the philippines amidst climate change-lec

7/30/2019 The Philippines Amidst Climate Change-lec

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The Philippine Environment

Amidst Climate Change


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PHILIPPINE

BIODIVERSITY


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Biodiversity refers to thetotality of life forms in the

areas they occupy


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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITYFood

FISHcomprises 10% of protein intakeglobally and 50-60% that of Filipinos.

Food for all living organisms not

just for man!

> 90% calorie intake globally

comes from 80PLANT SPECIES


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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

Medicines80% of the worlds population use

plants as 1 source of medicine

30% of all pharma medicines aredeveloped from plants and animals


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Fuel, timber, fiber and other resources

Most houses, furniture and even many

clothes are made from natural products,including wood, oils, resins, waxes,gums and fibers.

The cocoons of silk worms are the basis

of the valuable, centuries-old Asian silk-making industry.



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Air and water purification



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Drought, erosion and flood control



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Social / cultural value


Biodiversity is directly linked with traditional,spiritual and cultural values of people.


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Economic value



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82 species are FOUND ONLY

in the Philippines

105 species of AMPHIBIANS


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More than 254

species of Reptiles

with 208

species

endemictothe Philippine


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BIRDSA total of 576 species of birds

196 of these occur only in thePhilippines


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Of the 179 species of land mammals,111 speciesare found only in the Philippine

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Around 20,940 species

of insects

69.8% are endemics


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estimated 15,000 species, 50% are endemics

70 80% Flowering plants

193 Threatened species


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INLAND WATERS


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211 Lakes, 18 major rivers,

22 marshes, swamps and

reservoir

INLAND WATERS

PHILIPPINE WETLANDS1616 species of aquatic plants

3675 species of fauna


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MANGROVES

Around 60 mangrove plant

species in the world54 mangroves and related

species occur in thePhilippines

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C l


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Corals462coral speciesrecorded(Werner and

Allen, 2000)Highest inthe world !!!

Eastern Papua NewGuinea with 380 species;

Ryukyu / YaeyamaIslands with 370

Great Barrier Reef,Australia with 350

FISH


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FISH

Philippine Total = 2,459/4,000 species in the Indo-Pacific region

(Fish Base 2000)

82 (possibly 98) species arePhilippine Endemics

2,241 marine species (2/3coral reef-associated)

209 freshwater species


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Molluscs22,000 freshwater, land and marine species

photos by Evette Lee

Seven occurin Philippine

waters

Nine speciesof

Giant Clams

worldwide


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-

worlds largest eagle

terrestrial venomous

snake

-

largest / longest snake

- hardest

wood


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One of the smallest deer

1 of the Smallest primitiveprimates

One of the Largest flowers

Worlds 2 largest bats

Worlds largest rat

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Giant Clam

Boring Clam

Porcelain Clam

Sperm whale

Killer whaleMinke Whale

Dugong


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Whale Shark

Giant Manta Ray

Saltwater crocodile

Leatherback turtle

Photo by Evette Lee

Dwarf Pygmy Goby -

Sinarapan / Bia / Tabios -


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One of the Worlds Richest in

Mineral Resources 2nd to Indonesia in geological

prospectivity in SouthEast Asia

2nd to South Africa in Gold production

3rd in copper production

3rd in Gold, 4th in Copper deposits

5th in Nickel deposits

6th in Chromite in nickel deposits


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Composition and current characteristics of biodiversityin the Philippine Marine environment (source: DENR, 1997)

Taxon Number

Economically

Important Threatened

Marine Fungi 7

Sea Grasses 16 3

Algae 1,062 531 60

Corals1 381

Other Invertebrates 1,616 152 47

Fish2 1,831 672

Mammals3 18 18 18

Reptiles 20 20 20

Total* 4,951 1,396 145

1


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Status of Philippine Mangroves

! loss is largely due to fishpond conversion of mangroves

! reclamation for residential, commercial & industrialpurposes and excessive harvesting of trees for fuel

1918 450,000 hectares (Brown and Fisher, 1920)

1997 only 112,400 hectares (24.97%) remains!!! (Phil.Forestry Statistics, 1998)


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Total number of wildlife species in the Philippines


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1875 1949 1970 1987 1992

Forest loss in Negros

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Extent of Forest Cover Loss in the last 100 years


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Source: Environmental Science for Social Change, 1999

y

Less than 6%of the countrysoriginalforest remains!


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YEAR 2002

18% forest cover

< 3% original forest remains!!!

Km2


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0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1990

YEAR

Extent of Original Forest Cover in the Philippines

KmFORESTCOVER

Spanish colonization (270,000 km2

)

American colonization (210,000 km2)

Philippine Independence 1950s (150,000 km2)

Post EDSA Revolution (8,000 km2)

Land area (300,000 km2)

(400 years)

(100 years)

(50 years)

(40 years)


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Countrys productivity

* "Declining"productivity ofthe country'sagriculturallands andfisheries.

.


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These areas

become

increasingly

degraded andpushed beyond

their capacity to

produce

Cause: Rapid forest

loss has eliminated

habitat for unique and

threatened plant andanimal species; it has

also left large tracts of

land in the Philippines

vulnerable to soilerosion


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*The loss of

nutrient rich soilreduces crop yields

and contributes to

the expanded useof chemical

fertilizers - a

practice that can,in turn, pollute

water sources.


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Rivers and streams

also carry eroded

soil to the coasts,

where it interfereswith fish nursery

areas.

* Soil runoffinto

fish breeding and

nursery areas is

one of severalfactors leading to

the overall decline

in productivity offisheries in the

Philippines


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Consequences

Food insecurity. The lack of a stable and reliablefood supply contributes to poor nutritional status formany Filipinos, especially for children:

Approximately 28 percent of children under 5 areunderweight (DOH Report, 2006)

Food insecurity also contributes to increases inenvironmentally destructive practices such as

slash-and-burn agriculture ("kaingin" farming)or the use of dynamite to increase short-term fishcatches.


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. * In 1970, 32 percent

of the countryspopulation lived in

urban areas.

* Today, 48 percent is

crowded into cities,where housing and

infrastructure struggle

to keep pace with the

growing numbers.


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Overcrowding andinsufficient housingcan be particularlydetrimental to

children: Studies havesuggested that infantmortality rates inManila's slums are

three times higherthan in non-slumareas

i i i f b hi d A l


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Water crisis is not far behind: Access to cleanand adequate water is an acute seasonalproblem in Metro Manila, Central Luzon,

Southern Tagalog, and Central Visayas.

Government monitoring data showed that upto 58 percent of the country's water ground is

contaminated with coliform bacteria, causingsuch diseases as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery,and hepatitis A.

studies show that thereis a steady 30-50%drop in the levels of the countrys watersources for the past 20 years or an averagedrop of 1 meter/year


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While on the average, the atmospheresmoisture is renewed every 8 days, streamwater every 16 days, soil moisture annually,

swamp water in 5 years, lake water in 17years, groundwater renews only after 1,400years.


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(Sources of Water continuation)


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Industrial Pollution

Aquaculture

(Sources of Air continuation)


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Mobile Pollution


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Domestic Pollution


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DIRECT

Deforestation due to unsustainablelogging, farming and relatedpractices

Aquatic destruction due tounsustainable fishing anddeforestation

Conflicting and poor policies

Poor law enforcement Pollution Natural extinction

INDIRECT


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Povertyfrom 47% Erap regime to 65% now (2 out

of 3 feel extreme hunger)

Overpopulation87.6 Million (August 1, 2007)

Corruption

Lack of knowledge/Miseducation

Apathy (Tragedy of the Common)


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Laws of Ecology

Natures Law of Interrelatedness


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Nature s Law of Interrelatedness

All things are

interconnected
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Law of Conservation of Matter

Everything

Must Go

somewhere!


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Nature Knows Best


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In the end, we will conserve

only what we love, we will loveonly what we understand, and

we will understand only whatwe are taught.

-Baba Dioum, a Senegalese conservationist

the philippines amidst climate change-lec

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