The PhilippinesA Brief History

Map of the Philippines Today

I. Early Philippines

• A. Filipinos are descended from Aeta, Agta, Ati (Negritoes), Tawainese, Chinese, Japanese, East Indian, Arab & Spanish

I. Filipino Ethnic & Religious Groups

I. Early Philippines

• B. Ancient Filipino rice farmlands in the North• C. Farm life D. Outrigger & Fishing

II. Spanish Colonization of the Philippines

• A. 1521 Filipino Colonization began with Ferdinand Magellan

• B. The Spanish set up the same social class system in the Philippines & the Americas

II. Routes of Spanish Conquests/Expeditions

II. Spanish Class System in the Philippines

PeninsularesSpanish_born in Spain

Creoles (Criollos)Spanish born

in the PhillipinesMestizoes, mixed

with Filipino & Spanish

Filipinos, Chinese, Other Asians & Mixtures of

Filipinos (Indios) &with other Asian groups

III. The Moro/Sulu Enslavement of Filipinos• A. Moro/Sulu Slavery began in the

southern part of the Philippines between

1770-1879• B. It was the result of a high demand

for Chinese tea in Great Britain & the desire to lower Chinese tea prices

• C. The English decided to take advantage of 2 things:

III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Pirates & Slave Raiders

D. 1, Moro Pirates that raid Spanish ships & steal

guns 2, The Sulu ability to get sea cucumbers, pearls, birds’ nests, tortoise shells (all products that can be traded for tea)

III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Pirates & Slave Raiders

Birds’ Nest Soup $30-$100

Pearls

III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Pirates & Slave Raiders

Tortoise Shells

Sea Cucumber

III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Boats

III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: E. In order to gather enough of these rare

products, the sultan decided to use slave labor

F. Moro Slave raiders attacked & kidnapped people from:

• Mindanao’s northern coast • Visayas’ coast, Java, Indonesia• Luzon’s coast Sumatra, Indonesia• Borneo’s coast Malay Peninsula• Celebes’ coast Sulu

III. Southeast Asian Slave Routes

III. Slave Trade Map

Moro Slave Trade

Trans Indian Slave TradeTrans Atlantic Slave Trade

III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: • G. Between 20,000-30,000 people

were kidnapped from their homes• H. Forced to work in caves collecting

birds’ nests, diving for pearls & sea cucumbers

• I. The Sulu Sultan (King) traded birds’ nests, pearls & sea cucumbers to England in exchange for gunpowder, silk & porcelain

• J. The English traded birds’ nests, pearls & sea cucumbers to China for tea

III. Moro/Sulu Slavery:

III.Moro/Sulu Slavery: Narrative & Prices

III. Moro/Sulu Slavery:Gathering Birds Nests

III. Moro/Sulu Slavery

III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Pearl Divers

IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas

• A. Filipinos came to Mexico from 1565-1815 as sailors, prisoners, adventurers & most commonly slaves on the Manila Galleon

• B. Filipinos were brought to the Americas to work in the fields, plantations, mines & homes

IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas

IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas

IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas

• C. Mexico1. Large groups in Colima, Guerrero & Michoacan2. “China Poblana”, Filipina slave who:

a. combined Filipino & Mexican recipes to make Mole

b. combined Filipino & Mexican clothes

IV. La China Poblana

IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas 3. Isidoro Montes de Oca was Filipino

Mexico revolutionary:a. who fought alongside Vicente Guererro & Father Jose Morelos. b. La Union de Isidoro Montes de Oca, Guerrero Mexico is named after him

4. Francisco Mongoy was Filipino Mexico revolutionary who fought alongside Vicente Guererro

IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas

V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)A. Indigenous Filipinos routinely

revolted against the SpanishB. Due to high taxation, few

rights, etc creoles & mestizos began organizing

C. Three priests called “GOMBURZA”, Maraino Gomez, Jose Burgos & Jacinto Zamora called for church reforms & civil rights for Filipinos

V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)

V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)D. Soldiers were forced to pay taxes for the

first time & do “polo y servicio” (forced labor)

E. On January 20, 1872, 200 soldiers & workers also rose up because their paychecks not only reflected taxes, but also “falla” (a tax to be exempted from forced labor)& lost

F. The priests “GOMBURZA” were falsely accused of organizing the revolt (by 3 alleged mutineers), along with several other soldiers

V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)

V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)G. February 17,1872

They were executed on Bagumbayan Field

H. Some revolutionaries were sentenced to life in prison or exiled to Guam

I. Served as the “unofficial” beginning or inspiration for the Filipino Revolution

VI. The Philippine Revolution

VI. The Philippine Revolution• A. Causes of the Revolution:

1. Enlightenment Ideals (Lack of civil rights, racism, democracy, land, education, etc)2. Unfair Casta System, that favored peninsulares & discriminated against indigenous Filipinos3. The building of the Suez Canal (1869), opened up trade, education & new ideas on freedom4. Filipinos were inspired by the Cavite Mutiny (1872) considered “GOMBURZA” to be martyrs5. Jose Rizal formed “La Liga Filipina” (1892), which split into 2 groups6. As a result, Filipinos never stopped organizing

•

VI. The Philippine Revolution

VI. The Philippine Revolution• B. “The Katipunan”

• (one of La Liga Filipina’s splinter groups)1. Organized in 1895 by Andres Bonifacio2. Meant “gathering”, “society” in Tagalog3. It was a pro-independence Filipino group4. Emilio Aguinaldo, a veteran & survivor of the Cavite Mutiny joined the group5. It had a membership of 100,000 by 1896

VI. The Philippine Revolution

Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

VI. The Philippine Revolution• C. The Philippine Revolution Begins

1. In August of 1896, the Spanish discovered the existence of Katipunan2. 1896, Andres Bonifacio started the revolution with the "Cry of Pugad Lawin or “The Cry of Balintawak” which called for an end to taxation & Filipino Independence from Spain3. The Spanish immediately arrested Jose Rizal

VI. The Philippine Revolution

VI. The Philippine Revolution4. Emilio Aguinaldo, a veteran of the

Cavite Mutiny joins “The Katipunan”5. On August 29, with 1,000 rebels, “The

Katipunan” attacked Manila6. It eventually spread throughout the

country7. Jose Rizal was publicly executed him on

12/ 30/1896 & became a symbol of struggle

VI. The Philippine Revolution

VI. The Philippine Revolution• 8. Jose Rizal:

a. A reformer, activist, writer, artist & doctor

b. Wrote Noli Me Tangere (Critical of Phillipine Society) & El Filibusterismo (Critical of Spanish Rule of the Philippines & the Catholic Church)

c. Created Maria Clara, heroine of Noli Me Tangere , who has become a symbol of the Philippines

d. Rizal Day is a national holiday in the Philippines

VI. The Philippine Revolution

VI. The Philippine Revolution

Maria Clara

VI. The Philippine Revolution• 9. Emilio Aguinaldo:

a. Wins several battles against the Spanish

b. Became the leader of “The Katipunan” c. Executes Andres Bonifacio (possibly on false charges) in March1897d. December 15, 1897, Biak-na-Bato marked the end of The Philippine Revolutione. Exiled to Hong Kong

VI. The Philippine Revolution

VI. The Philippine Revolution• D. The Spanish-American War

1. In 1898 US declared war on Spain over the sinking of the USS Maine.2. The US Navy destroyed Spanish fleet in the Philippines May 1. 18983. Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines & declared independence from Spain 4. Emilio Aguinaldo established the Philippine Republic & became the 1st president

VI. The Philippine Revolution1899-1901

VI. The Philippine Revolution

USS Maine

VI. The Philippine Revolution

Battle of Manila Bay

VII. Pilipino-American War • A. The US refused to recognize Emilio

Aguinaldo’s government & Philippine Independence

• B. The Philippines declared war on the US• C. The US under General Jacob Smith:

• 1. In retaliation for the death of 40 of his soldiers, committed numerous atrocities against 2, 500 Filipino men , women & children • 2. He was charged with “War Crimes” & removed from the military

VII. Pilipino-American War

VII. Pilipino-American War

VII. Pilipino-American War

• D. By 1902, 4,000 Americans & more than 40, 000 Filipinos were killed• E. Filipino resistance continued from

1902-1906• F. The US government agreed to build infrastructure, such as schools, railroads, hospitals, etc• G. The Japanese occupied the Philippines 1942-

1945• H. The US government & corporations kept control of the Philippines until 1946

VI. Heroes of the The Philippine Revolution

Emilio AguinaldoAndres BonifacioJose Rizal

VI. The Philippine Revolution

VIII. WWII & The Philippines

• G. The Japanese occupied the Philippines 1942-1945

• H. The US government & corporations kept

control of the Philippines until 1946

I. The Philippines get independence

The Philippines Today