the phonemes of sarangani sangirfi

8/14/2019 The Phonemes of Sarangani Sangirfi

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Sarangani Sangire Phonemes 265

Vowels


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Sarangani SangirS Phonemes 266

jr and'rere 'his neck\ 'gere 'tear (as in cloth)*ma* rabesiq ' fast * , ma' gabesiq 'cleared of trees'nirin'dukang 'affected by hiccups', nigin'dukang 'confirmed'

X and jt'ramuq 'root', 'tamuq 'gnat'mart'ba 'collapsed', mati'ba 'abased'b^fc'raqe 'its weight', bi'tage 'its floor beams'

jr and _d' rorang 'hole', 'dorang 'grain bud'^P^l^ung 'wet', ma'dung 'bunped (as head against beam)''faiariq 'life', 'biadiq 'fish roe'

and 1^' rosiq 'bind', 'losiq 'borrow'ba'erang 'rained in on', ba'elang 'cleared as for farming'ma'daserq 'stormy', ma'daseliq 'placed against'

and I' raung 'approach', ' laung 'shadow, shelter'qurang 'rice straw' , '^lan^ 'lobster, shrimp''barisiq 'salt fish', 'balisig 'line up'

jr and 2.'dara 'blood', 'daya 'landward area''soroq 'move backward', ' soyoq 'guide through (opening)'ma'ngaro 'scratch', ma'ngayo 'assault'

d and 1^'datu 'chieftan', 'latu 'ant'P^'di 'break (as in stick)', pi ' 1 'taboo'' tuidiq 'stump', ' tuiliq 'brace'

d^ and 2.' daiq 'bad', '|aiq 'very bad''bade 'its payment*, 'bale 'house'maka ^bude 'make mountainous', maka'bule 'forget'

There is further contrast with respect to manner of articulationbetween voiceless and voiced stops.

and b^'puang 'fitted with handle', ' buang 'fight (as cocks)''kapan^ 'fishtrap', 'kabang 'scar'' qampang 'block with the body', ' qambang 'rescue'


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t, and d^'tingiriq *speak', Mingiriq "hear*b*' taqe *its floor beams*, bt'daqe *its valley*pan* tang * porch*, pan* dang * thing watched*

k andjj*kang *food, rice*, *gang 'brass'

bjc'ka *break (as clay pot)*, bi*ga *be ignorant of** tunggiq *only child', * tungkiq 'brace'

Fricatives and voiceless stops contrast at the labial, alveolar,velar and glottal points of articiilation. None of these phonemes arephonetically similar, so normally their contrasts would need no illus*tration* However, certain of these contrasts are illustrated herebecause suspect on the grounds of the common derivation of the phonemeshistorically.

x^ and h^ra'misang 'massaged', ha'misang 'become Thursday*ka*rong *scratched (as itch)', ka'hong 'infested by lice''moroq 'ebb', 'mohoq 'chant*

k^ and*kapuq *vine', ' qapuq 'lime*'qutukr 'your brains', 'qutuqu 'your torch*'bauke 'carry pickaback now', *bauqe *sell now*

Voiced stops and nasals contrast at the labial, alveolar andvelar points of articulation. The laterals contrast with respect tonon-retroflexed and retrcflexed articulation. The semi-vowels contrastat labial and palatal points of articulation.

n and ngmani*taq 'begin*, mangi'taq 'winnow*'lano 'lake', ' lango 'housefly'li'manu 'your hand', li'mangu 'new or full moon*

1 and i*latu *ant*, *latu 'chieftan higher than datu **sili *defer to*, 'sili 'separate out unhulled grain''qaling 'clairvoyant', 'qaling 'transfer'

1.2 VowelsVowels contrast with respect to high and non-high tongue positions.


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Sarangani Sangir^ Phoneses 268

i^ and e'qi *this one', ^^ 'that one*'sindaq 'breathe', ' sendaq 'wax (of moon)''qaling 'transfer', 'qaleng 'name'

i and api'diang 'thing broken off, pa'diang 'market'mi'nafao 'fall', ma'nabo 'fallen'' rabiq 'sharpen', ' rabag 'wrestle'

jx and 'quay 'rattan', 'goay 'stake for securing boat'*pung 'base (as of tree)', 'pong 'northwest wind'si'baqku 'my chest', si'baqko 'surely the chest'

Vowels further contrast with respect to front, central and backtongue positions.

i^ and i'qi 'this one', 'qi 'yes'ni'labong 'be coiled around', ni'labong 'coil around'mabq'tikiq 'lie down', miq'tikiq 'endure'

i and u^mi'na^a 'mark limit of, mu'nala 'work'bim'bang 'shoulder', bum'bang pump''kinsiq 'pity', 'kinsuq 'ko7 star'

jB and a^'qckeq 'fishhook', ' qakeq 'fresh water'' daleng 'walk', ' dalang 'dry over fire'bi'ke 'narrate', bi'ka 'break'

and o'qanaq 'offspring', ' qonaq 'fish scales'' tongkaq 'roast', ' tangjfcaq 'stile''lana 'oil', 'lano 'lake'

1.3 Stress PlacementWord stress is phonemic only by virtue of a small class of stemsin which stress is unpredictable. In the majority of words, however,

stress occurs on the penult or, in the case of words with the paragoge^*q on the antepenult, unless the vowel in those syllables is the highcentral i. Where i does occur, stress placement moves in the progressivedirection except in words where there is no vowel but i, in which case,again, the placement of stress is quite unpredictable. For other words


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although recourse to the grammar would reveal regular stress movementrules, stress placement purely in terms of the phonology itself is oftenarbitrary.

* lehang 'pry*, le*bang 'licked at''kapang 'fishtrap', ka'pang 'group (of animals* etc.)''kapu 'rub', ka'pu 'desire, want'

2. Variation within the PhonemesAlthough articulatory variation has not been observed in all of

the phonemes, for the sake of completeness all phonemes are listedhere including those with but a single allophone. Again, the disciissiondeals separately with (1) consonants, (2) vowels, and (3) stress.

2.1 ConsonantsIn contrast to the vowels, variations characterizing the consonants

are relatively few, though diverse in type.

b [


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Sarangani Saagirg Fhonemes 270

[ k] Voiceless velar stop non-vocoid. Occurs elsewhere (e.g.[ka'f^S)akaq] kaJrakajL 'crab'). C q] Voiceless glottal stop non-vocoid(e*g 'qutaq] ' qutaq 'hair').b^ [ b] Voiced bilabial stop non-vocoid. Occurs in all positions of thephoneme (e.g. C'bebeq] 'bebeq 'duck'). In word-initial position

before the sequence vowel pliis bilabial fricative (-vy, occursin free ^variation with the allophoneC b] of the phoneme b (e.g.['bubur^*^iq3 ^ [ 'bubur^^^Vq] 'fauburiq 'kapok').

d^ C d] Voiced alveolar stop non-vocoid. Occurs in all positions of thephoneme (e.g. [dajan'dung] daltn'dung 'wall').

[dz] Voiced alveo-palatal affricated non-vocoid. Occurs in freevariation with the sequence voiced alveolar stop plus eitherhigh front syllabic vocoid or high front non-syllabic vocoid(di/y ) (e.g. [di'aw], C'dyaw] -^ ['dzaw] di'aw 'tomorrow').

Cg] Voiced velar stop non-vocoid (e.g. [maka'gagj maka'gaga'accomplish')

.

m Qb: ] Voiced bilabial lengthened nasal non-vocoid. Occurs intervo-calically following i (e.g. Ome'miama] mi 'mama 'chew betel').

[ m] Voiced bilabial nasal non-vocoid. Occurs elsewhere (e.g.[ma'momo] ma'momo 'dull, blunt').E Cn:] Voiced alveolar lengthened nasal non-vocoid. Occurs intervo-calically following i (e.g.[ te'n:iq] ti'niq 'mosquito').

[n] Voiced alveolar nasal non-vocoid. Occurs elsewhere (e.g.[ni'f^ inoj ni'rino 'correct').ngtigi Voiced velar lengthened nasal non-vocoid. Occurs intervocalical-

ly following i^ and a_ (e.g. ['dang:eng[ ' dangeng 'move up into').bg Voiced velar nasal non-vocoid. Occurs elsewhere (e.g. [ ktng'kung]king'kung 'fist').

1^ [l:] Voiced alveolar lengthened lateral non-vocoid. Occurs inter-vocalically following i^ (e.g. [ m9l:el:osVq] mili'losig 'borrow').[ l] Voiced alveolar lateral non-vocoid. Occurs elsewhere (e.g.

[ le'leng] le'leng 'weeded').1 [l ] Voiced retroflexed flapped lateral non-vocoid. Occurs immedi-

ately following low central and back vowels, (e.g. C da'Iu|ang]da'lulang ' cargo ' )

.

r^'[ 1] Voiced retroflexed flapped lateral non-vocoid with retroflexedmid central non-syllabic vocoid on-glide. Occurs elsewhere (e.g.C^Ji^jiq] 'liliq 'clear field').


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w C w] Voiced high close back unrounded non-syllabic vocoid. Occursin all positions of the phoneme (e.g*[ *waw] Vav 'eight'). Inopen unstressed non-*inal syllables immediately following eithera low vowel or a labial or alveolar stop or nasal occurs infree variation with allophones of the phoneme ii (e.g.[ 'laudVq] L'lawdVq] ' laudiq ' ocean ',[ banu'ane] -*[ ban 'wane] banu'ane'his place').

Z Cf] Voiced high close front unrounded non-syllabic vocoid. Occursin all positions of the phoneme (e.g. 'kayang ' kayang 'swim').In open unstressed non-final syllables immediately followingeither a low vowel or an alveolar stop or nasal , occurs in freevariation with allophones of the phonemes i^ (e.g.C aa'gaisVq]- [ ma'gaysVq] ma' j^aisiq 'slashed' , [ mani'ataq] - [ man'yataq]mani'ataq 'visit').

2.2 VowelsEach vowel has at least two variants which differ from each other

typically with respect to degree of closure or height of the tongue.i^ [ I ] Voiced high open front unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs either

(1) in syllables closed with a nasal except those both stressedand word-final, or (2) in open unstressed syllables, immediatelypreceded by a low vowel and followed by a consonant (e.g.C 'sinsingl 'sinsing^ 'ring', [ ma'patq] ma'paiq 'bitter').

[ i] Voiced high close^ front unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs else-where (e.g. [ f * a^ i'ping] rari'ping 'boat transom',

[ ma'didiq] ma'didiq 'yellow'). In word-final position immedi-ately following the low vowel a^, occurs in free variation withthe phoneme y^ (e.g. [ 'pay]..A., 'pai] 'pay 'over there').

e^ [ e] Voiced mid open front unrounded vocoid. Occurs either (1) insyllables closed with a nasal except those both stressed andword-final, or (2) unstressed immediately preceded by a lowvowel and followed by a consonant (e.g. [ lalen'teng] lalen'teng'bridge', ['gaedtq] ' gaediq 'instead').

[e] Voiced mid close front unrounded vocoid. Occurs elsewhere(e.g.C 'qeseq] 'qeseq 'male').

i [N] Voiced mid central syllabic component of syllabic nasal non-vocoid. Occurs with any nasal word-initially immediately pre-ceding a stop consonant (e.g. [ n'daiq] in'daiq 'there').

[V] Voiced high open back unrounded vocoid. Occurs other than word-initially immediately preceding glottal or velar consonants(e.g. [ mqgi'bVkiq] mggA'b^kiq 'work').


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fe] Voiced high close central unrounded vocoid. Occurs else-where (e.g. [ milrim'bay] milim^bay 'leave remnant*).[ e] Voiced mid close central unrounded syllabic vocoid. In syllables

preceding the stressed syllable and in some other environments,occurs in free variation with allophones o the same phoneme,being very frequent except in slow or deliberate speech (e.g.[meliem'bay] milim'bay 'leave remnant').

a_ [a] Voiced low open central unrounded vocoid. Occurs in all posi-tions of the phoneme (e.g. [ mVqtatin'tang] miqtatin'tanR'different').

[a] Voiced mid close central unrounded syllabic vocoid. In syllablespreceding the stressed syllable, occurs in free variation withthe allophone of this same phoneme, being very frequent exceptin slow or deliberate speech (e.g. [ metten 'tang] miqtatin'tangdifferent').

[ Uc ]Voiced fronted high open back rounded vocoid. Occurs in syl-lables closed with a nasal preceding the stressed syllable(e.g. [ mangrui-m'pitay] mangum'pitay 'firefly').

[ u] Voiced higji open back rounded vocoid. Occurs immediately fol-lowing a low vowel either (1) in stressed syllables iranediatelypreceding the retroflexed lateral, or (2) in open unstressedsyllables immediately preceding any consonant (e.g. [mama'uliq]mama'uliq ' tell' , [ me'niausVq] mi'nausiq 'proceed').

[ u] Voiced high close back rounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs else-where (e.g. [ ma'gukung] ma'gukung 'converse'). In word-finalposition immediately following the low vowel a^, occurs in freevariation with the phoneme w (e.g.[ 'waw] ~[ 'wau] 'waw 'eight').

[a] Voiced high open back rounded vocoid. Occurs in unstressed syl-lables immediately following a high vocoid (e.g. [ ba'hiw]faa'hio 'gale',[ 'sayu] 'sayu 'k.o. tree'),[o] Voiced mid close back rounded vocoid. Occurs elsewhere (e.g.[mi'ng:onggoq] mi'ngonggoq 'give').

2.3 StressStress and high pitch in Sangire words are observed to be allophones

of the same phoneme. The treatment here is limited to primary wordstress due to the need for further study of secondary stress.

IC '(C)V] Stress. Occurs on any one syllable back to the antepenult,normally excepting those syllables with i but occurring onany of them but the paragoge when they contain no vowel otherthan i (e.g. [ ka'p'antagVq] ka'pantagiq 'use, purpose' X 'batu]'batu 'stone', [ ts'aq] ti'aq 'fly',L ma'kUgVng] ma'kiging

' dried ' , [ mal t ' gVng ] mali'ging ' sad ' )


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Sarangani Sangire Phonemes 273.

[V] High pitch. Occurs either simxiltaneous to or in free variationwith stress (e.g. [ *ba"tu]--[ 'batuJ^C btu ]'batu 'stone').

3. Distribution of the PhonemesThe distribution of the phonemes may be summarized by reference to

the syllable patterning of consonants and vowels. In this summary*"consonants" (C) and "vowels" (V) are each viewed as hyperclasses inanticipation of their subclassification in the description to follow.

A phonemic syllable (S) consists of a single vowel optionally pre-ceded and/or followed by a consonant (S = +C +V +C). The resultingfour syllable patterns are illustrated as follows in their estimatedorder of frequency* and in all word positions.CV 're 'field grass', fai.'sa.la 'conversation', 'ga.bu 'ashes'CVC 'bog 'after', ma. 'sing.kag 'know', 'gun. dang 'medicine'VC in. 'dig 'perhaps', 'le.ang.ko 'must spear', gi/ag 'I'V 'i.gi 'yes', si.'a.eng 'seashore', 'bo. 'grey

The arrangement of the syllables in sequences is limited only Lythe non-occurrence of types VC and V either in isolation or followinga closed syllable.

The distribution of the phonemes may now be detailed, the phonemesbeing considered with respect to their systemic or paradigmatic rela-tions, and then their structural or syntagmatic relations. These re-lations are now discussed under the alternative designations respec-tively of (1) phoneme classification, and (2) sequence limitations.3.1 Phoneme Classification

The distribution of the phonenes is described here in terms ofphoneme classes posited on the basis of their common positions in thephonological word. As implied in the section introduction, however,the syllable also is highly pertinent to phoneme distribution. It istherefore necessary to present the classes in relation to the syllabletypes as these occur in each of the three signif5.cant sectors of theword: word-initial, word-medial, and word-final.^

The classification is depicted by the following chart, in whichthe horizontal dimension represents the word sectors and the syllablepositions therein, and the vertical dimension represents the differentsyllable types. Boxes are filled by phoneme classes, the membershipof which is given below the chart. Diagonal lines in certain boxesindicate the non-occurrence of phonemes in the syllable position thusmarked. Illustrations are provided following the chart.


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Chart 2: Phoneme Classification


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Sarangani Sangire Phoneme^ 275

Illustrations:Word-Initial SyllablesCjVj *bi>la 'if, ma. Mi 'dislike, refuse*C.V.C^ 'qing.ka.qu 'it's up to you*, mtq>ki> *nang 'test*V^C-^ ini. 'be.liq>ko 'must hold it', in. 'da.ung 'here you are'

10V* i. 'nge.aw 'meow', 'i.qt 'yes'Word-Medial SyllablesC,V. ka.ki. 'di, te. te 'disregard it', seng. 'so* tang 'sailed'^1^1 ^2 ku. 'mang.ke 'eat now', ma.nging. 'ga.riq 'summon'V.C* 'na.ung*ku 'my "heart"', ma. 'am. bang 'rescued'V. ka. 'i.ri *left*, ko 'a.neng 'right'Word-Final SyllablesC.V 'qa.pa 'what?', 'tang.ko 'must run'C.V.C^ 'qon.deq 'Little Fellow', 'na.ung '(past tense particle)'V-C, sim* 'ba.uq 'one', ma.ki. ti. 'ang 'take leave'V, ta. 'ta.u 'three', tm.ti. 'ro,i 'let it be taught'3.2 Sequence Limitations

The limitations on the co-occurrence of phonemes in sequence are tobe taken together with the preceding classification as a refinement ofthe distributional statement. These limitations are comprehended byconstraints concerning (1) consonant sequences, (2) vowel sequences, and(3) consonant-vowel sequences.3.21 Consonant Sequences

Consonants are limited in their occurrence with contiguous conso-nants in that doubling does not occur and, of the consonants which dooccur in cluster, the nasals and glottal stop never follow the otherconsonants and only precede the other consonants where they are ofcertain points of articulation with respect to those consonants.a. m precedes only the labial stops and b^ (e.g. 'rampediq 'flavor',ma'namba 'increase').b. n precedes only the alveolar stops and fricative t^, d[ and s^ (e.g.

min' tiq 'only', 'pende 'coconut shell', 'qensoq 'move').c. ng precedes only the velar stops k and (e.g. ma'songkariq'aggravated', sing' gag 'some').d. precedes only the alveolar and velar stops t^, d^, k and (e.g.


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Sarangani Sanglre Phonemes 276

miqti'pala *spear fish*, mqdtq*dclonR 'be begging', 'balaqku'my bolo^ miq'gaq 'separate (on trail)'), ^^Consonants are limited in their occurrence with non-contiguous con-

sonants in that the laterals 1^ and 1^ never follow , and dissimilarlaterals do not co-occur (e.g. la'lusaq 'food turner', lali'ngala 'lookup').3.22 Vowel Sequences

Vowels are limited in their occurrence with dissimilar contiguousvowels only in that i^ and e^ have not been found either to precede or fol-low i^ (e.g. 'sie 'he/she', 'piaq 'have', 'tiuq 'blow', ka'tioq 'small',pa'tei 'let it be killed', ta'beaq 'by your leave', 'reo 'cry', bi'aq'middle', dt'uq 'thunder', gi'ohung 'reverberation', ba'ine 'other',sa'kaeng 'boat', maki'pasq 'thick', 'bauq '(classifier)', paga'ongang'glass', 'duiq 'raise', ba'kueq 'belch', 'buiq 'spring', 'pua 'k.o. bee',ma'pu 'ten', ta'roi 'let it be put into', ' loeq 'pry', si'koiq 'cough','boa 'grey', po'udaq 'k.o. root crop').133#23 Consonant-Vowel Sequences

Semi-vowel consonants are limited in their occurrence with contigu-ous vowels in the following respects.a. w is preceded and/or followed only by a. (e.g. 'wa 'termite',

la'wati 'roundworm*, mJb'buaw 'quarrel*).b. ;;^ is preceded and/or followed only by a_, u and (e.g. 'yakang'eldest sibling', 'taya 'no', 'payung 'umbrella', 'dayo 'praise',

*soyo *lamp, 'yutag 'innumerable', 'buyang 'fan', 'puyung 'grand-child', 'bauy 'change (behavior)').


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STUDIES IN PHILIPPINE LINGUISTICS

Edited byCasilda Edrial-Luzares

Austin Halo

VOLWiE 1 1977 NUMBER 2LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF THE PHILIPPINES

SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS

the phonemes of sarangani sangirfi

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