the philosophy of religion pdfs/the cosmological argument.pdf · the cosmological argument . the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
![Page 2: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
The Philosophy of Religion
Proofs for the Existence of God
The Cosmological Argument The Teleological Argument The Ontological Argument
![Page 3: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Concepts
![Page 4: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
A Posteriori
After experience
Based upon experience
![Page 5: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
A Priori
Before experience
Not based upon experience
![Page 6: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
The Cosmological Argument
A set of interrelated arguments that claim to prove the existence of God from
generalized facts about the world
![Page 7: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Argument based upon 3 facts
• 1. Motion / Change
• 2. Causation
• 3. Contingency
![Page 8: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
History of Argument
• Earliest formulation by Plato (427-347 BC)
Aristotle further developed this argument
(384-322 BC)
![Page 9: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Thomas Aquinas
• The best known formulation is by Thomas Aquinas
(1225-1274)
The Five Ways
![Page 10: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
The Five Ways
• 1st Way: The Way of Change or Motion • 2nd Way: The Way of Causation
• 3rd Way: The Way of Contingency
• 4th Way: The Way of Excellence • 5th Way: The Way of Harmony
![Page 11: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
The 1st Way: The Way of Change or Motion
![Page 12: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Change or Motion
• The actualization of potential
![Page 13: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Linear Motion
Motion is a straight line
(Dominions falling)
![Page 14: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Non-Linear Motion
Change in form
Caterpillar to butterfly Acorn to Oak tree
![Page 15: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
![Page 16: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
The Argument
• 1. All things in the world are in the process of change
• Do you agree with this?
![Page 17: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• 2. Anything in a process of change is changed by something else which must be actual
• Do you agree with this?
17
![Page 18: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Example
• What are the potential uses of a piece of wood?
Chair Table Fuel
Paper
![Page 19: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
All these “uses” are potential that is “inside / embedded” in the piece of
wood
![Page 20: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
How is this potential realized?
Something actual must act upon the piece of wood
![Page 21: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
![Page 22: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
• 3. If the thing causing change in another is itself also in the process of change,
• then it must be changed by yet
another actual thing
• Do you agree with this?
![Page 23: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
• 4. A infinite regression cannot occur because there would be no FIRST CAUSE of change
• Do you agree with this?
![Page 24: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Example
• How can you tell the difference between a planet and a star in the night
sky?
![Page 25: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Conclusion
• Therefore, there must be a FIRST CAUSE of change which itself is:
1. Unchanged 2. Purely Actual
3. Has no Potential
![Page 26: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
What we learn about God from the 1st Way
• God is:
• 1. The First Cause for all motion and change
• 2. Purely Actual, has no potential
• 3. Eternal
![Page 27: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
The 2nd Way: The Way of Causation
![Page 28: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Aristotle 4 Causes
• 1. Material Cause
• 2. Formal Cause
• 3. Efficient Cause
• 4. Final Cause
![Page 29: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Golden Statue Example
Material Cause:
Tells us what the cause is made of:
GOLD
![Page 30: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Formal Cause:
Tells us the form of the cause:
STATUE
![Page 31: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Efficient Cause:
Tells what brought about the existence of the thing:
ARTIST
![Page 32: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Final Cause:
Tells us what the purpose of the thing is:
WORSHIP
![Page 33: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
The Argument
• 1. In the world, we observe a regular order of efficient causes
• Do you agree with this?
![Page 34: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
• 2. Something cannot be the efficient cause of itself
Because a cause must exist before its
effect Do you agree with this?
![Page 35: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
For something to be the cause of its own existence
it would have to exist (the cause)
before it comes into being (the effect)
• This is impossible
![Page 36: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
• 3. An endless series of efficient causes is not possible Because an infinite regression would occur Do you agree with this?
![Page 37: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Conclusion
• Therefore, there must be a FIRST CAUSE:
• 1. Which caused everything else in the world to exist
• 2. Is Eternal
![Page 38: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
What we learn about God from the 2nd Way
• God is:
• 1. The First Cause of all that Exists
• Eternal
![Page 39: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
The 3rd Way: The Way of Contingency
![Page 40: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
What does contingent mean?
That something does not have to exist necessarily
• It may or may not exist
• It is dependent upon something else for
its existence
![Page 41: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
The Argument
• 1. Everything in the world is contingent
• Do you agree with this?
![Page 42: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
• 2. If all things that exist in the world are contingent then they must be dependent upon something that exists necessarily
• How else would things actually exist today?
![Page 43: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Conclusion
4. Therefore, there must be a cause that: exists NECESSARILY
(Not dependent upon anything else for its
existence) That caused things to exists rather
than not exist
![Page 44: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
What we learn about God from the 3rd Way:
• God:
• 1. Exists Necessarily God is not dependent upon anything else for
existence
![Page 45: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Conclusions from Cosmological Argument
![Page 46: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
God is: • 1. The First Cause for all motion and change
• 2. Purely Actual (has no Potential)
• 3. Is Eternal (Has always Existed) • 4. Exists Necessarily (not dependent upon
anything for existence)
![Page 47: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
4th Way: The Way of Excellence
![Page 48: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
• 1. There are different levels of quality in all things
• 2. “Higher Level” indicates some
ultimate standard by which the comparison is made
![Page 49: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
• 3. Therefore there must be something which has “being / existence” in the highest level
• 4. That which has “being / existence” in the highest level we call God
• Doesn’t “God” refer to the greatest possible being?
![Page 50: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
5th Way: The Way of Harmony
• The Argument from Design
• 1. We see purpose in the natural world (Ecological Systems) 2. Purpose can only arise from
intelligence
![Page 51: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Conclusion
• Therefore, there must be an intelligence behind the natural world
• We call that God!
![Page 52: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Criticisms of the Cosmological Argument
• David Hume • (1711-1776)
• Scottish Philosopher • Skeptic
• Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
![Page 53: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
1. Matters of Fact
• The Problem of Induction
• No absolute certainty
• Analytic v. Synthetic Truths
![Page 54: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Analytic Truths
• Can have absolute Certainty
• True by definition
• “All bachelors are unmarried men”
![Page 55: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Synthetic Truths
• We learn from experience
• No absolute certainty
• “The sun will rise tomorrow”
![Page 56: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
• Cosmological Argument by definition is based upon experience
• It is a synthetic argument
• Cannot have absolute certainty
![Page 57: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
2. Contingency Problem
• Can’t get necessary from contingent
![Page 58: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
3. Infinite Regression
• Intellectually Satisfying
![Page 59: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
4. Material World is Eternal • Appeal to Occam’s Razor
• Why say God is eternal and he created the world?
• Why not just say the world itself is eternal?
• Its Simpler
![Page 60: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
The Cosmological Argument Revisited
![Page 61: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Origin of the Universe?
Our choices are: 1. The Universe is Eternal 2. Infinite Regression 3. God created it
![Page 62: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
Inference to the Best Explanation
![Page 63: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Inference to the Best Explanation
• 1. Do any of the competing explanation conflict with established background knowledge?
• 2. Is there more evidence supporting one explanation than the others?
![Page 64: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
• 3. Is there less evidence against one than the others?
• 4. Which explanation is simpler?
![Page 65: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Established Background Knowledge
• According to the prevailing Theory of Cosmology
• (Study of the Origin of the Universe)
• The Universe began to exist approximately 15 Billion years ago
• “The Big Bang”
![Page 66: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
The Big Bang Theory
• Approximately 15 Billion years ago everything in the universe was condensed into a mass-less point which exploded
• The Big Bang Theory does not provide a explanation as to why this explosion occurred
![Page 67: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
The Claim That:
• The universe is eternal or the result of an infinite regression
• Is not Supported by current cosmology
![Page 68: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
Conclusion
Therefore the explanation that the
universe is eternal or the result of an infinite regression
does not provide the best explanation
for the origin of the universe
![Page 69: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
Quantum Mechanics
• According to quantum mechanics,
• for every event to become actualized the quantum wave function must collapse
(an observation must take place)
![Page 70: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Wave Function
• A mathematical equation that describes a physical system and how it will evolve over time
• Wave Functions can only describe what will happen in terms of probability
![Page 71: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
The Collapse of the Wave Function
• Only when a measurement is taken is the wave function said to collapse
• to become a reality, not a probability
![Page 74: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Question
• What caused the Universal Wave Function to collapse which resulted in the Big Bang?
![Page 75: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
Conclusion
• Cause of the UWF collapse must be: • Necessary
• Non-physical • Not part of the universe
• A temporal • Eternal
• Uncaused
![Page 76: The Philosophy of Religion pdfs/The Cosmological Argument.pdf · The Cosmological Argument . The Teleological Argument . The Ontological Argument . 3 Concepts . 4 A Posteriori After](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051806/5ffd287cf9b0c644296a07df/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
Sounds like God!