the phonological study of padaung (long-necked karen) at...
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Ⅲ 一″
THE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF PADAUNG
(LONGNECKED KAREN)AT BAN NAIS01,TAMBOLPANG MU,
MUANG DISTRICT,IIAE ⅡONG SON PROVINCE
SARINYA KHAMMUANG″
A TⅡESIS SUBDIIITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF TⅡE REQUIREMENTS FOR
TⅡE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS(LINGUISTICS)
FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
IIAⅡIDOL UNIVERSITY
1998
1SBN 974-661-535‐ 1
COPYRIGⅡ T OF IIAⅡ IDOL UNWttRSITY
■ iti、
亀乱ゝ銚 ミ聰
Copyright by Mahidol University
Thesls
cntitled
THE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF PADAUNG
oONG‐NECKED KARED AT BAN NAISOI,TAMBOL PANG MU,
ⅣIUANG DISTRICT,MAE HONG SON PROⅥ NCE
'rJor***o lJ,s*.r',,ow;#;;;Kg;;e rCandidate
\'tn-u*- 4.-.,rL?s".r""g.tilrpi"i, prr.6.
Major-advisor
.J*'r*e-9suriya Rl/nat<u]Pn.o.Co-advisor
Mffi^,kAmon Thavisak, M.A.Co-advisor
扇漁 薇MD,LL.B.,FR.CPDcanFaculty of Graduate Studies
Master of Arts Programmein LinguisticsInstitute of Language and CultureFor Rural Development
Copyright by Mahidol University
Thesis
entitled
THE PⅡONOLOGICAL STUDY OF PADAUNG
oONG‐NECKED KARED AT BAN NAISOI,TAM腱 OL PANG MU,
Ⅳ【UANG DISTRICT,DIAE HONC SON PROVINCE
was submitted to the Faculty ofGraduate Studies,Mandol university
For the degree of Master of Arts (Linguistics)
On
Septembcr 28,1998
飛∠鳥扇漁 」予MD,LL B,FRCPDeall
Faculty of Graduate Stxlies
シリ ……45ク/
Somsonge Burusphat, Ph.D.Chaiman
Amon Thavisak, M.A.Member
Ratanakul,Ph D
Institute of Language and CultureFor Rural Development
:濡縣慇ξマCandidate
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ACKNOヽ VLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gatitude to Associate Professor Dr. Somsonge
Burusphat, my supervisor, for her kindness, advice and tireless persistence in reading
tluough the draft and offering useful comments.
I would like to thank Professor Dr. Khunying Suriya Ratanakul, for her
valuable comment and suggestions. My grateful thanks go to Associate Professor
Amon Thavisak for her useful suggestions about phonetics and outstanding guidance.
I would also like to thank Assistant Professor Dr. Sujaritlak Deepadung for her
invaluable advice to my work.
To my informants, Miss Ma Ca and Miss Ma Ba who with good humor
endured many hours of interviewing, I would like to express my $atitude.
My special thanks are directed to Mr. Niphon Khampha, Mr. Preecha
Thipkanok and Mrs. Arphom Trakulphiew, the govemment officials of Mae Hong
Son province. Their hospitality during my stay in Mae Hong Son is greatly
appreciated.
I wish to thank Ms Megan Sinnott and Dr. Floyd Eugene Jones for editing my
English writing.
I wish to extend a very special thank to all of my friends, who offered not only
the help but their warm ftiendship as well.
My gratitude is due to my grandparents, my aunt and uncle, my brother and in
particular my parents, for their everlasting encouragement and moral support.
Finally, I owe a great debt to the National Research Corurcil and the Faculty of
(haduate Studies, Mahidol University, for providing me a gmnt to support this
research.
There are many other people whose help in various ways did much to facilitate
my research. I would like to thank them most sincerely.
Sarinya KhammuangCopyright by Mahidol University
3636912 LCLG/M : MAJOR: LINGUISTICS ;M.A. (LINGUISTICS)
KEY WORD :PHONOLOGY/PADAUNG/KAREN
SARINYA KHAMMUANG:THE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF
PADAUNG(LONG―NECKED KAREN)AT BAN NAISOI,TAMBOL PANG NIU,
MUANG DISTRICT,MAE HONG SON PROVNCE THESIS ADVISOR:
SOMSONGE BURUSPHAT,Ph D,SURIYA RATANAKUL,Ph D,AMON
THAVISAK,MA 134 p ISBN 974‐ 661‐ 535-1
This thesis is an attemptto present a phonological study ofPadaung language
as spokcn tt Ban Naisoi,Talnbol Pang Mu,Muang District,Mae Hong Son Province
by using thc Tagmenlics thcory
The result of this study shows that the phonological system is composed
twenty-two consonant phonemes ( b, p, ph, d, t, th, j, c, ch, g, k, kh, ?, s, h, m, n,
4, r, l, w, y ), thirte€n vowel phonemes ( i, e, e, a, e, tu, u, o, c, ia, ai, eur, ua ),
and four tonemes : mid level tone, low-falling tone, high-falling tone and high-rising
tone. The syllable structure is C(C)Vr(C). There are three types of syllables :
presyllable, minor syllable and major syllable. There are three types of phonological
words : monosyllabic words, disyllabic words and trisyllabic words. Intonation is
caused by tone of the final syllable ofa statement either falling or rising.
It should be noted that vocalisation using a breathy voice is done for only
few words in the Padaung language. It can be assumed that the breathy voice may be
lost in the future.
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=9::JJooαo■ (THE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF PADAUNG
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Copyright by Mahidol University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
CIIAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
l.l Rational
L 2 Objective
1.3 Scope ofthe Study
1.4 Benefits of the Study
1.5 General Information about padaung
1.6 Ianguage Affiliation
I 7 Geographical Location
1 . 8 Legend of long-necked padaung Women
1.9 The Way of Life
I . I 0 Previous Studies of the Central Karen Group
CHAPTERtr: METHODOLOGY
2.1 Preparation
2.2 Field Work
2.3 Source of Data
2.4 Descriptive Approach
2.5 Procedure
C}IAPTER III : T}IE INTONATION GROI-IP
3_ I Definition
3.2 Structure
1
1
2
2
2
3
5
9
10
16
21
21
22
22
23
24
25
25
25Copyright by Mahidol University
V“
CFIAPTER IV : TIIE PHONOLOGICAL WORD
4 I Definition
4.2 Structure
4.3 Note on phonological word
CHAPTERV: SYLLABLE
5. I Definition
5.2 Structure
5.3 Types of Syllable
5.4 Stress in Padaung
5.5 Syllable Function
5.6 Syllable Boundary and Syllable Break
CHAPTERVI: PHONEMES
6.I Definition
6.2 Function
6.3 Consonant Phonemes
6.4 Vowel Phonemes
6.5 Tones
6.6 Note on Some Phonetic Features of the Padaung tanguage
CIIAPTER VII : CONCLUSIONAND SUGGESTIONS
FOR FURTT{ER STUDIES
7.1 Research Result
7.2 Discussion
7 3 Problem in the Study
7.4 Suggestions for Further Studies
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
BIOGRAPHY
30
30
30
33
34
34
34
34
47
48
50
51
51
51
51
66
72
75
77
77
79
79
80
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Vill
Figure I :
Figure 2 :
Figure 3 :
Figure 4 :
Figure 5 :
Figure 6 :
Figure 7 :
Figure 8 :
Figure 9 :
Figure l0
Figure 11
LIST OF FIGURES
Altemate places of Karenic Languages within Sino-Tibetan
Geographical goupings of Karenic Languages
Map of Mae Hong Son Administrative District
Map of Padaung Location
Padaung village
Weaving
Bathing and Washing
Dancing
Celebrating on New Year's DaY
: Cooking on New Year's DaY
: The Phonological HierarchY
Page
4
4
7
8
l3
l3
t4
l4
l5
l5
23
Copyright by Mahidol University
lX
LIST oF TABLES
The co-occurrence of a consonant with Ie] in the presyllable
with the single initiaI consonant of a major syllable.
The co-occurrence of single initial consonant with vowels
of a minor sytlable.
The co-occurrence of initial consonant cluster with vowels
of a minor syllable.
The co-occunence of single initial consonant with vowels
ofa major syllable.
The co-occurrence of initial consonant cluster with vowels
of a major syllable.
Consonant phoneme chart
Co-occurrence ofthe first consonant (C1) and second
consonant (C, in consonant cluster.
Padaung vowel phonemes
Padaung tones
Page
Table l
Table 2
Tablc 3
Tablc 4
Tablc 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8:
Tablc 9:
ξυ
つつ
38
40
つつ
И十
5
1
4
5
1
6
2
6
6
7
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LIST OF ABBREVIAT10NS AND SYPIBOLS
A.D
asp.
B.E.
C
Cr
C2
C:
i.e.
IPA.
pp.
S
SVOT
unasp.
vd.
vl.
vol.
w
Z
tl
t.ltl[,]
Anno Domimi
Aspirated
Buddhist Era
Consonant
Lnitial consonant
Second member of consonant cluster
Final consonant
That is
Intemational Phonetic Alphabet
Page
Strong stress
Subject-Verb-Object
Tone
Unaspirated
Vowel
Voiced
Voiceless
Volume
Weak stress
Unstress
Free variation
Phonetic transcription
Pllonemic tramcription
Breathy voice
Syllable boundary
Long vowel
Copyright by Mahidol University
331
^/''1 rzr
s21 t3to51t4t
a mid-level tone
a low-falling tone
a high-falling tone
a high-rising tone
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale
There are many ethnic groups in Thailand. The nine major ethnic groups are :
Karen, Hmong, Lisu, Lahu, Akha,Yao, Lua, Thin and Khmu. Of all the nine groups,
Karen has the largest population. According to the Public Welfare Department,
Labour and Social Welfare Ministry (1995:9), there are approximately 353,110 Karen
people in Thailand. This number constitutes 41.38 % of the total hilltribe population
in the country. The Karen group can be divided into four main groups : Pwo Karen,
Sgaw Karen, Bwe or Bre and Taungtu or Pa-O. Pwo Karen are mostly found in the
westem provinces : Kanchanaburi, Tak, Prach"apkhirikhan, Phetchaburi. Sgaw Karen
live mainly in the provinces of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai and Mae Hong Son. Besides
these two main groups, there is one Karen group which is well known among tourists
but there has been little academic research on them - the Padaung or the long-necked
Karen.
1.2 Objectives
1.2. I To study the phonological system of the Padaung language spoken at
Ban Naisoi, Tambol Pang Mu, Muang distric! Mae Hong Son Province.
| .2.2 To study the history and way of life of the Padaung people.
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1.3 Scope of the Study
This study deals with intonation. phonological words, syllables, phonemes,
and the tonal svstem of the Padaung language as spoken by a native speaker
migrating from Loikaw. the capital of Kayah State, Myanmar to the present location
in Naisoi village.
l.,l Benefits of the Study
1.4.1 This study provides knowledge of information on Padaung
phonology, the history and the way of life of the Padaung people.
1.4.2 This study is useful to the field of Tibeto-Burman linguistics since it
provides additional information on an unexplored Karen dialect.
1.4.3 This study will help minimize the language barrier between those
who need to communicate with Padaung and the Padaung people.
1.4.4 This study will help increase understanding between local people and
the Padaung people.
1.5 General Information about Padaung
Padaung call themselves Kae Kong Du (B. Bunkham B.E. 24gg) or Kayan.
They are known by the names Lekur, and the "long-necked Karen" or ..giraffe
woman" according to the woman' s appearance.
The Padaung' s homeland was in Yunnan province of The people,s Republic
of China. In 1000, they migrated to the Salween River Basin in Myanmar. Due to
political conflicts in Myanmar, government officials have implemented a military
policy which has caused the Padaung people to flee the violence. So they have
moved to settle near the neighboring minority who has a stronger power of military.
Padaung speakers are concentrated in Loikaw City in north-western Kayah
State and the adjacent town of Phekon in southem Shan State. There are 85,000
speakers of Padaung in Myanmar (Moseley and Asher 1994:lB2). There are also
ハ
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Padaung living in the southwest of Kayah State. A smaller number of Padar:ng
speakers also reside in Mae Hong Son province (Kauffman 1983:3).
1.6 Language Affiliation
Padaung language belongs to the Karenic family which is comprised of at
least six major languages. It is generally agreed that Karenic languages belong to the
Sino-Tibetan stock and are more closely related to Tibeto-Burman than to Sinitic.
However, their exact relation to the Tibeto-Burman family is still disputed.
Benedict (1972:6) gouped Karen with Tibeto-Burman under the Tibeto-
Karen stock whereas Matisoff(1973:84) placed Karen under Tibeto-Burman. There
iue some linguistic features which differentiate the Karenic languages from other
languages in the Tibeto-Burman group. For example, Karenic languages have the
word order SVO whereas other languages of Tibeto-Burman group have SOV (Fraser
1995: I 59).
Karen is classified into three main groups by geographical designation ;
northem. central, and southem groups. The northern group is the Pa-O, living in Shan
State, Myanmar. The southem group has the two largest groups of Karen, the Sgaw
and the Pwo. The central Karen refers to the Karen language spoken in Kayah State
of Myanmar, the adjacent areas in Myanmar and Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand
as diagrammed below (Kauffman 1983:3).
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Benedict (1972) .i M"tt."ffOr73)fl
Sino - Tibetan
Tibeto - Karen Sinitic
i-----Tibeto - Burman Karenic
Southem Karen
Pwo Sgaw
Central Karen
r-+---------rKayah Padaung Bwd
Northem Karen
I
I
Pa-O
Sino― Tibctan
Figure 2 : Geographical groupings of Karenic Languages
(Fraser 1995: 160)
Tibeto - Burman Sinitic
i__r L___r_______t
Burmic Bodic Baric Karenic
Figure 1 : Alternate places of Karenic languages within
Sino-Tibetan (Fraser 1995: 1 59)
Karenic
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1.7 Geographical Location
1.7.1 Padaung in Thailand
Padaung came to Thailand at the end of 1984 as the Burmese military were
wiping out the Kayah minority on the Thai-Myanmar border situated across Tambol
Pha Bong and 'fambol Pang Mu, Muang district, Mae Hong Son. The result of
insurgency and repression caused Kayah and Padaung people to come to Thailand.
Thai officials have taken care ofthem as a refugee since 1985.
Later on, the govemor of Mae Hong Son province had a policy to open the
city to tourism. One way to promote Mae Hong Son to tourists was the long-necked
Karen. So he talked to a Kayah leaders about opening the long-necked Karen village
to tourists by setting up a long-necked Karen village tourism center at Pai riverside in
order to satisfy tourists' convenience and to increase visitors. At that time, there were
eight Padaung women who wore neck brass rings. After the number of long-necked
Karen new anivals increase, there was a need for them to set up new households at
Ban Naisoi.
1.7.2 Location
Mae Hong Son, a northwestem province of Thailand, is bordered by
Myanmar to the north and west, Tak Province in the south, and Chiang Mai Province
in the east. Mae Hong Son Province is administratively divided into six districts, and
one subdistrict : Muang, Mae Sa Riang, Mae La Noi, Pai, Khun Yuam, Sob Moei
and Pang Ma Pha subdistrict. It has an area of 12,681 square kilometers. Mae Hong
Son province can be reached from Chaing Mai either by Highway No. 108 via
Mae Sa Riang, or Highway No. 1095 via Pai which shortens the distance to about
274 kilometers.
Ban Naisoi, Tambol Pang Mu is about 30 kilometers from Muang district.
There are several refugee ethnic groups here because Ban Naisoi is located in the
border area where the majority of the people are predominantly Tai-Yai. The
Padaung village is three kilometers from Tai-Yai villages. According to the 1996Copyright by Mahidol University
unofficial record, there are 3l Padaung women who wear brass rings in Ban Naisoi,
and 44 Padaung men.
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Figure 3 : Map of Mae Hong Son Administrative District
Source : Adapted from Documents ofThe Tourism
Authority of Thailand ( 1993)
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0
“
:LES 400
NATOIML CEOCRAHIIC ABr D囁 凛口ON
CHINA
CAM80D:A
Figure 4: Map of Padaung Location
Source : Adapted from Nuional Geographic.
1979 vol. 155 No. 6, P.800
rod rro"
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1.8 Legend of long-necked Padaung women
There are many legends about the padaung women,s wearing brass rings.
The Padaung believed that in the past, spirits disliked the padaung people so they sent
a tiger to harm them, especially the women. padaung' s ancestor feared that if all the
women died, their tribe would become extinct so all Padaung women wore neck-rings
to prevent themselves from the tiger. According to Somsonge (1989:31), the historical
reason for wearing neck-rings is that, in the past Padaung, or Lekhur, were proud oftheir life as brave warriors. They had conquered the Burmese. Later the Burmese and
the Bengalis became allies fighting against the Padaung people. The padaung then
had to flee in defeat. The Paduang took their nine years old princess to escape with a
miraculous tree called "Padaung tree" which had a yellow trunk like gold. When the
Padaung arrived at a safe place, the princess bound the Padaung fiee to her neck and
declared tl.rat she would take off the Padaung tree from her neck when the Lekhur
conquered the Burmese. After that, the Lakhur started putting rings onto a girl's neck
when she was nine years old.
The customs of wearing neck-rings in the distance past involved a young girl
who had to be bom on a full moon Wednesday and be a direct descendant of the
Padaung in order to be entitled to wear the rings. Refusal to follow the practice might
lead to sanctions and ostracization. Such social pressue could even lead to suicide. At
present, all Padaung women wear brass rings, regardless of their date of birth.
The total weight of the brass rings, usually from Myanmar's Benglong City, is
around 2.5 kilograms. Rings are heated and arranged into a circle. Each person carries
nine rings at this initial phase, and she has to be careful to avoid injury to her neck.
Padaung women normally carry two sets of brass rings. The first set, consists
of five rings, and is used as a base on the shoulder. The next set of twenty rings is
wom around the neck. Little rings on the back of the neck hold the two sets of rings
together. A new brass ring is added every four years. In a lifetime, ring changes occur
on nine occasions, the last one at the age of 45. The maximum number of rings worn
by Padaung women is thirtytwo rings, weighing 13 to 15 kilograms and are as
much as 35 centimeters in length. The normal number of rings wom by women in Ban
Naisoi is arcund 22, with two to seven kilograms in weight and nine inches in length.Copyright by Mahidol University
10
Rings are worn until the women die. Pregnant women temporarily take off the rings,
but put them back again after childbirth. Brass rings are also taken off when a woman
undergoes punishment as the result of marital infrdelity.
1.9 The Way of Life
Padaung people are similar to other Karens with regard to customs of love,
work, marriage, and the like. Rice farming is the main agricultural pusuit followed
by planting, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, fruits, and bamboo shoots.
Animal husbandry is another important occupation of the Padaung people.
Barter trade with lowland. markets involves exchanging agricultural products for salt,
betel leaves, and handicraft equipment. Rice liquor is another well-known product.
Padaung \.!omen carry out a range of activities, from cultivating the field to trading.
Padaung males are famous as hunters. Their hunting method includes using hunting
dog and muzzie-loading rifle.
1.9.1 Housing
Padaung houses are of the raised floor variety, made from wood or bamboo
with a grass thatched roof. Fireplace, mat, pot, jar, and utensils and equipment are
kept outside the house. Animals are kept under the living quarters. The shape of the
house resembles other Karen groups'houses. Pagodas may be found in some villages,
while others have Buddhist temples.
A Padaung village may be regarded as an independent community. Village
activities are administered by its leader and a council ofelders. The council also looks
after the practice of rituals and other customs, including the administration ofjustice.
1.9.2 Marriage
Padaung courtship involves a go-between who takes initiation, on behalf of a
male, to ask for permission to many from the bride-to-be' s family. MarriageCopyright by Mahidol University
presents from the male include buffalos, cows and a bronzE gong. The bride lives in
her parents' household for six months after the marriage. After such time, she moves
to.live with her husband. During pregnancy, the woman must not eat domestic
animals, only wild animal meat is edible. The husband perfomrs midwife duties for
his wife's childbirth. After the childbirth, they eat or y one particular kind of cooked
rice. The wife maintains this practice for 15 days while the husbanh does it for a
considerably longer period.
1.9.3 Belief and Religion
Animism is one of the Padaung' s belief systems. They believe that spirits can
cause sickness and bring misfoftune. When this occurs, a spirit leader will get in touch
with the spirits in order to try to rectify the bad circumstances. Before a rainy season,
the Padaung people holds a ceremony to please the spirits in the hope that the coming
harvest time will be good and plentiful.
About ten percent of Padaung are Buddhists. Spirits are a part of their belief
system which involves setting up spirit shrines in the vicinity of their livelihood, such
as their houses, village area, field, river and forest. Christianity is also popular.
Catholic missionaries are found in some villages. The deceased are buried, not
cremated, with the corpse's head pointing westward.
1.9.4 Dressing
Padaung male dress is similar to other Karen groups -- shirt, trousers and a
turban. During rituals or solemn occasions, males wear short housers and put wooden
or rattan rings on the upper calf. They also adom themselves with ankle rings
decorated with white bead ornaments. In contrast, Padaung women display a
remarkably different costume from other Karen groups.
Padaung costumes and omaments are described in the Illustrated
Encyclopedia of Mankind (1991:1549) as follows :
A Padaung woman in full costume is an impressive sight. Herlong black hair is wound up into an elaborate bun on top of herCopyright by Mahidol University
うこ
head and secured with a large silver comb and long wooden orsilver pins. Covering it are one or more strips of cloth knotted atthe front. In her ear lobes are silver plugs from which danglesilver chains and beads, often joined together by another chainunder the chin. Around the neck are twenty or more brass rings,which rise from a collar of about five large rings resting on theshoulders. The collar is kept apart from the neck rings by avertical brass coil at the rear. Over the collar she wears necklacesof silver chain, coins and beads. Her clothes are a sleevelesssmock of plain white cloth reaching to the hips, over which isworn a black j acket.
Her narrow skirt of hand-woven cloth is folded at the frontand reaches the knees. Round her legs are two more sets of brassrings separated at the top of the calf by pieces of cloth to preventchafing. For the same reason other strips of cloth may be womaround the ankle above her bare feet, and tiny embroideredcushions placed under the chin. The costume is completed withfive or more bracelets of smooth brass or aluminium on each wrist.The neck rings arouse the most curiosity from strangers. Theystretch the neck and force the chin upwards and forwards, so thatPadaung women eventually acquire a characteristic forward thrustof the head, a raised chin, and a voice best described asstrangulated.
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ハ
13
Figure 5: Padaung village
Figure 6 : \Yeaving
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14
^
^
Figure 7 : Bathing and Washing
ミ
Figure 8 : Dancing
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一〇
Ⅲ
Figure 9 : Celebrating on New Year' s Day
^
Figure l0 : Cooking on New year' s Day
Copyright by Mahidol University
16
1.10. Previous Studies ofthe Central Karen Group
The previous studies of Central Karen languages include A Grammatical
Sketch of Eastem Kayah ( Red Karen ) by David Solnit (1986) and Notes on Westem
Kayah Li (Westem Red Karen Phonoloey) by John Bryant R., Khu Klawreh and Khu
Noah ( 1993).
Solnit (1986) describes the phonology and grammar of the Eastem Kayah
(Red Karen) language spoken at Khun Huay Dya, the village on the right bank of the
Paaj river and Huaj Sya Thaw, Huaj Dya, the villages on the left bank of the Paaj
river, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand.
Since the present study is focused on phonology, the review of Solnit's work
will be confined to Eastern Kayah Phonology as follows :
The syllable structure is (Cr) (C2) r (G) V
Cr is any consonant
Cz is a liquid
G is a glide
V is a vowel
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Consonant Phonemes : There are 21 single consonant phonemes, as follows :
Labial Dental Alveolar- Retroflex Velar Glottal
palatal
vl. unasp p t c
vl. asp ph th ch
voiced b d (j)nasal m n
voiceless.
Fricative s
voiced
continaunt w I (j) r
k (?)
kh
h
(S。lnit 1986:14)
Solnit notes (1986:14) " /j / varies between standard palatal glide and voiced
palatal fricative, also occasionally appearing as a slightly prenasalized alveopalatal
affricate ["d7], especially in the low falling tone." He (1986:15) further states " zero
initial : in non-particles this is realized as either glottal stop or zero, the former more
corrrmon after pause or in emphatic speech, the latter more common in comected
speech. In particles it is always zero: the clitic nature of particles finds phonetic
expression in their being fused to the preceding morpheme if they begin with a
vowel.''
Vowelphonemes: There are 10 single vowels /i e e rt a ru y u o J/.
^
^
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Tones : There are 4 major tones and one marginal tone.
Mid rone 33 l- ^
Low level tone 22 h a
Low falling tone 2t t il
High tone 55 f ^
High falling tone 52 L aa
The marginal tone is a high-fatling tone. Solnit (1986:22) mentions about the
marginal tone that "the high falling-tone is quite rare, occurring most often in animal
names and some other polysyllabic morphemes...', He trcats the high-falling tone as
an allotone of the high tone. Suriya (1986:XL-XL| notes that this tone is
insignificant because it is predictable, that is, it occurs with a question particle or
emphatic sentence..
Bryaat et al (1993) collected the data from the speakers of the Westem Kayah
Li language who migrated from the Kyebogyi dialect area in Myanmar to a village at
the border area of Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand.
The phonological description of the Westem Kayah Li language is as follows :
The syllable structure is V, C1V, C1C2V, C1C2C3V
Cr is any consonant
Cz isr, I
C: is j. w
V is a vowel
There are four types of word : one syllable words, two syllable words, three
syllable words and compound words.
^
^
^
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Kayah Li Consonants
There are 22 consonant phonemes as follows :
Labial Inter Alveolar Alveolar Alvolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Dental retroflex Palatal
Plosive
vl.ptv[. asp ph th
vd.bdAffricate
vl.
Fricative
v[ e
vl.asp. sh
vd.yzNasal
vd.mn
h
k
k
t」
Tap
Lateral
Approxi-
mant w
(Bryant 1993:8)
h
]
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Kayah Li Vowels
Front Central Back
unround round unround round uruound round
CloseiaruuHali-Close e o
Half-Open e rOpen
(Bryant 1993:14)
Diphthongs : latt I
All vowels and diphthongs can also be breathy.
Breathy vowels are phonemic in westem Kayah Li and non-phonemic in
Eastem Kayah Li. The breathy vowels cannot occur with aspirated initial consonants.
Tones : There are four tones in Westem Kayah Li
Low tone t l-
Mid tone 3 [-
High-Mid torle no-marking IHigh tone 5 f
Low, high-rnid, and high tones occur with a glottal stop. Vowels with a mid
tone are distinctively longest.
Copyright by Mahidol University
ハ
CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
2.1. Preparation
At the preliminary stage of this study, the literature review of the Karen
languages is canied out. The field work area is also studied in detail to get a general
knowledge of its geography, history, society, culture and way of life.
A word list is prepared by using the following sources :
(l) Southeast Asian Word List Mahidol University Field Methods (revised 1990)
(2) A Lexical Survey Mahidol University Field Methods (revised 1990)
(3) The Oxford - Duden Pictorial Thai & English Dictionary
The word list consists of the words which are used in daily life. It can be
classified as follows :
(l) Nature, Geography
(2) Utensils, Household Appliances
(3) Part ofhuman body
(4) Plant and Animal
(5) Food and Cooking
(6) Clothes and Omaments
(7) Weather, Direction, time
(8) Numeration
(9) Kinship term, Pronoun
( 10) The name of things which use in daily life
1l I ) Action
( l2) Senses and Emotions
( I 3) Communication, Transportation
(14) Quantity, Quality
(l 5) Entertainment, Recreation
A‐
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Besides the word lists, pictures are also prepared to facilitate the eliciting of data.
2.2 Field Work
2.2.1 Survey of Field Work Area
A preliminary survey was made in December 1995 in order to examine several
areas which are suitable for the author to stay in and are also not too far from the
provincial administrators. The suwey also helped the author get acquainted with the
people in the research area. Since the Padaung people lived along the Myanmar-
Thailand border, during the survey, several factors such as accommodation and
facilitation needed to be put into consideration.
2.2.2 Data Collecting
The data were first collected in December 1996. The lexical items as appeared
in the prepared word list were pronounced in standard Thai to the informant and the
question "What do you call this thing ?" was asked. The informant pronounced the
word in her local dialect several times. The author then mimiced the word and asked
the informant ifthe word was pronounced correctly.
Besides the direct questions, pictures and real objects were used along with the
question "What is this?." The informant was also asked to describe the pictures and
tell a story. The next step is to transcribe the words into the Intemational Phonetic
Alphabetis and to record them on a cassette tape. After all words in the word list had
been asked, they were organized alphabetically in note cards and filed in a rhyme
book. In August 1997 , the collected data were rechecked again.
2.3 Source of Data
My main informant is Miss Ma Ca. She came fiom Loikaw, the capital of
Kayah State, Myanmar. She came to Mae Hong Son province about five years ago.
ハ
Copyright by Mahidol University
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She was 15 years old at the time of data collecting and had 22 brass rings on her
neck. She began wearing brass rings when she was seven years old.
The data were checked with a 17 years old woman. Her name is Miss Ma Ba.
She also came from Loikaw and had 19 brass rings on her neck. Both of them could
speak and understand only few Thai words. They eamed their living by selling
woven cloths and souvenirs.
2.4 Descriptive Approach
The phonological approach used in this study is Tagmemics, which sees
phonology as a hierarchy of ranks. The phonological hierarchy is postulated with
such ranks of the intonation group, the phonological word, the syllable and the
phoneme. The unit of each rank has a structure stated in terms of the rank below
(except for the lowest rank, the phoneme) and the function stated in terms of the rank
above (except for the highest one, the intonation).
The phonological hierarchy can be diagrammed as follows :
Structue
U 1)
Function
Figure 4 : The Phonological Hierarchy
The intonation group
The Phonological word
The syllable
The phoneme
.
Copyright by Mahidol University
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バ
2.5 Procedure
The procedure ofphonological analysis is as follows :
2.5.1 Transcribe the data by using a phonetic transcription.
2.5.2 Check the data by using a checking list.
2.5.3 Record the data on a cassette tape.
2.5.4 Interpret ambiguous sounds by using unambiguous syllable
patterns.
2 . 5 . 5 Rewrite the data according to the interpretation.
2.5.6 Make a phonetic chart by separatiflg the consonant chart from the
vowel chart.
2.5.7 Circle suspect pairs by putting phonetically similar sounds within
the same circle.
2.5.8 Analyze the data to find significant sounds by using the contrastive
and complementa-ry distribution principles.
Copyright by Mahidol University
CHAPTER IⅡ
THEINTONAT10N GROUP
3.1 Definition
The intonation group is the highest rank in the hierarchy. Its structure is stated
in terms of final contours.
3.2 Structure
intonation types are determined by the pitch contours of the final syllables.
The falling contour is the intonation group that the final syllable pitch pattem have
pitches 21, 33 and 52. The rising contour is the intonation group that the final
syllable pitch pattem has pitch 45 as exemplified below.
Falling Contour
[khi:45d。,21 tha121 khi:45 phu'21]
I big morc l bcautiful
"The more I grow, the pretty I am."
(affi rmative statement)
[khi:4s ta33.1ru?21 ?aw52 be:2r ]
I want smoke opium
"I want to smoke the opium."
(affi rmative statement)
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[pha:52 ?a42r diag52]
father eat food
Rh“ pha4:碕I child man
[khi:45 t$ur:52 ?a!2r thaw2']
I not married
Paybα冽̈ "ふ奇smokc opium not good
赫not slccp
[khi:45 mO:52 ka'33
l opcn door
dals2 [a2r kaj 2r1
polite word
"My father is eating."
(affi rmative statement)
"My baby is a boy."
(affi rmative statement)
"I am not married."
(negative statement)
"Smoking the opium is not good."
(negative statement)
"Don' t sleep"
(negative statement)
"Open the door, please."(request statement)
[phaJ2[
givc
khi:45
mc
pra33
doll
jc:rr la2tt pra:2 r1 "Give me the doll, please."
^1 classifier. (request statement)
Copyright by Mahidol University
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IPha?4s
May
2 r\r,eat
khi:45
I
1a233
polite
kuj'' lword
"May I have some candy?"
(request statement)
"Go, now !"
(command statement)
"Stand up !"
(command statement)
"Sit !"
(command statement)
"Whose house is this?"
(content question)
"How old are you?"
(content question)
"What is your name?"
(content question)
to*-r""..7go now
t* "r,istand up
trr**tr1----.---'
Sit
ths
4u:52 ma:33]
Q-k
Ina:3 3
you
[hi?21 khi:45 du''ma:t2me:33hu:52pa2lta:33]
house Q.mk.
lna:-'
you
mal3 nej 2 |
age
mialr3 hu:45 pa:2r]
name who
Copyright by Mahidol University
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[na:33 ma:3t ta33 ma:33
you to do work
[taw]3 bc:2 rkc?2r to:s2
go Bangkok at whcn
"What are you doing?"
(content question)
"When are you going to
Bangkok?"
(content question)
ta33 ra21]
what
[taw]3 te:s2 pe:33 raws2 6u?2r klag2r gaw2r be:2ll
you each other to sing Q. mk.
"Would you like to sing a song with me?" (invitation statement)
[taw]3 klal2r te:52 thur:52 thwi:45 ;i\to stroll at waterfall Q. mk.
"Would you like to go to a waterfall?" (invitation statement)
Rising Contour
[khi:45 thu:s2 t6c4as ta:as]
I student
"I am a student."
(affi rmative statement)
ハ
Copyright by Mahidol University
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[?a{'' dialt' the:"
eat food yet
ha:52 ja:a5]
Q.mk
[na:33 kua42l thru:52 ca42l
.you swim water expert
"Did you have lunch yet?"
(Polar question)
"Can you swim?"
(Polar question)
"Now, what time is it?"
(content question)
la?o5f
Q.mk.
[ka?3] ne:2r bun52 ri?"t]
now what time
The intonation group pattems are predictable according to the pitch ofthe final
syllables and thus they are not contrastive.
Copyright by Mahidol University
CHAPTER IVTHE PHONOLOGICAL WORD
4.I Definition
The phonological word is defined as the rank which firnctiors as the unit of
the intonation group and u,hose structure is stated in terms of syllabte.
4.2 Structure
In terms of stress, the stress group in this language can be divided into tfuee
types : Monosyllabic word, Disyllabic word and Trisyllabic word.
The symbols used in describing the phonological word are :
Strong stress is marked by ( 's.)
Weak stress is marked by ( ,w.)
An unstressed syllable is marked by (2.)
Syllable breaks are indicated by a low dot ( .)
4.2.1 Monosyllabic word
A monosyllabic word is a word with only one syllable. The strong stress
usually occurs on that sytlable. Its structure is ( 's.)
Examples : [ 't$he?45] '1o stab"
['thwer451 "right side"
1'be:I] "duck"
['de:r3] "rabbit"
[ 'pha:s21 "father"
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4.2.2 Disyllabic word.
A disyllabic word is a word with two syllables. It can be classified according
to its structure into two sub-types.
Sub+ype I
This sub-type is composed of a presyllable which is unshessed followed by a
major syllable. The strong stress is on the last syllable. Its structure is (2. 's.)
Examples : I ma2r 'khru?2 '] "night"
I ka2r 'khur:52]
I ma2l 'ke:33]
I ma2r 'kle:33]
Ika2r'pha?2ri
"pineapple"
"tamarind"
"shoes"
Sub-type II
This sub-type is composed of two syllables. The weak stress falls on the first
syllable and the strong stress is on the last syllable. Its struchle is (, w. ' s.)
Examples : [ ,hi?2r 'khu?2r] "roof'
[,khaw2r '0az2r1 "mango"
[ ,daws2 'pa:2r]
[,phu?45 'dajs2] "navel"
[ ,nu:52 'mew52] "powdered milk"
[ ,naj52 'mur:52 ] "beehive"
4.2.3 Trisyllabic word
A Trisyllabic word is a word with three syllables. It is classified into two
subtypes.
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Sub-type I : The weak stress falls on the first and second syllables and
strong stress falls on the last syllable. Its structue is ( , w. , w. ,s.)
Examples : [,pla433 ,zawsz' tchur:s21 .,rainbow,,
[, khluj'zt , phu:o5'eat2r] "papaya"
[, thur:52 , thuj2t ' lagasJ
[l ha121:kh。 :211la'21]
`to■o"''
“foot''
Sub+ype II : The first syllable is unstressed. The minor stress falls on the
second syllable and the strong stress falls on the last sytlable.
Its structure is (z , w. ' s.)
Examples : I me:33 , [a;33 ' thews2] ,.cabbage,'
1 ma2r , huro5 ' la.14s1 ,,green onion,'
I ma33 , saas ' ra?asi ,.a kind of vegetable,,
Ike33,la42r'klag2r] "toy"
^
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4.3 Note on Phonological word
In addition to the three types ofwords mentioned above, there is a group of
words consisting of four syllables. Some syllables have independent meanings and
some do not. Therefore, it is unclear ifthese words should be analysed as tetrasyllabic
words or compound words. The symbol ' ? ' below represents the syllables having no
independent meanings.
Examples : [ka33 ti:s2 tur:52 thap2rJ "sweat"
"descent"
[ka33 buz2r lajs2 rswzrl
"cheek" ? ?
[ta?45 qc:33 ra42l t$u?os;
???
[tgu:33 pra33 to:33 thu:52]
? "human being" ?
ftujs2 t9uz2r t4e2t khlaq52l
"spoon" ? ?
"a dimple"
"a friend"
"a go-between"
"a fork"
293609 l\+u383y
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CHAPTER V
SYLLABLE
5.1 Definition
The syllable is defined as the rank whose structure is stated in terms of
phonanes and whose unit fuflctions in the phonological word.
5.2 Structure
The struchrre of syllable is described in terms of segments consisting of a vowel
and usually a tone and one or two @nsonants as periphery'
5.3 Types of Sylleble
There are three types of syllable : presyllable, minor syllable and major
syllable. The symbol used in describing the syllable are :
C is a consonant.
V is a vowel.
t is a tone.
5.3.1 Presyllable
The presyllable is defined as a syllable which has [e] in free variation with [a]
vowel and bears only non-stress. This syllable type bears the low pirch which is
neutralized and thus becomes a mid level pitch.
The structure of the presyllable is : [Ce] - [Ca]
Examples :
[m。21:klif3 10a'21]~
[ma21:kli33 10a?21] `■ 額熊直nd"
[k。21:lao21:kla133] ~
[ka21 1la121:kla]33] ``a tOy"
[k。21:la121:mei52]~
Eka21:lao21 1mOi52] “mattress"
[b。21 1la145] ~
[ba21 1la■45] `laClaruit'
[k。21:pha'211 ~ [ka21:pha'211 ``shOeゞ '
[k。21:da152] ~ [ka21 lda152] “d。。r'Copyright by Mahidol University
35
p ph b t th d C Ch 」 k kh g 0エ m n ] S h 1 r W y
p●
pho
bЭ + 十 + 十 + + + +
tЭ + + + 十 + + + + + + + + + +
tho
dЭ
CЭ + + + + + 十 + + + +
chЭ
IЭ
kЭ + 十 + + + + + + + + + + +
khЭ
go
?Э + + 十 + + + + + + + + + + + +
mo + + + + + + 十 + + +
nЭ + + 十 +
ηЭ
SЭ 十 + + 十
hЭ
lo + + 十
rЭ + +
WO
yЭ
Table I : The co-occurrence ofa consonaat with / a / in the presyllable
and the single initial consonant of a major syllable.
+ : Occurrencc
― : non―occurrence
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The co-occurrence of a consonant with I a ] in the presyllable and the
single initial consonants of major syllables in Table 1 shows that :
l. The consonant phonemes i p, ph, th, d, kh, ch, j,s, I,h,w,y/ in major
syllables never occur with the presyllables.
2 The consonant phoneme / t / follows the presyllable i ne / only.
3. The consonant phoneme / p / follows the presyllable / te / only.
4. The presyllable / re / is followed by /b,ch/ only.
5- The presyllable /?a/ can occur with all ofinitial consonant phonemes
except / t, g, p, w /.
6. No consonants in the presyllables occur with identical consonants in the
major syllables.
ヽ^
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5.3.2 Minor syllable
A minor syllable is defined as a syllable which always takes weak (secondary)
stress. It can be either open or closed syllables.
There are four subtypes of the minor syllable as the following :
a) Subtype I : Its structure is CVr
Examples: 1,me:s2'na42r]
[,ne:s2 'phi:a33]
[,to?2' 'pha:521
[,ki:33'?o:3]1
b). Subtlpe II : Its structure is
Examples: [,pra:3]'mur?'']
[,hwi:2r 'kc?211
[,blo:2"4ut2t1
[,bwe:2r '4at2l1
c). Subtype III : Its structure is
Examples: [,pc433'da:33]
[,kaj2r 'Phu:as1
^ [,ka42r 'oal2r1
[,bejs2'baw2r1
d). Subtype [V : Its structue is
Examples: [,phlow2r'phli:451
[,klag2r'4aw2r1
[,hwa22r 'ta:52]
[,khluj52 'bc:52]
"fishhook"
"malaria"
"orchid"
"school"
CCVT
"woman"
"feeding bottle"
"sexual intercourse"
"a ascetic"
CVTC
"powder"
"a brooch"
"eggplant"
"a cradle"
CCVTC
"eyelids"
"to sing'
"a bamboo strip"
"the inflorescence ofthe
banana plant"
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1 C ε uI Э a u 0 Э la al Om ua
p + + 十 + + + + + + +
ph + + + + +
b + + + + + +
t + + 十
th + + 十 + 十 +
d + + + + + + 十 +
C 十 + + + + + + + + +
Ch + + + + + + +
k 十 十 + + 十 + 十 + + +
kh + 十 + + + + +
g +
? + + + + + + + 十 +
m 十 + + + 十 + + + +
n + + + + + + + +
0 + + + + +
S + 十 + +
h + + 十 + +
1 + + + + + + + +
r 十 + + + + +
W + +
y 十 + + + + + + +
Table 2 : The co-occurrence of single initid consonants and vowels
of a minor syllable
十 : occurrcncc
‐ i non― occurrence
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39
The co-occurrence of single initial consonants and vowels of minor syllable in
Table 2 shows that :
I . All consonant phonemes can be the initials of minor syllable except /j /.
2. Afl consonant phonemes except /g,j/ canoccurbeforcla/.
3. OnIy/e /canoccurafter/ g /.
4. Only / u, a / can occur after / w /.
5. Only / ai /canoccurafter/p,c,khl.
6. Only I aru / can occur after / b, th, n /.
Copyright by Mahidol University
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一(
1 e ε Ш 0 a u 0 0 la al ouI ua
pl + + + +
phi +
bl + 十
kl + 十 十
khi +
pr +
br
kr + 十 +
pw
bw +
thw
CW +
chwkw +
khw
9Wmw +
nw +
SW +
hw +
Table 3 : The co-occurrence of initial consonant clusters and vowels
of minor syllable.
十 : Occurrcncc
― : non― occurrence
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41
The co-occurrence of initial consonant clusters and vowels of minor syllable
ofTable 3 shows that :
I . The vowels / e, ur, ia, ai, ua / never occur with consonant cluster in minor
syllables.
2. The consonant phoneme / pr / occurs with / a / only.
3. Only / e / occurs with / bw, nw /.
4. Only / a / occurs with / kw, khw, hw /.
5. Only / i / occurs with / sw, cw /.
6. Only / o / occurs with / phl /.
7. Only lu / occurs with / khl /.
8. The consonant clusters / pw, thw, gw, chw, khw / have not been found
in minor syllables.
Copyright by Mahidol University
つ4
ス■
5.3.3 Major Syllable
The major syllable is defined as a syllable which always takes stong stress. It
can be either closed syllable or open syllable. Its structure is C (q Vr (q.There are four diflerent subtypes of a major syllable as the following :
a). Subtypel:CVrExamples: [ 'lo:2r]
['0u:33]
['De:,,]
['pha:52]
b). SubtlpeII: CCVrExamples : ['0wi:2t]
['kwe:33]
['gwa:331
['thwi:2r]
c). Subtype II : CVrC
Examples : ['pew2t]
['kuut']
[,tcha15z1
[ 'phujt']
d). Subqpe III : C C Vr C
Examples : ['plaj3]]
['kla42']
[ 'bwar12']
['khlew2r]
"stone"
"brass"
"father"
"blood"
*run"
"husband"
"dog"
"cow''
"spider"
"elephant"
"soft"
"tongue"
"to play"
"fat"
"cold"
^
A
Copyright by Mahidol University
43
1 e ε Ш Э a u 0 0 la al OW ua
p + 十 十 十 + + + + +
ph + + + + 十 + + 十
b + + + + 十 + + + + +
t + + + + + 十 + + +
th + + + 十 + + 十
d + + + + + + + +
C 十 + + 十 + 十 + + +
Ch + + 十 + 十 + + + +
+ + +
k + + 十 + + + + + + +
kh + 十 + + + +
9 + +
01 十 + + + + + + + + +
m + + + + + + + + + +
n + + + + + +
] + + +
S 十 + + + + 十
h 十 + + + + + + + +
I + + + + + + + + + + +
r + + + + + + + +
W +
y + + + + + + + +
(ヽ
Table 4 : The co-occurrence of single initial consonant and vowels of
a major syllable
+ : Occurrence
‐ i non― occurrcnce
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44
The co-occurrence of single initial consonants and vowels of the major
syllable in Table 4 shows that :
1 . All consonant phonemes can be the initial consonant of a major syllable.
2. All vowel phonemes can occur in a major syllable.
3. Only / e / can occur with the initial / w / of a major syllable.
4. Only / p, th, c, I / occur before / ai /.
5. Only/ a, u, c / occur with the initial / j /of a major syllable.
6. Only / ul, u / occur with the initial / g/ of a major syllable.
7. Only le,w,a / occur with the initial/1/of a major syllable.
8. All diphthongs never occur with / th, kh, j, g, n, l, s, r, w, y /.
9. All vowels except / ua, eur / occur after / I /.
^
Copyright by Mahidol University
45
1 e ε Ш Э a u 0 Э la al ouI ua
pl + + +
phi + + + +
bl + + + +
kl + + + + + +
khl + 十 + + + +
pr + + +
br +
kr + + +
pw 十 +
bw + + +
thw + +
CW +
chw + + +
kw + +
khw +
9W + +
mw + +
nw +
SW +
hw + 十
ハ
Tablc 5 : The co - occurrence of initial consonant clusters and
vowels of a major syllable.
十
¨
: occurrence
i non― occurrence
八
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The co-occurrence of initial consonant clusters and vowels of a major syllable
in Table 5 shows that :
t . The diphthongs never occrrr after consonant cluster of a major
syllable.
2. Only / tu / occurs after / kr l.
3. Only / a, u / occur after / kl, khl /.
4. Only / c / occurs after / kl, pr /.
5. Only / i / occurs after / sw, cw /.
6. Only / e / occurs after / nw /.
7. Only / a / occurs after / br, khw /.
ハ
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ハ
5.4 Stress in Padaung
Stress is defined in terms of volume (intensity) and duration of vowel. It
frurctions in syllable rank. In Padaung, stess is predictable by the types of syllables
and its position in a phonological word. Therefore, the word stress needs not to be
marked overtly at the phonemic level.
Types of Stress
Stess can be divided into two types, i.e. stress and non-stress.
Type I : Stress : Strong Stress and Weak Stress.
a). Strong Stress ( Primary Stress )
Strong stress has the most volume and greatest vowel length of all. It is the
only strongest stress that occurs on the peak of the major syllable. This strong stress is
obligatory in a phonological word (a stress group) and it is marked by (' ).
Examples : ['0e:52] "rotten"
['tchur:s21 "chicken"
['E*t"] "two"
[ 'kwe:33] "to run"
['le:s2] "sister-in-law"
['pha:52] "father"
b). Weak Stress ( Secondary Stress )
Weak stress is weaker than strong stress. It occurs on any minor syllable and is
marked by (,).
Examples : [ ,wa42r 't$hur:s2] 'lake a bath"
[,0ur:33 '0az2r1 "cucumber"
[ ,luj33 'no:33] "a square"
[ ,bej52 'baw2r] "cradle"
[ ,paw2r 'caj2'] "sweet basil"A
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Type II : Non - Stress : Zero - Stress
Zero stress has no stress with the least volume and shortest length of vowel
length. It occurs on presyllables and it is unmarked.
Examples :
Syllable Function
The syllables have two main functions in the phonological word : nuclear
syllable and peripheral syllable.
5.5.l Nuclear SyⅡ able
The syllable in this class'functiolpd the nucleus of the phonological word.
The nuclear syllable is a major syllhble and always takes strong Grimary) stress. It
always occupies the last position in a word.
Examples : [ 'kaws21
[ 'ma:s2]
[ ,ta2l 'gur:]11
[ ,ta2r 'kiag331
[,phu:52'do:2r1
[,maj2r'phe:"]
J ma33 ,hu2os 'bews21
[ka21:la121 imCJ52]
[じa21lkhaw2:]
[m。21lkhШ
'52]
[ba21 itha021]
[,a2110i:52]
[?a21〔 bШf3]
"mattress"
"backhand"
"niCht"
"the east"
"green"
'lhin"
``hole''
`¬ife"
“Ⅲnd"
“bad habit''
′“pregnant"
``lighter"
“garlic''
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5.5.2 Peripheral Syllable
The syllables in this class function as the periphery of the phonological word.
Every peripheral syllable can occur in any position, except the final one, of a
phonological word. It can be divided into two sub-classes : weakly stressed
peripheral syllable and zero-stressed peripheral syllable.
- Weakly Stressed Peripheral Syllable
A weakly stressed syllable is a minor syllable. It always takes a secondary
stress.
Examples : [ ,?c:33 'piaw2'] "have a good time"I
[ ,t$apos 't$hur:sz1 "mist"
[ ,laq2t 'bc:521 "a flagstaff'
[ ,huagos 'he:331 "clothes"
[ ,bi:as 'sul2t1 "a kind ofvegetable"
,ba33 'sa22l1 ..love"
- Zero - Sressed Peripheral Syllable
An unstessed syllable is a presyllable. This kind of syllable has [e] ^, tal
as the vowel of the syllable gnd it takes the mid pitch.
Examples : [ *,, 'ki"rrt, - l btt 'kiat2t1 ..$gad,
1be33 'lag2r1 - 1bs33 'lap2r] ..the south"
t Qa13'?iu)2r) ' l?a1t tti^nzr1 '.narrou/,
I me33 ,ei:52 'D*"] - [ me31 ,oi:52 ,0ux33] ..Wednesday''
I ma33 ,du:2r 'thews21 - [ mar, ,du:2r 'thew52] .]ard long bean'
t me33 ,ke:33 '0a?21] -.[ me33 ,ke:33 t0a?211 ..pineapple'
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Syllable Boundary and Syllable Break
5.6.1 PhoneticTranscription
Stress marks the beginning ofa syllable. That is, the strong stressed sign
( ' ) indicates the beginning of a major syllable and the weakly skessed sign ( , )
indicates the beginning of a minor syllable. The beginning of the non-stress syllable,
i.e. the presyllable is marked by the initial consonant of the presyllable. Since
Padaung syllables end with either a final consonant or a vowel (with tone), the
syllable ending is marked by the final consonant or vowel, and a following consonant
(or a consonant cluster) marks the beginning of the next syllable.
Examples :
Major Syllable
Minor Syllable
V
C
V
C
V
C
C
C
C
C
[[thШF2
Lbe」52
[!li:21lb。 :52
[じa121
[k。33
'law2 t1
'baw2r]
'thtu:52]
'daw2l1
'l"totl
"river"
"a cradle"
"a pen"
"good at"
'lackfruit"Presyllable
5.6.2 PhonemicTranscription
Stress is predictable by the syllable position in the phonological word and by
the syllable structue. The final syllable in a phonological word represents the major
syllable. The former final syllable represents the minor syllable. And the non-final
syllable in /Ce/ or /Ca.i structure represents the presyllable. Therefore stress is not to
be marked in the phonemic transcription.
^
^
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ハ
CⅡAPTER Ⅵ
PHONEMES
6.1 Delinition
The phoneme is defined as the rank whose units function in the syllable. It is
the lowest rank of the hierarchy and, therefore, has no stable structure.
6.2 Function
There are three major classes of phonemes according to their firnction in the
syllable : consonants, vowels and tones.
6.3 Consonant Phonemes
Padaung consonant phonemes finction as a syllable periphery. There is no
contrast between short aDd long consonant There are 22 consonant phonemes in
Padaung : / b, p, ph, d, t, th, c, j, ch, g, k, kh, ?, m, n, !, s, h, l, r, w, y /. All of
these phonemes car occur initially in a syllable. The phonemes / l, r, w / can also
occur as the second element in the consonant cluster. There are seven final consonants
:/k,?,m,n,g,w,y/.
in the following chart, the phonentes will be grouped according to their
manners and points of articulation.
Copyright by Mahidol University
^′4
″ヽυ
^
Point of
Articulalion
Manner
of Articutation
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosives
vl. unasp
vl. asp
voiced
h
p
p
b
t
rh
d
c
ch
J
h
k
k
g
/
Nasal m n 0
Fricative s h
THll r
Lateral1
Approximants W v
^
Table 6 i cOrⅨ
'nant PhOneme Chart
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53
6.3.1 ConsonantsFormationalStatements
/p/ represents rpr, a voiceless unaspirated bilabial stop. It occus in syllable
initial position.
Examples: tpew2t
1P:u'l2t
rpwirr
pa43 t
playtr
/ph/ represents rphl,
initial position.
Examples : /pha3 /
/phu3/
lPhc'ta /
lphayzl
Examples : ibe2r
lberl
tbawzt
ba43 r
fowa42t
/ t / represents
initial position.
Examples: fio'lzt
ft122 t
ftawtt
ftat qaat
tbe:2lt
tbe:l3l
tbaw2lr
tbarls2r
/phuy3/
I b r represents rbr. a voiced bilabial stop. It occurs in syllable initial position.
lpew2ll "cow"
lPu?2 r | "Younger"
tpwi:2rt "nest"
tpaj52r "gong"
rplaj33l "tongue"
a voiceless aspirated bilabial stop. It occurs in syllable
tpha:s2t "father"
tphu:t'r "abdomen"
rphc?ast "child"
tphaj2rt "give"
rphuj52r "soft"
"opium"
"duck"
"classifier of kerosene cane"
"a glass"
"fat"
alveolar stop. It occurs in syllable
tbwa42rt
ftt. a voiceless unaspirated
Ito?2ll
fti? 2 rl
Itaw33l
tta33ga:a5t
"key"
"horse"
"go, walk"
"smile"
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ftia42t ttuag2ll "porcupine"
ftlv represents rtht, a voiceless aspirated alveolar stop. It occurs in syllabte
initial position.
Examples '. fthew2t
rdr represents rdt. a voiced alveolar stop. It occurs in syllable initial position.
Examples : di2a r
/thaw2/
1tha]3′
/thi3′
んhwi2′
lderl
tdct t
tda4a r
rcha3 t
rchi3 r
rchc'l2 t
rthew2rt
Ithaw2lt
ftha1352t
tthi:52t
tthwi:2 rt
ldi,451
1dε :331
1d。 :331
1da0451
Ioha,211
1“ ha:521
1じ hi:5ぅ
1峰 h。 ,21,
“bird"
``pig"
``beer'
“kick''
``dog''
"a charcoal grip"
"rabbit"
"to scold"
"aluminum"
"a kind of knife"
"to tie"
"to lead"
"same"
"a chopping block"
lcr represents ttst, a voiceless unaspirated alveo-palatal affricate.
It occurs in syllable initial position.
Examples : rca?zcai?zr tt;a?2t t1ai?2tf'right side"
′c。3ce'2′ I“Э:52峰 e'211
td:ua42t tduag2rt
tcwi2t thwi:2rt
/cuayacu?2/ ttquajas tou22rl
rce43klaw2l rhe1s2 klaw2Ir
lch./ represents rt$hr, a voiceless aspirated alveo-palatal affricate.
It occurs in syllable initial position.
Examples : rcha22r
"Pain"
"sweet"
"to plant"
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Eυ
llv represents rkr, a voiceless unaspirated velar stop. It occurs in syllable initial
and in final position of only few words.
Examples: lkiawrr
initial position.
Examples: 4lu22t
lkawll
rka4rr
position.
Examples: fthru3r
/khi4′
′khu,2/
/J。 ,2/
tftu?2r t
t$c?2r,
Pat ja24t Pct33!,a?otl
kat jatat tka33Saz45t
rchaq3 t 1tpha452t
I j I represents tSt, a voiced alveo-palatal
"elephant"
affricate which occurs in syllable
"monkey"
"loud"
"toilet"
"to fry"
"mouth"
"spider"
"gecko"
"broken"
"a kind of deer"
"an anvil"
"bridge"
"brother-inJaw"
"husband"
"to squeeze"
"wind"
"elder"
/tok3 ke2′ Itok52 kc:211
′ka2 kok3′ lka:21 kЭ k52〕
lkiaw33
1kaw331
1ka0331
lkhi:451
1khu,211
lktv represents rkht. a voiceless aspirated velar stop. It occurs in syllable initial
tkhtu:52t
lkhe3r &he:52t
/ g / represents rgr. a voiced velar stop. It occurs in syllable initial position.
Examples : Ewat t
rkhiap3r rkhia452r
tgrsyo r
rgwa:33r
rgujosr
fiargurrl rta33gur:33r
qwe2t tgwe:2lt
ハ
ヘ
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klal2 guya tur?'l tkla42r gujas tur?2rt "brace and bit,'
I ? I represents r?r. a glottal stop. It occurs in syllabte initial position and syllable
final position.
Examples : t?aw3 t
fiaq2 r
fiuy2 r
r? at ?i22 r
t?t?o r
/ m / represents tmt, a voiced
and in final position of few words.
Examples '. tma't tma:521 "wife"
rniot lmi:asl "grass"
rmia4t t tmia433t "name"
thamz phaa sa?2t tham2r pha:a5 sa?2rt "lemon"
lhom3t thom52l "blanket"
/ n / represents rnr, a voiced alveolar nasal. It occurs in syllable initial position
and syllable final position.
Examples : mat t Ina:33r "you"
mwe'/ Inwe:33r "seven"
mu?zt mu?2lr "nipple"
man3 law2l man52 law''r "lie"
mltna na?2 r lmunas na?2lr " water buffalo"
/ D / represents t1t, a voiced velar nasal. It occurs in syllable initial position and
syllable final position. 4l is realized as lnt when preceded by the phoneme /! /.
Examples: tqut22t
I?aws2t "to drink"
l?a42tt "to eat"
t?uj2't "delicious"
r?a33 ?i?2rr .,dark,,
r?u?asr "to blow"
bilabial nasal. It occurs in syllable initial position
t4u?2ll
r4ru:t'r
"trousers"
"two"rrlur3/
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57
/!egr kiawr/ tleD52kiaw33l "to cook in a pan
with a little oil"
/ s / represents tsl. a voiceless alveolar fricative. It occurs in syllable initial
position. There is afree variation between tsl and tel
Examples: 'sa'lat 1sa?a5i - 1Qn?as1 "heart"
/sil/
/su?4/
/swi2/
lstu'l
il2r
klal2 gaw2r
tblea t
rliaq3 t
tsi:521 - tOi:521 "three"
1su?as; - 10u?a5i "liver"
tswi:2rl - t0wi:2rl ``blood"
tsur:331 - t0ur:331
/h/ represents thl, a voiceless glottal fricative. It occurs in syllable initial
Examples: rhi?zr thi?2rt "house"
rhe2a r the?+s, ,.spicy,,
rho3r tho:331 "loose"
rhaq2 r thag2rl "soil"
rhuapoce 'l thuapos he:331 "blouse"
r I r represents th, a voiced alveolar lateral. It occ*s i, the syllable initial
position and as the second member of consonant clusters.
Exhmples : rlaar tla:n'l
tlu:2rl
1kla42t4aw2r1
tble:a51
1lia452l
rryi''l
tna:21 ri:l3l
"moon"
"thread"
"to sing"
"shoulder"
"to dance"
"root"
"a watch"
/ r / represents trl. a voiced alveolar trill. It occurs in the syllable initial
position and as the second member of consonant clusters.
Examples: r:uyzr
na2 rit t Copyright by Mahidol University
58
^
Examplcs: ″uy2/ 『
画211
“rOot"
lna2 ri1/ 1na:21 ri31 ``a Watch''
/rua134′ Irua0451 “silver''
/bra,2′ 〔bra'211 “clohcs bmsh"
/pra1/ 1pra:31 ``human being''
′、v′ represents lwl, a voiced labio― velar approxiinant lt occurs in the syllablc
A initial and flnal positiOn and as the second rncmbcr of consonant clustcrs
Examplcs: Avao2 thШ 3/ 1、 va]21 thuI:521 “takc a bath"
′kwεl′
lkwε :〕31
“lun''
′bwi:2′ 〔bwi:211 “tobacco''
′,aw3′ 1,aヽv521 ``drink''
phaw3′ 〔phaw5、 “■。wcr"
′y′ rcprcsents jL a Voiccd palatal appro対mant lt occurs in the syllable iitial
and flnal position
Exalnples: /yol′ jo:31 ``shadow''
7yay2/ uaJ211 “、v00den partition"
ハ ゲaw3′ jaWS3 ``mirrOr''
phayり lphaJ5角 “mOther's mother"
llchuy3′ lkhu」 5ぅ ``nine"
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6.3.2 Classification of Consonants
There are 22 consonant phonemes in Padaung , r p, ph, b, t, th, d, c, ch, j,
k, kh, g, ?, m, n, 4, s, h, l, r, w, y /. These phonemes, according to their position in
the syllable, may be divided into three classes :
- Class I ( Cr ) Initial Consonants
All consonants can occur in the initial position ofthe syllable.
- Class 2 ( C2 ) Cluster- second Consonants
This class functions as the second member of the initial consonant
cluster. They are /1, r, w/.
The co-occurence of C1 and Cz is restricted to three pattems of consonant
cluster as follows :
a). -l- cluster ( C1 l)C1 are /p, ph, b, k, klv
Cu is rlr
C1 and C2 make five - l - clusters pl, phl, bl, kl, khl/.
Ex田叩les: /plal′ IPla:33]
phlear tphle:a51 "fasf'
rblear tble:as l "shoulder"
'1o play"kla42r tkla42'l
khlew2r tkhlaw2t I "cold"
b). -r- cluster (C; r)C1 arep, b, kr
Cz is tr r
Cr and Cz make three - r - clusters /pr, br, kr.
Examples: tpratt t pra:331 "human being"
"arrow"
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tbra?z t
tkra22 t
c). -w- cluster
C, are I P' b, th, c'
C, is lwl
C' and C, make twelve -
gw, mw, nw, sw, hw/.
ExamPles : ,Pwe'/
bwizr
fthwe?al
lcwi2 t
rchwarl2 |
kwert
rkhwa3r
/gwar/
Jrtwa'?21
4rwel/
tswi2i
fi'1wa'121
(C'w)
ch, k, kh, g, m, n' s, h /
w - clusters rPw, bw, thw, cw' chw, kw, khw,
t bra?2ll
I kra?2tl
"clothes brush"
"market"
"a plate"
"tobacco"
"right side"
"sealing wax"
"feather"
"wrench"
"husband"
"pillow"
"seven"
"blood"
"bamboo"
rtchwa02rt
tpwe:33t
rbwi:2rt
tthwe?a5t
ttgwi:2 |
t
tkwe:33r
tkhwal52t
tgwa:33r
Imwa?2ll
nwe:331
r0wi:2rt
thwa?2rt
.
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61
C2
Cl
-1-
(Cll)
―r―
(Clr)
― Vヽ―
(CI→
p `ヽ\
pl pr PW
ph phi
b bl br bw
t
th thw
d
C CヽV
J
Ch chw
k kl kr kw
kh khi khw
g 9W
?
m Inw
n nw
]
S SW
h hw
1
r
W
y
(ヽ
Table 7 : Co-occurence ofthe first consonants (C1 )
and second consonants ( Cu ) in consonant clusters.
Copyright by Mahidol University
62
(ヽ
The co-occurence of the first consonants ( C1 ) and the second consonarts
( C2 ) in Table 7 shows that :
1 . There are tfuee consonant phonemes I l, r, w r that occur as the second
member ofa consonart cluster.
2. The first and the second member of the cluster do not appear to be the
same phonemes, there are no I ww I and / rr / clusters in this study.
3. A voiceless cluster alveolar consonant phoneme l t l, a voiced palatal
affricated r j /, a glottal consonant phoneme r ? /, a voiced velar nasal consonant
phonemer4randavoicelessalveolarfricativephoneme/s/arenotfoundaseither
member of the consonant cluster in this study.
4. In - l- cluster, only biiabial plosives and velar plosives I p, ph, b, k, kh I
occur as the first member of the cluster of this kind.
5. In - r - cluster, only plosives r p, b, k / occur as the first member of this
cluster.
6. In - w - cluster, almost all consonant phonemes, except voiceless aspirated
bilabial stop, voiceless unaspirated alveolar stop, voiced alveolar stop, voiced palatal
stop, a glottal phoneme, voiced alveolar nasal, velar nasal, alveolar fricative, Iateral
and trill : / ph, t, d, j, r, n, !, s, l, r / occlu as the first member of the consonant
cluster.
7. Only rpr occurs with all of the consonant clusters / l, r, wr.
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´́・r
- Class 3 ( C3 ) Final Consonants
consists of
Examples :
This class functions as the final consonant of the syllable which
rk, ?, m, n, E, w, y /.
/t3k3ke2/
t?e23r
tham2phaasa?21
munl na?z/
rka4rr
phaw3r
ryhay2r
6.3.3 Consonant Phoneme Contrast
Consonant Phonemes
ttck52ke:2rl "gecko"
1?e2s\ "ginger"
tham2lpha:assa?2rl "lemon"
1mun33na?211
1ka4r3l
tPhaw521
tphaj2Il
Exarnples
"water buffalo"
"spider"
"flower"
"give"
"a kind of fruit"
"caladium"
"cow"
"classifier of kerosene cane"
"smoking pipe"
"porcupine"
"knife"
"to blow"
"rugged"
r \\1r3r3g
rp r-rpfu
rpt-r b r
rb t-rphr
tPut?at
rPhu?ar
tpew2t
tbauzr
rbuy3r
phuy3r
,tua5 lr
rdua4rr
fte3 t
/tal the3/
29 3609
rtr-rdr
rtr-rtht
鯰
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64
rthr- tchr
rk r- rkhr
,b , -rmr
tct-;chi
′C′ ′J′
r?t-tkr
rkt-rgr
t? t-ttt
r? r-rcr
tc t-tt /
ts t-ttt
rd r- rth r rda43 r
fthaq3 r
rbclr
/mct/
tcur3 t
lchur3l
rctayacu?2t
rju?2r
fthwi2r
rchwi2 r
ku22t
rkhu?2r
kat ?an?2 r
rkarku?2r
tKoy t
tg:uy4t
t?aw3 raw3 t
ttawj raw3 t
fiayzt
rcay2 r
rcu?4 t
ftu2a t
/sur '/
rtu?a t
lswilr
fthwi'r
"basket"
"beer"
"a nipple of baby bottle "
" do not"
"chicken"
*same"
"dog"
"bone"
"to peel" (seed)
"bridge"
"to hiccup"
"hip"
"a kind of millipede"
'1o squeeze"
"much, many"
"put on"
"excrement"
"a bamboo basket"
"to bum"
"cut"
"liver"
"cut"
"blood"
"dog"
rst-tthr
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65
tnt - fi) t
′rn′ ′n′ rmia4rr
mia4rr
met sa22t
trJet t
t4ttY2 r
ry\y2 t
r4ly2 r
rguyor
maw3t
ryaw3 r
tdet t
let r
day2 r
rayzr
rylatr
tpta't
"name"
"grammatical word"
"cotton"
'five"
"snail"
" a sensitive grass"
"snail"
"to squeeze"
"vulva"
"minor"
*rabbit"
"kidney"
"bullfrog"
"rattan"
"arrow"
"human being"
n)i-tyt
tllt- tgt
tI]t-ty t
rdr-rl r
td t- tr t
rlr-trt
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6.4 Vowel Phonemes
Padaung vowel phonemes function phonemes as the syllable nucleus. There
are 13 vowel phonemes . / i, e, €, u, e, a, u, o, c, ia, ai, etu, ua /.
The length of vowel is not contrastive. All vowel phonemes are shown in the
table below.
Front Central Back
Close 1 Ш u
Half-close C Э 0
Half-open ε Э
Open a
Diphthongs Front Central Back
High la Om ua
Low al
Table 8 : Padaung Vowel Phonemes
Copyright by Mahidol University
67
6.4.1 VowelFormationalStatements.
′i′ rcprcscnts[i], a close front utrclunded
Examples'. rmior
Examples : rbe2r
tlet t
pe2le2 r
r'ie2r r
t tetba22 t
fthwe'tat
let t
lkwelr
Examples, /stulr
fthuJl r
tcut3 t
r4an3 t
rkhtu3r
tbe:2ll
tle:"1
lpe:2r le:211
l? e?szt
I te:33ba22 r]
tPle?as,
tthwe?as1
tle:331
tkwe:331
lstu:331
fthur:s2l
thur:521
tjtu:521
tkhrul52l
vowel.
"grass"
"house"
"three"
"dog"
"opium"
"sister-in-[aw''
"sea"
"ginger"
"tell"
"house lizard"
"right side"
"kidney"
"a chopping block"
"brass"
"water"
"do not"
"a kind of deer"
rkhiar
rhi?2r
rsi3r
fthwi2r
tmi:asl
tkhi:52t
thi?2 tl
t0i:521
tthwi:2rl
/ er represents 1e l, a half-close front unrounded vowel.
/ e / represents I e ], a half- open front unrounded vowel.
Examples: ryle'tar
rcel3klaw2r ttgeg52klaw2rl
/ ru / represents t ru l, a close central trnrounded vowel.
Copyright by Mahidol University
68
/ e / represents I a ], a half-close central unrounded vowel.
Examples : rke3 he3r tke:s2 he:s2l "be full"(stomach)
rthe3 he3r fthe:52 he:521 "already"
rse3r t0a:521 "rotten"
tpew2t tpaw2ll "cow'
fthew2r fthew2rl "bird"
/ a / represents
Examples '. rpha3 r
ta l, an open central uffounded vowel.
tpha:s21
tlfI
Examples :
tot
Examples :
[Pu22r]
tlu?zt,
tkhu?2 t1
tPhu:as1
tSu?2 t1
tlo:2rl
tdo:2rl
tho:521
t?a33lo:331
tto?2ll
"father"
'tiger"
"shoot"
"flag"
"wife"
"younger"
"bridge"
"beautifi.rl"
"raf'
"stone"
"bie"
"loose"
"black"
"key"
rkhay3r
rkha'tzr
ia4a r
rma't
represents
tpu22 t
iu22 r
rkhu?2r
/pnu'/
r}u22 r
represents
io2 r
tdo2r
rho3 r
Ratlot r
fto22 t
rkhaj52t
tkha?2r1
1[a4os]
lma:t'l
t u l, a close back rounded vowel.
t ol, a half-close back rounded vowel.
Copyright by Mahidol University
69
/c/ represents tcl, a half-open back rounded vowel.
Examples : tk)?zt
riar represents tiat, a high front unrounded to open cenhal unrounded vowel.
Examples: rkhia43r tkhiag52t
me3phiarr tne:52phi:a331
rmalkiagrr Jma33kiag33l "fast"
tbctr
tkc?2t,
tbc:331
rml3r [mc:t2]
rcht?2 r thhc?2t,
ryhc?adia43r lphc?o5diar152l
“bottle"
``fence"
``open''
``to plant''
``to cookF'
"brother-in-law"
"malaria"
"name"
unrounded to high closed
rmia4lr
Aia43 t
1mia433l
1[ia4 s2]
/aur/ represents taurl, a half-close central
unrounded vowel.
Examples , rbel neur?2r [be33 noru?2r]
fth:irt2zr tthetu?2r]
rcttaya cl?2 r ltguaja5tgu?2 rl
lhualacelr thuaga5tse:331
central
t4eut?z t t0eur?2ll “cry''
``belt''rdey3 caur3r 1dejs2 4eur51
′ai/represents〔 ai],an opcn ccntral unrounded to close ttont urlrounded vowel
Examples : khai?zr Ikh」 ,2、
[Pai?45]
``West''
“heavプ '
"hammer"
"a drinking straw"
"right side"
"same"
"clothes"
Pai?a r
rcatcai22r ttca33hair''l
rua/ represents ua. l, a close back rounded to open central unrounded vowel
Examples : ,ruagol 1rua4o'l "silver"
^
Copyright by Mahidol University
70
ftita42r
rphuay3r
6.4.2 Vowel Phoneme Contrast
ttuaD2rl
tPhuajs2l
rthilt
ftat the3 r
lchwi2l
rchwe2t
rchi3r
rcha3 t
me I sa?21
met sa22t
rmayzphas t
rma3t
lmc3l
tmo2t
finc2t
"porcupine"
"Jack of Diamonds"
"kick"
"rugged"
"bone"
"sweet"
"sell"
"a kind of fruit'
"cotton"
"matches"
"a lighter"
"wife"
"open"
"dessert"
"sky"
′l′ ―/C′
/ i /― / ε /
′1′ ―′a′
′C′ ―′ε′
′e/‐ ′0ノ
′a′ /Э ′
rmay2phe3 r
′0′ ―′Э′
,l
Copyright by Mahidol University
71
′u′ ′w′
′u′ ′o′
lchu3r
lchur3r
′uI′ _′ЭuI′
′a′ _′ la′ _′1lar fiar)2r
"chicken"
"thread"
"stone"
"write"
"porcupine"
``so■ ''
``」ack ofDiamonds"
``pants''
``cry''
"eat'
"starch"
"swim"
"salty"
"shoot"
tltl2 t
tloz r
′la′ ′ua′ ftia42 li2 r
ftua42 r
rphuy3r
phuay3r
rgw?2r
t4aut?2t
/u′ _′ ua/
′1 ′‐′a′ ‐′al′
tbe2'tiaq2r
′?ua12 thШ 3/
′khi,2′
′kha,2′
′khai?2′
Copyright by Mahidol University
72
^
Tones
There are four contrastive tones in Padaung
Table 9 : Padaung Tones
6.5.1 Formationalstatements.
Phonemic
Notation Description Tone stick
Phonetic
Transcription
/1t a mid-level tone t-
t2t a low-falling tone t- [a]~ [・1,[F]
t3t a high-falling tone f-
a high-rising tone a [45],[`]
ll/ represents [33], a midJevel tone. The pitch pattem of this tone starts at
mid-level pitch and goes on the same range.
Examples : tkawt t tkaw33l
let r tle:331
lkal luwlr tka33 lu:w331
rkalrr 1ka133l
r?atmct t t?a33 mc:331
"kidney"
"hair"
"spider"
"pot handle"Copyright by Mahidol University
73
/2/ represents [''] - [''] and [ ..''], a low-falling tone. The pitch pattem of this
tone starts slightly below mid-level pitch and moves down to low level pitch. It has
two allotones as follows :
t2rl - t3Il a low-falling tone.
Exmりles: thaw2′ [thaw21]~ [thaw31] '!ie"
"give"
"big"
"to do"
[..2r1 a low falling tone accompanied with breathiness. It occurs with an
unaspirated stop, affricate and trill.
Examples'. niz2r lr.i?2t I
tPi?'';
cay2r lpaw'' tgaj'tl
thPj2'1
/3/ represents [52], a high-falling tone. The pitch pattern of this tone starts
around high pitch and falls down to a low level pitch.
Examples : raw3 t Iraw'2]
1lia452t
tho:5'l
tPha:s21
6haps2l
/4/ represents [ot] -d [..451, a high-rising tone. The pitch pattem of this tone
around mid high pitch and rises to a high pitch. It has two allotones as follows :
1as1 a high-rising tone.
ryhay2r tphaj2tt - tphaj3't
tdo2r tdo:2rl - tdo:3rl
rma't [ma:2'] - tma:3ll
ryi22r
tpaw2
rcuy2 r
rlial3r
rho3l
pha3r
fthaq3 r
"to cut" (scissors)
"goat"
"sweet basil"
"to lead"
"good"
"dance"
"loose"
"father"
"beer"
Copyright by Mahidol University
74
Examples: rkhiar tkhi:ast *I"
rmiat tmi:asl "grass"
rphuar tphu:a51 *beautiful'
1..451 a high rising tone accompanied with breathiness. It occurs with
unaspirated voiceless stop.
Examples '. ryiaa r tpi445l "weaving bag"
ftaar ftgosl 'fish"
6.5.2 Tone Contrast
/1/ ― /2/
/1/ ‐ /3/
/1/ ― /4/
/2/ ― /3/
/3/ ― /4/
/2/ ― ノ4/
rlurr "exhausted"
tlt2r "thread"
rmc'r "a nipple of feeding bottle"
mx3 t ';open"
latt "one-
iaat "moon"
ryhay2r "give"
ryhay3 t "mother of mother"
fiatkhi?zt "salty"
phuar "beautiful"
phur r "father of father"
Copyright by Mahidol University
75
6.6 Notes on Some Phonetic f,'eatures of Padaung Language
Suriya (1988:96) states that breathy voice is a common linguistic feature of
Austroasiatic language family.
In Padaung language breathy voice has been found in few words such as :
rpf 't
tpi4o5l
Ita4s)
tt+uj2r1
dP',l
trlj 2',1
trgw2rl
"goat"
"woven bag"
"fish"
"to lead"
"cut" (scissors)
"root"
"snake"
"sea"
"sweet basil"
^
The breathy voice only occurs with an unaspirated stop, affricate, and trill in
the initial position of major syllables. The pitch on breathy syllables is either low or
high.
Breathiness is barely audible in Padaung language. I noticed that when my
main informant spoke, the breathiness was hardly audible. When I asked her mother
to repeat the same word, breathiness was then heard.
Moreover, it has been found that among all unaspirated stops which occur
with breathy voice, only the initial voiceless unaspirated stop tpl also occurs with a
clear voice as exemplified below.
Example : tpe:'' le:2'1
tpaw2t 642r,
Therefore, it is predicted that the original forms of these words may have a
breathy voice which has been lost later on. Therefore, it can be anticipated that the
breathy voice may disappear in the next generation.Copyright by Mahidol University
76
Besides breathiness, the trill t r I is in the process of being replaced by the
lateral 1llas exemplified below. younger informans tend to replacetrlwith tltwhereas older informants still preserve the trill t r l. Therefore, there is a tendency that
the trill t r 1 may disappear in the future.
Examples : 1raug2' ga?2r1- 1[nu42r 0a?21; ,.pumpkin,'
Jrau42t kawt21 - llauj2r kew521 "pumpkin peel"
lraup2l mc:33; - 1lau12l mc:331 .,pumpkin stalk,'
一(
Copyright by Mahidol University
CHAPTER VⅡ
CONCLUSION AND SUGGEST10NS
FOR FURTHER STUDIES
Based on the geographical classification of the Karenic branch, the Padaung
language is placed in the cennal Karen group. The Padaung people recently
immigrated to Thailand. They differ from other Karen groups residing in Thailand
such as Sgaw and Pwo Karen which belong to the southern Karen group. other Karen
languages of the cennal group, namely Eastern Kayah and Westem Kayah Li have
been studied by Solnit (1986) and Bryant (1993) respectively. However, there has
been little research on the Padaung language so I decided to study the phonology of
this language.
The goal of this study is to describ€ the Padaung phonology as spoken at Ban
Naisoi, Tambol Pang Mu, Muang District, Mae Hong Son Province. The significant
phonetic characteristic of the Padaung language is breathiness which is a typical
featue of the cental Karen group as found in Wesem Kayab, (Bryant 1993)'
Another significant phonetic characteristic of the Padaung language is the richness of
final consonants. There are seven final consonants in the Padaung language, whercas
Easem Kayah and Westem Kayah have no final consonanl
The linguistic framework used for the phonological anelysis is Tagmemics'
t
7.1 Research Result
The Phonological description of the p"a"*g language includes the intonation,
the phonological word, the syllable, and the phonemes'
Copyright by Mahidol University
78
7.1.1 Intonation
The intonation pattems are not distinctive. Tones of the final particles cause
the falling and rising intonation.
7.1.2 Phonological Word
The phonological word consists of monosyllabic words, disyllabic words and
trisyllabic words. The monosyllabic words have one syllable carrying a sfiong stress.
The disyllabic words have t'wo syllables and can be classified according to itsstructure into two sub-types ; sub-type I, the strong stress is on the last syllable and
unstressed is on the first syllable, sub+ype II, the strong stress is on the last syllable
and the weak stress is on the first syllable. The trisyllabic words have three syllables
and can be classified according to its structue into two sub-types ; sub-type I, the
shong stress is on the last syllable, the weak stress is on the second syllable and
unstressed is on the first syllable, sub-type II, the strong stress is on the last syllable
and the weak stress is on the first aad the second syllable.
7.1.3 Syllable
According to the sytlable structure, there are three types of syllables ;
presyllable, minor syllable and major syllable. The presyllable consists of /al or lal
and has a low pitch which is neutralized and becomes a mid level pitch. The major
and minor syllables consist of all vowel phonemes and also all tonemes. There is no
contrast between short and long vowels. Therefore, the lenglh of vowels is non-
phonemic.
There are three types of stress : strong stress, weak stress and zero stress.
7.1.4 Phonemes
Consonants : There are 22 consonant phonemes
/ p, ph, b, t, th, d, c, j, ch, k, kh, g, ?, m, n, p, s, h, l, r, w, y t.
Copyright by Mahidol University
79
Vowels : There are 13 vowel phonemes / i, e, e, a, a, ur, u, o, J, ia, ai, oru, ua /.
Tones : There are four tones in Padaung.
tt t ["] a mid-level tone.
/2/ [211_[31] a10W― falling tone
)t
l4t
[ '']It']
tt'l
t .. otl
a low-falling tone with breathy voice.
a high-falling tone.
a high-rising tone.
a high-rising tone with breathy voice.
It should be noted that the breathiness is in the process of being lost as seen in
the speech ofyoung informants who speak with barely audible breathiness.
7 .2 Discussion
The phonological study of the Padaung language fills the gap of Karenic
studies in that when adding this research result to the previous studies of the Central
Karen group, it yields a complete picture of the linguistic studies of the Central Karen
$oup.
Furthermore, the present study can be used in a comparative study of Karenic
languages
Finally, it is hoped that the study of the Padaung language will bring a better
understanding between the Padaung people and the local Thai people.
7.3 Problems in the study
7.3.1 The Padaung houses were situated along both sides ofthe road
teading to a Kayah refugee camp and it was difficult to frre a quiet
place to elicit the data. Therefore, there was an interfering sound when
eliciting the data. Furthermore, the informant could not go out of her
area because of the political reason. As a result, the quality of data
recording was not as good as it should be.
7.3.2 During the peak season of tourism, the data collection could not beCopyright by Mahidol University
80
made because there were many tourists visiting the padaung village
and the informant had to meet visitors.
7.3.3 During the initial period of data collection, an interpreter was needed to
help me elicit the data. So I was not confident of the accuracy of the
data. However, one year later, the informant could understand a little
Thai and I could speak some Padaung language so no interpreter was
required.
7.3.4 The research area is on the Myanmar-Thailand frontier. Even though Ihad a permission {iom the govemment officials to work in this are4
I had to be careful and could not go out ofthe govemment secure
alea.
7.4 Suggestions For Further Studies.
7.4.1 To compare Karenic languages ofall groups.
7 .4.2 To conduct an acoustic snrdy of Padaung language and compare the
result with the present research.
7 .4.3 To compare a phonological study of the Padaung people with brass
rings and Padaung without brass rings, assuming that the brass rings
infl uence pronunciation.
7 .4.4 To study other aspects of the Padaung language such as syntax,
morphology and sociolinguistics.
7.4.5 To investigate a linguistic change of the Padaturg speech of people
fr om diflerent generations.
Copyright by Mahidol University
BIBL10GRAPHY
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Linguistics.
Benedict, Paul K. ( 1972). Sino - Tibetan : A Conspectus. Contributed by James
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(unpublished manuscript)
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(unpublished manuscript)
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(Westem Red Karen Phonoloev). Payap Research and Development
Institute, Payap University and The Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Christopher Moseley and R.E. Asher (Ed.). (1994). " East and South East Asia :
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Chutima Kaewsilpa. (1986) A Description of Pho Karen : A Tibeto-Burman
Lansuaee in Thailand. M.A. Thesis in Southeast Asian Linguistics.
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Edition. Dallas : Summer Institute of Linguistics , Inc.
Healey, Alan. (1975). Laneuaee Learner's Field Guide. Papua New Guinea : The
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Thesis in the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota.
Keshishia, Jone M. (1979). Anatomy of a Burmese Beauty Secret. National
Geosraphic 155.6 : 798-801.
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Lebar, Frank M. , et al . (1964). Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia. New
Haven, Conn. : Human Relations Area Files Press.
Lewis, Paul and Elaine. ( I 984). Peoples of the Trianele : Six Tribes in Thailand.
Thames and Hudson, London.
Matisofi James A. (1973). "Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia." In Larry M. Hyman
(Ed.), Consonant Tvpes and Tone. (pp.7l-76) Los Angeles : University of
Southem California.
Naruemon Chuensukon. (1995). A Phonoloeical studv ofPwo Karen at Huay-
Hom-Nok villaee. Tambon Tha-mae-lob. Mae-Tha District. Lamphun
Province. M.A. Thesis in Southeast Asian Linguistics. Faculty of Graduate
studies, Mahidol University.
Puttachart Dhananjayananda. (1983). The Phonoloev of Seaw Karen. with
Comparisons with Thai. M.A. Thesis in Southeast Asian Linguistics.
Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University.
R. L. Trask (1995). A Dictionarv of Phonetics and Phonoloey. London : Routledge.
Solnit, David B. (1986). A Grammatical Sketch of Eastem Kavah (Red Karen).
Berkeley : University of Califomia Dissertation.
Padaung : Burma. (1978). In The Illustrated Encvclopedia of Mankind. (vol. 12,
pp I5a9-1551). London: Marshall Covendish Limited.
The Oxford - Duden Pictorial Thai & Enelish Dictionarv. (1992) Bangkok : River
Books.
Varapom Noiwong. (1991). A Phonoloeical of Thineanyun. Raneoon Burmese as
spoken in Maesot. Tak Province. M.A. Thesis in Southeast Asian
Linguistics. Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University.
:vrra.:rn:rvr{, n:!. nond{lfl:lyrimltr. nsryr: i{[r:'r{lurrayaia6n-r: rirnl.
111lolJ、Nγ■u14111iqol14」 ,811nπ lηo]2538(2538)110く lИ l :5■ lJ,,創 nni
lN NIN
Copyright by Mahidol University
^
u^nr aul:ori. " rno.: (padaung; ". rr:ar:autiir'utrerr.,r. t7,3-4 (n:nqrnu-
1■ つln■ 2536),24‐ 37
η,qua nlJoη うn。 (2539) nlllJη ,oin::08И つ。olつ』inO慧■0,■幻ηO。1710o
襲 ]]'OJⅥ ・,37(4),69‐76
1旬 RヾИ l刊品 (2499)面 o31ね ol樋 olqtnglnttα lo3う■ 1,(■■フイ論■10"創
」,8う6N14η ntηOd■■linnn ioИっn“JJooα o■ (2537)111ゴ 0。dO■
ら,giγf dninwS働 (2516),glJll141lo:看0く則oong:И ,o01■ dnlJad■lJttq 100。1,nn,口 :llπ
nn,lnunnllll 144 n,コ ∩nttnlγnni l,ol■7(n,anl oloⅥ 弥っ
oNmぅ o llJⅥ四百 (2536)0,弓 llon:nl,6ι n,18ャF,81jula」 ヾnlotηⅥ4 :U:Jη α75,,N―
測no¬ n9
-――――J1901:nglll,oonoo13 11,01,n nu lllagっ 倒■5,,■ ,8(2),24-37(nn ―in 32)
o■ nⅥ anγlmf 253つ nつ n■ Ⅲ l編Uttγl飢則■1lo訓И号Oo低are→
d n tuu't n flul? 111.
qiar icruno. :4. n:. flundr. (2531) ututnturlurorfioornrrlri Rlurer:s Ird0odIa:-
lo:loan“ a彫。,彫 Q。l14-f:」口 tづ Nη i nlntt i nlo:η‖4:1,幻 fNⅥζ,o■ ::イ■
o■, ηらイno(2535)●ⅥπnOnチ αol■■うギonl■ 11lagl例 l15,,N110ヽγ悧■lγ■um
■71つη0100■ 7na
londl,何■乱:nn,イ 0■ anl,loolloo憔 llinl:JJOq,o■ (■ 」」)11轟oll■」,彫 %1“脚TiuJ
憔И怖::」 Jooao■ lη Jno:61lGttnl,1■ イ
Copyright by Mahidol University
APPENDIX
^
Copyright by Mahidol University
APPENDⅨ
The following Padaung lexical items are listed with general meanings.
The entries are arranged in the following order_
l. The initial consonants are arranged according to their points ofarticulatioq i.e. bilabial, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal. Thus, the order
ofthe initial consonants is / b, p, ph, d, t th, j, c, ch, g, k, kh, ?, s, h, m, n, g, l,
r,w,y /.
2. The order ofthe vowels is / i, e, e, a, e, ur, u, o, c, ia, ai, eru, ua /.
3. The order of the tones is I 1,2,3, 4 / .
Copyright by Mahidol University
/b/
^
/bi2 yЭ ]4 tay2/
/bi4 1u'2/
ノЪi4 su'2/
/be2/
lbey3 baw2 /
/bε1/
/bε2/
ノЪa2 dow3/
/ba2 sa?2/
/ba2 su'2/
/ba2 hu'4 1ay3/
/ba2 1a]2/
/ba2 1。1 ,ε l sa'2/
/ba2 1。 ,2/
/ba3/
ノЪa12/
ノЪa03/
/ba]3/
/bay3 su13/
/b。2 pia2/
/b。2 tha?2/
/bol cu?4/
/bЭ3 caW3/
/bЭ2 kul kaw3/
ノЪo2 khli,2/
/b。2,ia]2/
/b。2 raW3/
/bow2/
candle
bury
a kind of vegetable
opium
cradle
duck
question word
television
love
charcoal
onion
jackfruit
laffa
apologize
stamp
bamboo shoot
glass of water
spear
fermented soybean
to weave a bag
to weave cloth
spoon
a kind of vegetable
to weave a scarf
battery
starch
maiden
classifier of kerosene cane
―~
Copyright by Mahidol University
lbew2l
lbew3/
floua ba2 ta4 khe't2l
ibua ba2 si3/
ft,ua put2l
/bua daw3/
/bua krur daw3/
lbleo/
lble2l
lblo2 ct22l
/blu2 kleri
lbwi2/
lbwe3 /
lbwe2 ca22l
lbwa42/
lpiz dar12l
lpit2 /
lpi24 ?at phx24l
lpe2 le2/
lpe'la/
lpeza ba?2 I
lpe't4 bli?41
lpa2 kat ta3l
lpa4a ka2l
lpawz cay2l
lpaw2 cay2 layt I
lpaita I
/perkardc3/
/pt
butterfly
husk
winged bean
a kind of vegetable
mosquito
everyday
three days from today
shoulder
leech
sexual intercourse
take off (shoes)
tobacco
tulr
ascetic
fat
ruler
goat
sea
split
knife
kapok
dumb
electric fan
sweet basil
holy basil
a drinking straw
pot cover
な
A
Copyright by Mahidol University
/parkiawr/
lpeu2/
lpewzl
lpaw2 lu22l
lputt /
/pus2a/
/pfl21
lpf lezl
lpcqt d,at I
/pc4r nu?2 thurr/
lpreyt /
lprat I
lprat cua3l
/prar chewri
/prar khaw3/
/prar khaw3 phaw3 prar mru22/
/prar khaw3 kua2 ?a{2 thawt/
/prar mru?2 kua2 ?ag2 thaw3/
lprat klaq2 qaw2l
lprat h{tzl
lprat mw'12/
/prar mia13 kiawr/
/prar mur22 cul3 caw2 prar khaw3
lprat yat I
/prat ytt I
lpra?a kawt I
lpraqt /
lprayl I
^ /Prcto/
lPle2a I
pan
lime
cow
cart
rope
a kind of animal
younger
betel
powder
milk
buy
classifier of person, aged
elegant man
to shout
man
force to rape
a groom
a bride
singer
robber
woman
superstar
cwt3 cawzl homosexual
wrench
doll
a sparking plug
rainbow
intestine
to vomit
house lizard
^.
Copyright by Mahidol University
/plat I
lpla4t /
lplaya I
lplayt I
AITOW
to clap hands
loud
tongue
card, skin, near
cannot breathe
mother of mother
ash
father
embrace, to hold a baby
flower
a kind of flower
a kind of flower
to give
to feed milk
termite
straw
mother of father
abdomen, grandfather
beautiful
naval
pregnant
to suffer from diarrhea
calf
flute
catarrh
soft
/ph I
lphil2l
/phi2 sa?a cu3 nay2l
lphey3/
lphat I
lpha3l
lphawtl
lphaw3l
/phawt mu?21
/phaw3 lay'/
lphay2l
lphay2 ?i rtz1
lphaza 2 o?a I
/phay2l
/phr:t3l
lpht3l
lphla I
/phrt3 day2l
/phu3 do2/
/phu3 cha3/
/phua sa22l
/phur lur ?e r/
/phu3 yir la4a/
lphty3/
^.
Copyright by Mahidol University
/phct ti3 I
/phc3 tat ki r/
lphc3 ca?21
lphc3 chezz/
lpha3 ? E3l
lphc22 /
/phcz4 di' tc'/
lphc?a dia43l
lph{la 2c2 sru3 ba' la3l
lpho?a mea/
lphu'ay3/
/phli'/
lphle2 /
lphleal
/phlow2 phli'/
small, narrow
twin
children
poor
group
raft
pomelo
to cook
to abort
Ace of Club
Jack of Diamonds
exhaust
film
fast
eyelid
to spit
earring
a charcoal grip
belt
rabbit
mat
water flakes
a photograph, a picture
dry cell battery
flashlight
enough
basket
aluminum
/dt
^
/di2 thty4l
ldi2 stl?2l
ldi?41
ldey3 caw3l
ldet /
ldas /
ldaa b:ua I
ldaa poa /
ld^4 khe?" I
ldaa mial, ldaa mey3l
/d,a2 he3l
/daq3/
lda4a /
^
Copyright by Mahidol University
/daw3 pa2/
/daw3 ti,2/
/daw3/
/daw3 cШ 3 tha13/
/da、v3chε ,4/
/day2/
/day2?Э w3/
/day2 su'2/
/day3 kaD3/
/dow2/
/dЭ、v3/
/du1/
/du,4/
/du4 ma` V1/
/do1/
/d。3,al da]3/
/d。2/
/d。2 ch。2 tcy4 ch。 2/
/d。3 thШ 3/
/d。3 kaW2/
/dia]3/
/dia03 te1/
/dia03 thuy2/
/dia13 pli'2/
/dia03 pwε 1/
/dia04 khlu'4/
/dua]2/
/dua]2 tu'4/
axe
riding(hOrse)
bifc
dull(knifc)
to stab(knife)
bullfrOg
frog
toad
hccl
read
classifler of a book
、vith, and
to sa、v
they
scold
dishevded oaL)
big
drum
boiled
sickle
food
glutinous Hce in barnboo
tube
bowl
∞oked Hcc(hOt,iesh)
platc
cooked Hcc
(COld and tasteless)
nfe,fork
to cut(mfe)
ヘ
^
Copyright by Mahidol University
^ ldluayz tylt1 a brooch
Iiquor
horse
zebra
tell
to greet
forget
pleasant
exhaust
sorry
a prominent nose
a flattened nose
nostril
philtrum
nose hair
pincers
angry
gftlss
tattoo
a headache reliwer pill
a kind of drug
garbage
lazy
rugged
dislike
animal
oTmbals
/t/
/ti?l sII13 1ay2/
/ti,2/
/ti,2 ku3 kle3/
/tel ba2/
/tal ba3ノ
/tal pe'4/
たalメaw2 r01/
/tal plu'2/
/tal pla'4/
/tal phu3 khi,2/
/tal phu3 pli'2/
/tal phu3 kow3/
/tal phu3 c.3/
/tal phu3 chwa12/
/tal di24/
/tal du'2/
/tal dow3/
/tal til kiawリ
/tal til tha4 kal kloメ /
/tal til tha4 kal khu'2/
/tai taw3 bo1/
/tal th12 kal lia]3/
/tal the3/
/tal tha12/
/tal mi1/
/tai chi'2/
ハ
^
Copyright by Mahidol University
ハ
/tnt he?4 ju.t2 2^y2l
Itat he3l
Itat r.ar I
Itat naw3l
/tat 4aa/
ltat 4aa doz/
Ital 1ct reqz cl't?a I
Itat ra2l
Itat raal
Itat raa krta I
/tat r* tat ba43 /
Ita\ tD2'le3l
Itat rc21
ltar rc2 ta2al
Itat ro'14 tat ra'la/
Itat b22/
Itat ytzl
ltaa chi3l
Itaa chwi2l
Itaa kd may2l
Ita4'la.w2/
Ita4 me?4/
Itaa rawz/
Ita42 cat lcqt lIta42 sew2l
Ita:s,t /
Itawt tat mal chru3/
Itawt tar ?ay2l
/tawr trus pli3/
Itawt ktaz n,e2/
bird pepper
catch a cold
gun
pleasant
to smile
to laugh
friend
what
vegetable
doctor
centipede
enYy
fear
grieve
things
ladder
guitar
roasted-fish
fish-rib
fin
fish-rib
shrimp paste
eel
ladder
musical .instrument
to go, to walk
to excrement
to urinate
come here
go now
Copyright by Mahidol University
/tawl sa'2/
/to kan1/
/to kuy2/
/tЭ kl。3?al raw3/
/to klo'2/
/to khuI'2/
/to khШ'2 kow3/
/to khШ'2 yuy2/
/t。3/
/t。3 du3/
/t。3?m3/
/t。3 kal khi3/
/t。3 kal oa3/
/t。3 nla1/
/tou12/
/t。 ,2/
/t。 ,2 Pha3/
/tok3 ke2/
/tu?4/
/tia]21i2/
/tual'c2cal t03]al pha4 1al kay2/
/tua02/
/tua12 chwa12/
sdt
inside
to meander
diligent
grasshopper
turtle
carapace of the turtle
(shell)
to hide in a turtle shell
box
this
here
behind
in front of
where
ant
key
orchid
gecko
to cut
to write
to move a little bit
porcupine
porcupine's spine
tcle宙 sion
to klck
/th/
/thi2 bi?2/
/thi3/
Copyright by Mahidol University
/thi3 tu1/
/thi3 kal luw1/
/thЭ ?2/
/th。3h。 3/
/th。3 bLu1/
/thЭШ2/
/thЭШ,2/
/tha4 bc,2/
/tha4 di?4/
/tha4 cha]3/
/tha4 ka!CO?4/
/tha4 kay2/
/tha4 nlai nε ?4/
/tha4 in02/
/tha4 1i2/
/tha4 1。3/
/tha4 ri'2/
Ithaq3l
Itha42l
/tha]2d。 ,4 ka2/
/tha12 sal laD4/
/thaw2/
/thaw2 pwi1/
/thaw2/
/thow2/
/thow2tal ki1/
/thow2 thШ 3 phO?4/
/thow2 klЭ ?2/
/thow2 pwi1/
a bamboo strip woven
together
a pigtail
to rub
already
close
umbrella
heavy
comrgated iron roof
pliers
frle
wrap beam
cloth beam
chisel
nail
to read
round
scissors
bear
to ascend
to get on a bus
to breathe
pig
pigsty
to push
bird
bird-wing
a kind of bird
vulture
bird-nest
―‐
Copyright by Mahidol University
/thu13/
/thШ 3 ti,2/
/thШ3 baD3/
/thШ3 bu4/
/thШ 3 b。 3/
/thШ3 thwi2/
/thu13 cha]3/
/thШ3 kol la]21a]1/
/thu13 k。1 la]2 yaW2/
/thII13 kow2/
/thШ3 khu'2/
/thШ3,al phiw3/
/thШ3?。 2/
/thШ3 nC1/,/thШ 3 nel pЭ 1/
/thuu3 1al the'4/
/thu13 1aW2/
/thШ3 y02/
/thu,2/
/thu3 ma2 ha3/
/thu3 naW2 tal di3/
シthu〕 naw2 caW2/
/thu3 naW2 ha3ノ
/thu3 naW2 1a3/
/thuy2/
/thuy4/
/th。 ,2/
/thol lal pi1/
/thwi2/
/thwi2 mi1/
water, gold
hail
glass
water flask
pail
waterfall
to push
tab
a pole for carrying loads
across the shoulder
hot water
stIeam
to flow
well water
kettle
drop (water)
river
hospital
Iime
when
next week
next life
next time
next month
bowl
red lime
paper box
to plane wood
dog
wolf
ミ
Copyright by Mahidol University
/thwε ,4/ right side
woman teacher
man teacher
to strangle
bottom gourd
cannot
to come
going home
sewing machine
ring
policeman
chopping block
aunt
ironing board
monk
Buddhism church
a bowl carried by a
Buddhist priest
soap
student
syringe
elbow
the ring finger
left side
right side
motorcycle
fore arm
/c/
一(
/cil lal inЭ ]3/
/cil lal pha3/
/ci2 kal klaw3/
/ci2 sa'2/
/ci4 cha?2/
/ce1/
/cel dow3/
/cc,2/
/ce4 su3/
/ce1/
lce41 klaw2l
/ca?2/
/ca2 bul?ε 1/
/ca2 bwШ?2/
/ca2 bwШ ?2 kil ?。 1/
/ca2 bww?2 kaW3 pЭ 1/
/ca2 Pia2/
/ca2 phЭ?4 pha2 1i2/
/ca2 du?2/
/ca2 day2 ka]3/
/ca2 thow3/
/ca2 thwε ,4/
/ca2 cai'2/
/ca2 kε,4/
/ca2 kaW3/ Copyright by Mahidol University
/ca2 kaW3 ka2/
/ca2 kaW3 caW2/
/ca2 khШ ,2/
/ca2 khow2/
/ca2,aW2/
/ca2 hua1/
/ca2 hual phol daw3 d。 2/
/ca2 hual phol khaw3/
/ca2 hual phol mШ'2/
/ca2 hual inШ'2/
/ca2 mal daw3/
/ca2 mW?2/
/ca2 ya1/
/ca2 ya3 thu'4/
/ca2 yu'2/
/ca14 thШ 3/
/ca]4/
/ca]2 daW3/
/ca12 daW2 h。 3/
/ca12 1al kay4 hu?2/
/cay2/
/cai?4/
/c。3 ce'2/
/coy4 da4 pO1/
/cШ l doyl ko'4/
/cШ l klo2/
/cШi now3 mε
'4/
/cu12/
/cШ2 ca2 kul?ε 2/
/cm2 ca'2/
broken arm
arm
raft
back hand
nothing
king
king' s nephew
prince
princess
queen
tomorrow
the thumb
palm
lines of hands
the index finger
mist
to wash
good at
a little
little
a woven bamboo basket
fresh
to tie
to take a photograph
elbow
lazy
knuckle
necklace
the ring finger
a little finger
^
Copyright by Mahidol University
(ヽ
/cru2 sur3 mol/
lcutz sa'12 I
lcut2 mut?2l
/cut2 now3 na42 klu?a/
lcut3 I
/cur3 bu3 khe2/
/cw3 pa42 yat I
/cut3 ti?z/
/cur3 tha43i
lcuf 2 a:w2l
/cru3 si2 hag3/
/cur3 murl phaw3/
/cu3 mwe?2/
/cru3 rawr/
lcrtt3 yutz tar kaa yu2 /
lct?a I
/cur pral tolthu3/
lcct I
/ccm3 raw3/
lct4t tat /
lcrtaya c{)21
/cuaya ma22l
/cwi2l
lcwi2 kat blul2l
lcwi2 kr2l
lcwa4a /
live
salt
nail
glove
do not
not at all
easy
do not know
wide
not yet
cannot remember
a white dot in a finger nail
not, no
dirty
foe
to bum
a go-between
umbrella
tomorrow
student
same
how much
to lead, suck, sealing wax
to kiss
a bottle of milk
mushroom
^
Copyright by Mahidol University
^ lch/
lchi3l
lchi2 baw3 /
/chija phua/
lche3l
/che'la I
/che24 tat twt2l
lcha3l
lcha3 /
/cha3 phu3/
lcha3 cha22 I
lcha3 cha?2 piag2 mo'/
lcha3 kat klx22 /
/cha3 kat khu3/
/cha3 hu3/
/chag3 phc?a I
/chaDr kar ku3/
/chap3 kaw3/
/cha43 me2/
/chag3 mu2/
/chap3 mcr/
/chaw3.l
lcha?2/
lchayt lE2l
/chufl2l
/chut3 /
/chu3 du2 grus ma3/
/chu3 du2 la2 ma3l
sweet
mortar
galingal
fear
to stab
to inject
ill
sky
stomachache
winnowing basket
powdered detergent
headache
toothache
to winnow
to give birth
elephant ear
elephant mouth
elephant task
elephant foot
trunk
eiCht
a kind of monkey
the accelerator paddle of
a car
crossbow
sour, chicken
twelve
eleven
Copyright by Mahidol University
/chu13,aW3/
/chШ 3 si?2/
/chШ 3 si3 ma1/
/chu2/
/chu,2/
/chu3/
/chuy2 kal dШ 2 sa'2/
/chuy21 sa'2/
/ch。 ,2/
/chuay3 pral yo1/
/chwi2/
/chwc2/
/chwε 2/
/chwa12/
to crow
hail
thirteen
launder
taro
six
litchi
button , hook
to plant, mountain
drawing
bone
crab
rain
feather
/j/
巧u,2/
4u?2 day2/
/J。,2/
ィjai,2t。 ]2/
/kil thow3/
/kil?o1/
/kil'ol tal ba3/
/kil?ol tal pho'4/
/kil lo'2/
/k/
rat
mouse trap
monkey
the name of recreation
plastic bag
school
church
student
scale
Copyright by Mahidol University
/kal ti4 tu13 tha]2/
/kal pia2/
/kal plo?2ノ
/kal plo2 chwa12/
/kal phu3 sa'2/
/kal phow3/
/kal ba'2/
/kal baw3ノ
/kal b。3/
/kal bu?2/
/kal bu?2 1ay3,cw2/
/kal da3/
/kal da'4/
/kal du3/
ノkal dcy3/
/kal dey3 pШ1/
/kal du2 kal la1/
/kal da]3/
/kal duay2/
/kal ci3/
/kal ca'4/
/kal ca'4 kow2/
/kal colノ
/kal cu3/
/kal chm2 sa'2/
/kal chu'2/
/kal chwε2/
/kal kaw3/
/kal kok3/
/kal klo2/
sweat
eraser
lip
mole
calf
waist
back
、vhte hair
ncck
cheek
dilnple
hard palate
forehead
goltcr
leg
bclt
uigh
tooth
Adam's apple
radio
toilet
toilet bowi
middle
SOCk
tomato
bread
ram
towel,scarf
broke
head
^
^
ハ
Copyright by Mahidol University
^ /kal klo2 1nal pha3/
/kal klШ'2/
/ka!krШ'2/
/kal krЩ 4/
/kal khi1/
/kal khil kow3/
/kal khil lu2/
/kal khil ba]3/
/kal khil klu?2/
/kal khi4/
/kal khe'4 di,4/
/kal khШ 3/
/kal khШ3 bli?4/
/kal khШ 3 d。 2/
/kal khШ3 phO'4/
/kal khШ3 cu3/
/kal khay2/
/kal sa?4/
/kal sШ ?2/
/kal?e3ノ
/kal'w'2/
/kal may2/
/kal ne2/
/kal now3/
/kal nu'2/
/kal li2 pШ1/
/kal lal'ua]2 tШ lthШ 3/
/kЭl la]2 bwe2 0m2 hua]4 cc1/
/ko!la12 pa]1/
/kЭl la]2 Pol hua14 ce1/
a wound at the head
hip
hat
owl
corn
com-peel
com-thread
com-seed
pod of com
back
hairpin
tooth
gum
molar
incisor tooth
canine tooth
stIap
scratch
comb
bomb
to hiccup
tail, nail
now
hom
muddy
necklace
bathroom
wardrobe
screwdriver
clothes hanger
ハ
Copyright by Mahidol University
/kЭl la12 th。 4 hi,2/
/kol la12 thoШ,2/
/kol la12 daW3 tal ku3/
/kol la]2 kay2 tuII to'4/
/kol la12 kuy2 sIII?2/
/kЭl la12 kuy2 kal Chu'2/
/kЭ! la]2 kiaW2/
/kol laD2 kla]2/
/kЭ! laD2 klaD2 kuy2/
/kol laD2 huy3 ke3 tal rO'4 tal ra'4/
/kЭl laD2 mey3/
/kol la]2 1nCy3 yO1/
/kЭ!la02 maW2 tШ 3 talju'2/
/kЭl laD2 mul phul tey3 hi,2/
/kol la]2 mЭ ?2 ka2/
/kol la]2 na13/
/kol la12 nao3 0Ш ,2 hua]4 cc1/
/kol la12 yttЦ2 bu4 th。21111?2 hua14ce1/
/kol la]2 ri2 cwl mIII?2/
/k。11。2/
/kol luw1/
/kЭl luwl phaw3/
/kol lo1/
/kal lia13/
/kal ya13/
/kal y。2/
/ka2/
/ka2 be'2/
/ka2 kal dO'4/
/ka2 kal la12,aW2/
mop
zipper
to punch a hole on the ear
key-holder
drill
razor
par
toy
brace and bit
garbage
mattress, mosquito net
bed
mousetrap
frill
handle-wheel
bench
clothesline
ironing
nail clipper
tobacco
hair
damaged-hair
scale
lazy
Padaung people
guitar
car
wheel
car-roof
car-hood
ハ
Copyright by Mahidol University
^
/ka]1/
/ka]l paw2 thay2/
/ka]l ca]41u2/
/ka12 kow2/
/ka]l kha'2/
/ka]l khШ ?2/
/ka]I sa'2/
/ka]l hШ 3/
/kall laylノ
/ka12 bow3/
/ka]2 kaW2/
/ka]2 thow3/
/kaw1/
/kawi cha3/
/kawi na]2/
/kay2 phu4/
/koll khay2/
/kol pha'2/
/kЭl pha'2 pli1/
/k。3/
/kЭ3 h。 3/
/k。3 ha]2/
/kou12/
/ku4 kaW3/
/ku4 kua12/
/ku4 khaW2/
/kul?e4/
/kul'ci tal phu3/
/ku4 1a1/
spider
eggplant (Aubergine)
spider web
hot
a kind of eggplant
night
eggplant
a kind of eggplant
a kind of eggplant
white eggplant
dragonfly
a kind of eggplant
mouth
a wound inside the mouth
to cut gtass with a
sweeping motion
brooch
strap
shoe
shoe rope
bald
be fulI (stomach)
something like that
chair
inside
outside
upstairs
sack
papaya
downstairs
ヽ
Copyright by Mahidol University
/kuy1/
/kuy2 kc3 thШ 3/
/k。 ,2/
/klow3ノ
/klЭw3 kal la92 d。 2/
/kral mal daw3/
/krul mal daw3/
/kra?2/
/klu,2/
/kia01/
/kiaw1/
/kua2/
/kua]2/
/kua12 thШ 3/
/kua02 kha?2/
/kua14/
/kla01 mol ya1/
/kla]l mol lay1/
/klaDl mЭ l la]!/
/klaD2/
/kla12 DaW2/
/kwε1/
/kwa1/
/kwa2,al'03/
millipede
to pour
bottle
a heddle
a bell-stick
three days from today
the day after tomorrow
market
smoke
fast
to fry
to begin
nearly
to swim
to hunt
put on
thunder
lightening
thunderbolt
to play
to sing
to run
wrench
to dig
salty
I
deer
/kh/
/khi,2/
/khi4/
/khi4,。 2/
Copyright by Mahidol University
/kha3/
/kha2/
/kha,2/
/khaw2 sa'2/
/khai,2/
/khay3/
/khay3 d。2/
/khay3 chwi2/
/khow3/
/khШ 3/
/khu2/
/khu2 saW3/
/khu?2/
/khuy2/
/khuy2 ka4 1uW2/
/khuy3/
/khol ral khal la?2/
/khwa3/
/khia3 1e3 huy3/
/khia]3/
/khli,2/
/khic,4/
/khiol kЭl la12 ca]3/
/khlol kol la]2 haW3/
/khluy3 sa?2/
/khluy3 b。 3/
/khiuytphu4 sa'2/
/khiow2/
/khiow4/
bright
bitter
shoot
mamgo
hammer
tiger
a kind of tiger
lion
chair
a kind of deer
to dig
different
bridge
skink, chameleon
bald
nine
ivy gourd
wrench
fighting
brother-inJaw
louse
road
bag
backpack
banana
the inflorescence of the
banana plant
papaya
cold
tall
Copyright by Mahidol University
/gwe2 prar mru22/
/gwe2 prar khaw3/
lgwatl
tguy t
/g/
/?/
older sister
older brother
husband
to squeeze
to bite
ginger
sack (classifier)
to rip
white people
yellow
white
thin
tult
fat
thick
rotten
big
bigger
dull (knife)
have a good time
mad
near, short
small
seed
/?e?2/
/,c3/
/?e?4/
/?e4ke4/
/?c]l kal lc'4/
/'al ba03/
/'al bow3/
/'al bu13/
/?al bwεl ho3/
/?al bwa]2/
/,al di3/
/?al du3/
/,al du2 raW3/
/,al d。2 khl。 3/
/?al dua]2r04/
/?al pil?o2/
/'al plu'2/
/'al phi'2/,/,al
/?al phol ti3/
/'aI Phlu2ノ
phi,2 hu'2/
Copyright by Mahidol University
/?al phlow2 khШ,2/
/,al tu4 h。 3/
/'al thow3/
/'al thЭЩ2/
/'al thoШ'2/
/'al tha4 1。3/
/?al tha12 1。4/
/'al tha12 1u13/
/'al ce'2/
/?al ca'2/
/?al c。2 raW4/
/'al caw2/
/,al cШ 3 tu3/
/'al chi3/
/'al chi4/
/?al chuay3 pral yo1/
/?al ki3/
/,al ka2 c。 ,4/
/?al kaw2/
/?al kal co1/
/?al klu'2/
/'al klo?2/
/'al khi?2/
/?al kha2/
/'al kha3/
ノ'al khow4/
/'al khlu2/
/'a1 9aw2/
/'al ?i'2/
/'al?ia]2/
blind
cheap
tall, long
to stop
heavy
round
sharp
tall
thin
brown
straight
wet
wTong
dry
sweet
drawing
wound
middle
hot
middle
blue
steam
salty
bitter
bright
younger ( sister, brother)
hard
swell
dark
narTow
ハ
Copyright by Mahidol University
l2at si3 /
/?at sa3 /
/2 at saa 2aw3 ?a2/
/t at he24 /
/?ar mey3 ta' khi3/
/1at mey3 ca' 1a'/
/2 at meys klcl2 /
/2a' mey3 sa'12/
/?at mey3 na42 map2 pral
llat mey3 mag2 na' gaw,
/1at mtt I
/?ar 0aw3 tur/
l? at t)aw3 do2l
/1at now3l
l?at le22/
/2at lat th}22 yut2l
12at layt I
l?a'lay'bal3l
/'t at lot I
lzat Lot gey3 .ro22 /
/2 at rat I
/2 at raw3l
l?at raw3 ?at yu,al2l
/2 at rl?21
/?at yaw2l
12 at yaw3l
l'l at yvta I
/1at)21
/'t anz thaw2/
12 a\t di't4l
green
rotten, lymph
a bunchof fruits
spicy
to lie on one side
to lie supine
to lie prone
to snore
bury (corpse)
dead person
pot handle
cheap
expensive
soft
wide
fighting
red
pink
black
dtuty
to walm
good
smaft, expert
gay
to carry
a rash on the skin
far
to eat
marry
coconut
tw3l
cur3 tawl/
Copyright by Mahidol University
ノ'a]4 na'2/
/,aw2 d。2/
/?aw2 na13/
/,aw2 1al kay3 hu'2/
/?aw3/
ノ'aw3//,aw3/
/?aw3 raW3/
/?ay2/
/?u13 daW3/
/,Ш3kay2/
ノ?m3 maW1/
/,u13 1al dЭ3/
/?u2/
/,u?2/
/,u2cШ 3 tu3/
/?u2kal lnay2/
/?u21。?2/
/?uy2/
/?u,4/
/,。2 mey3/
/'ol piaw2/
/?ol ca'4/
some, little
to smoke
to drink
to crow
many
excrement
today
that
you
one day
to look
to bark
hate
firewood
to see
delicious
to blow
to sleep
have a good time
Ioud
chcst岬菌
/s/
/sil h。3ノ
/si3/
/si3 na12/
/si3.。1/
to know
three
to think
triangleCopyright by Mahidol University
/sa,4 th。,2/
/sa,4 thuy2/
/sal chШ2 sa'2/
/sal kla4 sa?2/
/sal'o'4/
/sal sO?2ノ
/sal suy3 sa'2/
/sal suy3 sal d02/
/sal hu4 sa'2/
/sal maw3 chШ 3/
/sal ru4 sa'2/
/sal ra'4/
/sa,4/
/sa?4 tha]2/
/sa?41a13/
/s。3/
/sШ1/
/sШ2 pha]3/
/sШ2 phe'4/
/sw2 th。31a1/
/swi sa?2/
/sШ2 sa'2/
/sШ2 1a1/
/sur2 1ay2/
/tw?2/
/tou12/
/tlЦ2/
/t【Ц2tha4/
/sw3/
/sШ3 1ia]3 mal phlow2/
heartbeat
saliva
a kind of fruit
star gooseberry
letter
l,-gorange
pomelo
litchi
water spinach
santol
shy
heart
inhale
exhale
rotten
brass
stick
bark
the roof made of leaves
cucumber
fruit
leaf
lipstick
tree
egg
louse
woIIn
die
to lift an eyebrow
Copyright by Mahidol University
/sruy3 che3/
/st:za/
/so2l
lswi2 /
lswi2 la42l
fear
liver
kitc,Jrplanc
blood
breeding
/h/
/hi,2/
/hi,2 tu1/
/hi,2 kaW3/
/hi,2 khu'2/
/hi?2s。 3/
/ham2 pha4 sa'2/
/ha12/
/ha]2 ba?2,i3/
/ha]2 pha'2/
/ha02 phu4 sa'2/
/ha]2 phua]2/
/ha]2 phia'2/
/ha12 dε3/
/ha12 chu3/
/ha12 kli3ノ
/ha]2 klu'2/
/ha]2 kh。 21a2/
/ha02 1e'2/
/hc,4/
/hu3/
/huy2 kal plo'2/
/huy2/
house
a wall of the house
inside the house
roof
floor
lernon
soil
dust
knee
calf
mud
hoe
leg
pestle
Chinese chive
mud
foot
lap
spicy, hot
pounded rice
to whistle
throw, broom
ミ
Copyright by Mahidol University
′、
/h。3/
/hwa,2/
/hwa,2 ta4/
/huaD4 ce1/
/hua]4 ccl b。 2/
/hua]4 ccl ble3/
/hua]4 cel PIu1/
/hua]4 cel pia2/, /hua14 cel
/hua04 cel na2 thЭ ?2ノ
/hua14 cel kaw3/
/hua14 ccl koi biaD3/
/hua14 ya2 ni3 ma2 phi02/
loose
bamboo
split bamboo partition
blouse
sleeves
undershirt
hook of blouse
phc?al pocket
a bufton
brassiere
collar
handkerchief
/mil ti?2/
/mil kla'4/
/mi4/
/.li4 kuy2/
/1ni4 hε ?4/
/me3 puI?2/
/me3 ta'2/
/mc3 cha13/
lme3 na42l
/mcy3 tal pla12/
/1ncy3 kai nЭl tal
/mey3 kia?2/
/rn ε2/
/mε ,4/
` /mε 4 baD3/
/ma1/
lmldrunk
forest
grass
matches
lemon grass
nylon for fishing rod
fishing
a rod for fishing
fishhook, harpoon
sleep
the?21 to lean
baby bed
wrist
ankle bone
galingal
to doCopyright by Mahidol University
lma2l
/ma3l
/mat pha?z bc2 /
lmat phaz2 klut2l
lmat phaa sa22l
/ma' du2 thewr/
lmat dtta4a roa /
/maa ca22/
lmat caw2 /
lmat chi22 /
lma'chwa42l
lmat ke2 may2/
/mar kuya/
/ma'kia4r/
/mat ?a\o sa22l
/mat h:u2o do2l
/mar hu?a bewl/
/mat hula lay3l
lmar sa'la la'lt /
lmat me?21
lmat ni2l
lmat ney2l
/mar gelr 4ew2/
lmat raz chwa42/
/mar lar ka2 sa?21
/mar lua lia j3l
/mat yua42 ne?a /
/mawt/
/maw2 sa?1/
/may2l
work
wife, classifier of house
boot shoe
slipper
lamina
yard long bean
smooth
minor wife
wet
fieht
eyelashes
bum
matches
fast
coconut
onion
garlic
shallot
lettuce
broken
but
age
slow
eyebrow
gusva
dancing
really
group
areca
fire
Copyright by Mahidol University
lmay2 phe3 /
lmay2 phe3l
matches
lighter
gas oven
smoke
l*Plight bulb
white of the eyes
eyebrows
mother, sun
to slide
the east
at noon
day
zipper
Sunday
pineapple
tamarind
green tamarind
niCht
Wednesday
evening
Chinese chive
spring onion
Friday
Tuesday
moming
Saturday
Monday
cabbage
/mayz kat la12 phc2a tar
dia43 tat ral2l
lmay2 klut2 /
/mayz khe?a I
lmay2 sa?21
/mer bew3/
/mer phlow2 chwaq2/
/me2l
lmez blay3l
lme2 tha12l
lme2 th:uu22l
/me2 ca3l
lme2 cayz kat thaz2l
/me2 kal tcr 4url/
lma2 ket sa22 /
lme2 klit satzl
/me2 kli' mew3/
lme2 khafl2 /
/me2 si3 lurr//me2 ha?al
/me2 hu?a mru2/
lme2 hu2a mew2 /
lma2 4*2 4wt /
/ma2 4ur3 4ur/lme2 raw3l
lma2 Lat di3l
/me2 lar lur//me2 Lat thewT /
.^
Copyright by Mahidol University
lme2 lat pa42l
/me2 law3l
/me2 luyr 4urr/
/mu3 bc3/
lmut3 cc?zl
lmw2 ha2a I
/mut3 sa'l2l
lmw3 yatl
/mut phca?/
/mur phlow2 sa?2/
/munr der/
/munt na22l
lmct/
/mct tc4 /
/mc2l
lmt3l
lmia1tl
lmiaw)l
/miaw3l
/miaw3 chc43/
/m:uayz lct2l
/mwa22/
/mwa22 kaw3l
lmwe2/
lmwet hr?4 pa2 /
Chinese kale
pupil of the eyes
Thursday
East lndian spinach
a stem of East Indian
spinach
yesterday
a fruit of East Indian
spinach
tendril of East Indian
spinach
curry
eyes
age
water buffalo
teat
boat
sky
to open
name
cat
sheriffs
city
all
pillow
pillow slip
yes
who
Copyright by Mahidol University
/nl
^
/nit 2ly2l
lnet sa22l
/ner phiar/
/ne?21
/net sazt I
/natl
lna3 kJ3l
lnat sut?21
/nat huyzl
lnat ret me2 phc2a I
/na2 /
lr,a?21
/na2 t112/
lna2 the?a I
lna2 kat ci3 /
/na2 hi4l
/r.a2 ria/
lna2 y:ua ?e?al
lnaw2 lo2 kh:ul2l
lnaw2 ne?21
lnayz llnay2 kaws llnay2 mat pha3l
lnaq2 prat do2l
/na42 prat che?2 /
/na43 phaw2l
lnaq2 kawzl
lna42 te22/
good smell
camachile
malaria
sword stick, year
cotton
you
shin
think of
broom
to lull to sleep by singing
listen
ghost
eyelids
to have a stroke
listening
hear
watch
coriander
nrenstruation
next year
bee
beehive
to stab (bee)
rich
poor
sit on the lap
to have a fever
to fall from the tree
ミ
Copyright by Mahidol University
/nan3 1aW2/
/nu?2/
/nu,2thШ 3/
/nu,2 inO1/
/nu,2 mOШ 3/
/nwε lノ
/nwεl kal la'2/
/nwε l mo2 kiw3/
/nialJ1/
to tell a lie
nipple
milk
teat
powdered milk
seven
taro
sweet potato
will
grieve
to cook in a pan with a
little oil
five
Friday
canned fish
a kind of vegetable
pants
a kind of pants
skirt
panties
sarong, loincloth
two
twenty
shell
a kind of shell (flat shape)
a kind of shell
(round shape)
a bun of hair
/0/
/]e21u2/
/]cD2 kiw3/
/]ε1/
/]ε20u11/
/]a2ti4 ta4/
/]a21u1/
/]Ш ?2/
/1Ш,2 bay3/
ノ]Ш ?2t。 3 kha13/
/]Ш,2 kaW3/
/]Ш21aW3 ki1/
/]Ш 3/
/]Ш3chЩ 3/
/]uy2/
/]uy2 tal pli1/
/]uy2 thal lo3/
/]uy2 ka4 1uW2/
ミ
Copyright by Mahidol University
/]。Ш,2/ cry
/1/
/1i2b。 3/
/1i2b。3thШ 3/
/1i2thЭ 3 da]2/
/1c1/
/1c3/
/1e3phi3/
/1c3dil la2/
/1e3pi3 bow3/
/1ε1/
/1a4/
/1a4bwε 1/
/1a4c。 ,2/
/1a4ma2/
/1al bla12/
/1al thЩ 3/
/1al klow2/
/1al'Ow3/
/1a! 'Ow3 bow3/
/1al sa]1/
/1al ma02/
/1a1/
/1al so1/
/1al say1/
/1al re'2/
/1al ya2/
/1a,2/
/1a3ku3?。 3/
pencil
pen
air-pump
knee
sister-in-law
eraser
armpit
bomb
kidney
moon
full moon
half moon
the waning moon
sometime
ten
to hit
cloud
the white cloud
a million
oil
one
ten thousand
a hundred thousand
one thousand
one hundred
leaf
deaf
ミ
Copyright by Mahidol University
ミ
/1a]2/
/1a12/
/1a02b。 3/
/1an2 tε ,4/
/1an2 ru?2/
/1ay2/
/1ay2 ba]3/
/1aw2,。 4/
/1。21ε 2cu?2/
/1o2rnawi sa'2/
/1u1/
/1u2/
/1u?2/
/1u,2 phЭ ?4/
/1u4thuy2/
/1uy1/
/1uyl no1/
/1。2/
/1。2 mε 4/
/1ia]3/
/1ia]3/
ノlia133 play1/
/1ua,4,a2ph。'4/
to descend
flag
flagstaff
to fall
to fall (leaves)
paper
pink
to tell a lie
exchange
orange
tried, exhausted
thread
cart
wheel banow
spoon
four
square
stone
sand
dance
to lick
to stick out
saw
/r/
lri22l
/re2 baa:3 I
lraw3l
lraws ct22l
/raw3 4ut2 huaga cer/
cut (scissors)
to harvest
good
together
clothesline
ミ
Copyright by Mahidol University
/ray2/
lre2 bew3l
/rez chwi2 /
/re2 chwa4zl
lrcw2l
lrew2 si3 /
/rew2 kaws/
/ntyz /
/ruaI /
/ruala bor/
hlua1o pi2l
/tta4a sa'l2l
/rua4a phlor/
/ruaga kewr/
lnta4a mct I
lnta4a baw3 sa'l2l
rattan
straw
rib
eyebrows
snack
green snack
snack's hole
root
silver
bracelets
prrlse
pumpkin
pumpkin seed
pumpkin skin
the calyx of pumpkin
wax gourd
screwdriver
take a bath
police station
police
soldier
plane wood
ice
vise
earthworm
/p1s?a ?vl2 ls'ta 1
/wa42 thrusi
lyit yo2/
/yit I
lyetbll/yet bo3 I
lyet khE2l l/y e22l
/ye22 cutz kro?a /
ly I
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lya?a /
/y az4 bet2 dot2l
lyawl /
lyaw3 /
lyaw2 caw2 ilyaw3 che2a I
lyay2l
lyayz ttq2l
lyay2 kew2 /
lyutt I
lyu2 ? ar12 cha3 chru2/
/yuza/
lylut 2e4 la2l
/yur ?ea phaw3/
/yut ?ea sa?21
lyty2 lat2l
lytt /
banana leaves used for
wrapping
betel
mirror
carry
to carry on the shoulder
movie
wooden partition
badminton
the name of recreation
far, fly
a pregnant woman want to
eat something with sour
taste
point
coriander leaf
a flower ofparsley
a fruit of parsley
sensitive grass
shadow
21)3609
0
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B10GRAPHY
NAME卜■ss sarlnya Khalnmuang
DATE OF BIRTⅡI NOvember 1971
PLACE OF BIRTⅡPhetchabun
INSTrrUT10NS ATTENDEDNaresuan University,
Bache10r ofAns(English)
Mahld01 u血 versity,
Master ofArts cinguお Jcs)
RESEARCⅡ GRANT Graduate Studies,
MabldOl u亜versity,1995
The National Research cOuncil, 1997
A‐
Copyright by Mahidol University