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The Phrase

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Page 1: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

The Phrase

Page 2: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Conventional Phrase

n Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient starting point for study, and is not to be taken as some kind of holy writ that all phrases are four measures long.

Page 3: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Conventional Phrase

n Conventional phrase ending in an authentic cadence

!

!

!

W. A. Mozart

Die Zauberflöte K. 620, Act II, no. 21

"Klin

(Papageno)Allegro

#get,

#- Glöck

#chen,

#- klin

#$ #get!

%- schafft

#mein

#Mäd

#chen

#- her,

% &

' ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## #" # ( & # ( & # ( &

##( &

5"klin

#get,

#- Glöck

#chen,

#- klin

# !get!

#) %- bringt

#mein

#Mäd

#chen

#- her.

% &

' ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # ##* ##* %%"## ( & ## ( & # (

##(

##* ##* %%

Page 4: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Conventional Phrase

n Conventional phrase ending in a half cadence (first four measures) followed by a second phrase ending on an authentic cadence.

!"!"

Ludwig van Beethoven

Sonata, Op. 31 No. 3, II

#$$$$p

Allegretto vivace%%% !!!sf

%%%&%%%

!!!sf

%%&%% %% %% %% %% %%' %%' %%' %%'

#$$$$ (%' %' %' %' %' %'

%' (%' %' %' %' %' %'

%' %'%' %'

%' %'%' %'

%' %'%' %' %' %' %' %' %'

5#$$$$%%% !!!

sf

%%%&%%%

!!!sf

%%&%% %% %% %% %%% %%%& )

%%&%% %%&

#$$$$ %' %' %' %'%' %' %'

%' (%' %' %'

%' %' %'%' %'

%' %'%' %'

%' %'%' %' %' %' %' %%

* )%%*

%% %%*

Page 5: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Conventional Phrase

n Found in early music: hymns, troubadour songs, etc.

!"!"

Estampie (13th century)

#$ % & % & % !&'& % & & % !&' & % & & % " % ()$ % & % & % & % & % & % & % " % (

Page 6: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Conventional Phrase

n Notation may mask four measures sometimes.

n Fast tempo: two measures = one measure

n Slow tempo: one measure = two measures

!"!"

Franz SchubertLändler

#$$$$mp

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %3 3 3 3

&$$$$ %%%% %%% %

%%% %%% %%%% %%% %

%%% %%%5 !!

!!#$$$$ % % % % % %% % % % % %% % %% % %% % ' (

3

&$$$$ %%%% %%% %

%%% %%% %%%% %%% %

%%% (

Page 7: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Conventional Phrase

n Typically divided into semiphrases, usually two measures long. These can in turn divide into motives and their manipulations.

n Mozart Symphony No. 40, main theme

!"## $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ % $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ %

Page 8: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Phrase as Unit Terminated by Cadence

n Semiphrase is distinct from the phrase

n A 2+2 phrase may often seem to have a cadence at midpoint, but it’s a cadential inflection:

Now is the winter of our discontentMade glorious summer by this son of York.

Page 9: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Phrase as Unit Terminated by Cadence

n Chopin Mazurka: one could opine a plagal cadence in measure 2, but 3-4 provide a solid V7-I cadence. Not every V-I motion is a cadence!

!"!"

Mazurka, Op. 17, No. 1Fréderic Chopin

#$$f

Vivo e risoluto

%fz

%% !! %% %%%&' (%% %% %% ) % %% %% %% !! %% %% %% %% ) % %% %%%*

+$$ ,%%

%%% %%% % %% %%%%

%% ,%%

%%% %%%

5

#$$fz

%%- ) %% %%- %% % %%* %%&' %% ) % %%- %%%* % !%%*

% % % %% ) % %%%- %%%-% % % %+$$ %%

%%% %%% % %% %%%%

%% ,%%

%%% %%%

Page 10: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Phrase as Unit Terminated by Cadence

n Chopin Mazurka: Measures 1 - 3 form V7-I-V7-I; but the melodic notation changes our hearing of measure 2.

!"!"

Mazurka, Op. 24, No. 3Fréderic Chopin

#$$$$Moderato, con anima

%& % ! % % ! %' "%(% % % ! %' % ! % % % % % %& ! %( %) * % % % % % %fz

% * % %&+!

%(3

,$$$$ - %)%%% %%% %)

%%% %%% ..% !% % % %)..% %/

%)%%% - %)

%%%###### -7

#$$$$p% ! % % % % % %& ! %( %) * % % % % % %

fz%) * %

%+

dolce

% % % % % % % % % % * % %3

3

,$$$$..% ! % % % %)

..% %/%)

%%% - %)%%%####### - %

%%% %%% .- %%

Page 11: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Phrase as Component of a Larger Pattern

n Sentence (period) of two phrases

!"

!"

Symphony No. 35, K. 385

W. A. Mozart

#$$$p

Menuetto (Trio)

% ! %& % "%&%% % % % % % % % ' !% % % % % % ' !% % %$ % % % % % %$ % %( %)$$$ %% !!' ! %%& %% %%' ! %% %% ' !% % % ' !% % %

!!!!

#$$$ % ! %& % "%&%% % % % % % % % % % % %* %* %* % + +% % % % % %)$$$ %'

! % % %%% %%% %%% % !' ! %* %* %* %% %% +

Page 12: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Phrase as Component of a Larger Pattern

n Double period consisting of four phrases

!"

!"

Piano Sonata Op. 10, No. 1: IILudwig van Beethoven

#$$$$p

Adagio molto

%%&

%% ! % % !% ! '%() %%

"( % ! % % !% % % ! 'cresc.

%( ) %% !! % %%% !! % %%fp

% !! % %%%######

*$$$$ %%% %%%%%%!!! ' % %% % % % %%

!! ' % %%%%%%

%%%%######

#$$$$ %%% % %+ %+ %% %%,

% ! % %( %% % % '% % %p

% % % % % %%"

%% ! % %% - % "( %% ! %3

*$$$$%%%% %% %% %% ! % %.%

) ' % %% % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % %% % % % % % % %

#$$$$ %% - $%) $%)% !! %sf

$%)% !! % % !p

%%( %% % %% % % % %% % % % % %.%) '

*$$$$ % % %( % % % % %$ / % % %/ /% % % / (% % %% !. % %% % % % % %( %$ % %% % % % %% ! %) '

Page 13: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Phrase as Component of a Larger Pattern

n Phrase group consisting of two or more phrases

Page 14: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Phrase as an Independent Unit

n A phrase can be completely isolated.

n It can act as prelude, postlude, coda, interlude, or transitional passage.

n Always think carefully before identifying a phrase as independent!

Page 15: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Repetitions of Phrases

n Identical

!

!

Bergamasca

Scheidt

"# Allegretto

$$ $$ %$ $ $% $ %% %$ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ % &$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

'# $$ $$ %$ $ % %$ $ $ $ % %$ % % $ $ %% %%

"# $% $ %% $% $ %% %$ $ $ $ % &$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ %%'# % %$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ % %$ $ $ $ $ $ %% $% $ %% %

%

Page 16: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Repetitions of Phrases

n Identical

!"!"

Faschingsschwank aus Wien, Op. 26 No. 3: ScherzinoR. Schumann

#$$ %%& ' %%&%%& %%&

%%% %%% & & &%% ' %%

&%% %%

%%% %% %%& ' %%&%%& %%&

%%% %%% & & &%% ' %%

&%% %%

%%% %%($$ %&

' %%& %%& %%& %% %%

& & &%' % &% % % % %&

' %%& %%& %%& %% %%

& & &%' % &% % % %

Page 17: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Repetitions of Phrases

n Embellished

Page 18: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Repetitions of Phrases

n Harmonic (and accompaniment) changes

!!

Sonata in D Major, H XVI: 37Franz Joseph Haydn

"##Allegro con brio

$% &$ $ $ $ & $%$ $ $ $ &$ $ $ $ &$ $ $ $ $' $$ $ $$ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $( )$'*##

$$$$ ) "$$( $$ $$ $$ $$ $$$ ) $$( $$ $$ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ +

"## $% $%$ $ $ $ $% $%$ $ $ $ $%

$ $ $ $ $%$ $ $ $ $' $$ $ $$ $ $$ $ $ $ ) $$ $$ $$ $$ +$'"## $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ) *$' $ +

Page 19: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Repetitions of Phrases

n Harmonic (and accompaniment) changes

!"#"!$!"#"!$

Béla Bartók

Dance in Hungarian Rhythm

%p

&' & & & &' &' & & & &' &' & & & &' &' & & & &(

% && !! && && !! &&&) !!! &&& &&& !!! &&& !!! &&& &&& !!! &&&) !!! &&& &&& !!!

%f

&' & & & &' &' & & & &' &' & & &"#

&'&' & & & &'

%mf&&& !!! &&& &&& !!! &&&) !!! &&& &&&* !!! &&& !!! &&&+ &&&*)) !!! &&&) !!! &&&)) &&& !!!

Page 20: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Repetitions of Phrases

n Register Change

!"!"

LändlerSchubert

#$$$$$p

% % % & % % % &%% %% %% %% %% %% && %%

3 3

'$$$$$ %%%% %%% %

%%% %%% %%%% %%% %

%%% %%%

!!!!

#$$$$$mp

% % % & % % % & %% %% %% %% %% %% &"#

(3 3

'$$$$$ %%%% %%% %

%%% %%% %%%% %%% %

%%% %%%

Page 21: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Repetitions of Phrases

n Register Change

!"

!"

Impromptu, Op. 90 No. 4, D. 899

Franz Schubert

#$$$$Allegretto

p

% % % % % % % % %& ' % % % % % % % % %& ' % % % % % % % % %( ' % % % % % % % % %( '

)$$$$ %* ! %+ ! %& %* ! %+ ! %& %* ! %+ ! %& %* ! *+

#$$$$% % % % % % % % %( '

% % % % % % % % %( '% % % % % % % % %( '

% % % % % % % % %( '

)$$$$ %* ! %+ ! %& %* ! %+ ! %& %* ! %+ ! %& %* ! %+ ! %&

Page 22: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Repetitions of Phrases

n Color (orchestration) Change

!"!"

#$$$mf

% ! %& % ! %& % % % % % %'& ( )p

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %*$$$

p

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %mf

% % % % % ! %+ % ! %+ % % % % % %'+ ( %, -

Page 23: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

!

!

!

Voice

Orgel

"##Die

$ihr

$ei nem

$% $- neu

$# $en

$ $- Gra

$ $de

$ ! $-

$& 'der

$ !Er kennt

$& $ !- niss- nun

$(- euch

$ $nacht,

$ $ $ $& 'wan

$dert

$- fest auf

$% $eu

$# $rem

$ $-

$ $-

"## $ $ $% $ $# $ $ $ $ $ $ ! $$& ' $ ! $$ !$$ !$ $ ! $$ !$$ !$$ $ $ $ $ !$$$& ' $ $ $% $ $# $ $ $ $ $

)## $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ *$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ *$ $ $ $ *$ $ $ $ $$( '$$( ' $$ $(

$& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ *$ $ $ $

6

"##Pfa- de,

$ ! $-

$& 'wisst,

$es

$%ist

$ !der Weis

$(heit

$ $- Pfad.

$ $ $ +Nur der

$ $un

$ $ $ver

$- dross- ne

$ $Mann

$ $ *mag dem

$ $ $ $

"## $ ! $ $& ' $ ! $ $% ! $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $ $ %$ $ $ $ $ + $ $ $ $ $ $ ' $( $ $ $ $ $ $ + $ $ $ $$ $ $ $)##

$$ + $$* $$ *$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

11

"##Quell des

$ $Lichts

$ $sich

$ $nah'n;

$ $ $ $( 'nur

$ !der un

$&$( $ !ver- dross

$& $& $ne- Mann

$&$( *%mag

$# !dem Quell

$(des

$,$ $Lichts

$ $$$ !sich nah'n.

$$ $ + -

"## $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$( ' $$ $$ ' $$( $$ $$ ' $$& $$ $$ ' $$( ' $$$% $$$ $$$ ' $$$# $$$ $$$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$$ + -

)##$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $( '

$$( '$$( '

$$( ' $$( '$$( ' $$( ' $$ +

$$ +$$ $$ $* $ $$ + -

Page 24: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient

Analyzing Phrases

Measure Letter Cadence Notes1-4 a HC Delayed

5-8 b IAC Extended

Page 25: The Phrase Phrase.pdfConventional Phrase! Four measures long, terminated by a cadence, usually authentic or half. The idea of the conventional 4-bar phrase is a convenient