
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Results
1)2) Table no.1: Phytochemical screening ofFoeniculum Vulgare Miller
Acute toxicities study
The lethal dose (LD50) has been found in the selected
extract of Foeniculum vulgare Miller plant on the
selected albino mice. We got the of LD50 range 2000mg/kg body weight. As per the Lethal dose (LD50) we
have selected effective dose (ED50) 200mg/kg lower
dose and 400mg/kg higher dose of ethanolic crude
extract ofFoeniculum vulgare Miller.
Anti-anxiety
Diazepam (2 mg/kg) treated mice showed a significant
increases in the number of open arm entries and time
spend in open arms. And they showed reduction in time
spend in the closed arms. An ethanolic extract of F.
Treated mice exhibited significant increases in number
of open arm entries, time spend in open arms andpercentile ratio of open arms to total arm entries at
both selected dose. (200 & 400 mg/kg) The result was
significant of higher dose of ethanolic extract at **p