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The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had common ancestor Membranes of land plants and charophyceans have rosette-shaped arrays of proteins that make the cell walls • Other algae have linear arrays Land plants and charophyceans have anti-photorespiration enzymes packaged into organelles called peroxisomes • Peroxisomes not found in other algae Similarity of sperm of land plants and charophycean algae

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Page 1: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

The phylogeny of land plantsThe likely ancestor are charophycean algae

Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had common ancestorMembranes of land plants and charophyceans have rosette-shaped arrays of proteins that make the cell walls

• Other algae have linear arrays

Land plants and charophyceans have anti-photorespiration enzymes packaged into organelles called peroxisomes

• Peroxisomes not found in other algae

Similarity of sperm of land plants and charophycean algae

Page 2: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Chara

Page 3: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Land plant life cycle

Gametophyte (1N)

Eggs or sperm

Sporophyte (2N)

Spores (1N)

Page 4: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Major evolutionary events in land plant evolution

1) Invasion of land

Page 5: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Bryophyta

Lack true roots, stems and leavesInstead have rhizoids, caulalia and phyllodes

Require moisture for fertilization

Without vascular tissue; rely on diffusion

Dispersal by spores

Gametophyte is dominant stage

Lack cuticle

Page 6: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Bryophyta (moss)

Page 7: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Bryophyta (hornwort)

Page 8: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Bryophyta (liverworts)

Page 9: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Major evolutionary events in land plant evolution

2) The evolution of vascular tissueXylem for conduction of water

Phloem for conduction of carbohydrates from leaves or fronds to other parts of plant body

3) Sporophyte is dominant phase of life cycle

4) Cutin lines external surfaces

Page 10: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Vascular plants

Roots, stems and leaves present

Presence of vascular tissue

Page 11: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Lycophyta (club mosses)

Page 12: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Lycophyta - club mosses

Do not produce seeds

Spores borne on strobili

Page 13: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Pterophyta (ferns)

Page 14: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Pteridophyta - ferns

Do not produce seeds

Spores produced in sori on the underside of fertile fronds

Page 15: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Major evolutionary events in land plant evolution

5) evolution of seedsA seed is a structure that encloses and protects a developing embryo

6) evolution of pollination

Page 16: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Seed plants

Gametophyte much reduced and dependent on sporophyteSeed consists of sporophyte embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coatAdapted for terrestrial existencePollination replaces swimming as the mechanism for delivering sperm to the egg

Page 17: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

GymnospermsNaked seedsLack the enclosed chambers (ovaries) in which angiosperm ovules and seeds develop

Rather, gymnosperm ovules and seeds develop on the surfaces of specialized leaves called sporophylls

Wind pollinationWater not needed for pollination

All are woody plants (no herbaceous species)Date from 350 mybp

Page 18: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Ginkgophyta

Only one species

Tree with fan-shaped leaves

Ovules develop into yellow, cherry-like seeds

Page 19: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Ginkophyta

Page 20: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Cycadophyta

Stem unbranched with terminal palm-like leaves

Cone-like sporophylls

Page 21: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Cycadophyta (cycads)

Page 22: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had
Page 23: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Gnetophyta

Flower-like cones

Xylem composed of tracheids and vessel elements

Page 24: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Pits

Figure 28.4a

Tracheids

Page 25: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Perforatedend walls

Figure 28.4b

Vessels

Page 26: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Gnetophyta (Ephedra or Mormon Tea)

Shrub of American deserts

Page 27: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Gnetophyta (Welwitschia)

Page 28: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Welwitschia

Found in the Nabib Desert

Two enormous leaves,the longest lived of any plant

Grow about five inches a year

Each leaf can reach several hundred square feet in size

Page 29: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Coniferophyta

Sporophylls modified into cones

Wind-pollinated

Xylem with tracheids but no vessels

Page 30: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Coniferophyta

Page 31: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Coniferophyta

Page 32: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had
Page 33: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Major evolutionary events in land plant evolution

7) Evolution of flowers and fruits

Page 34: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Anthophyta - flowering plants

Reproductive organs within a flower

Gametophytes greatly reduced

Ovules embedded within sporophyte tissue (ovary)

Seeds within a fruit

Appeared in early Cretaceous

Most pollination by insects and birds

Page 35: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

The origin of the angiosperms

Darwin wrote about “the abominable mystery” of what the first flowering plant looked like

Angiosperms appear suddenly in the fossil record with no obvious ancestors for a period of 80-90 million years before their appearance

Two hypothesesMagnolia hypothesis

• First angiosperm was a tree with complex flowers

Paleoherb hypothesis• First angionsperm was a non-woody plant with simple flowers

Page 36: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Amborella

Analysis of DNA reveals this genus is the most primitive flowering plant

Flowers with moderate number of petals

Flowers are imperfect (separate male and female gametophytes)

Found only on island of New Caledonia in the South Pacific

Page 37: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Amborella

Page 38: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

New Caledonia

Page 39: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Amborella

Page 40: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Water lilies

Page 41: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Monocots

Page 42: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Monocots - parallel venation

Page 43: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Dicots

Page 44: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Dicots - reticulate venation

Page 45: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had
Page 46: The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae Chloroplast DNA and ribosomal RNA indicate charophycean algae and land plants had

Diversity of various phyla of land plants

Bryophyta - 18,600 species

Lycophyta - 1,000 species

Pterophyta - 12,000 species

Ginkophyta - 1 species

Cycadophyta - 100 species

Gnetophyta - 70 species

Coniferophyta - 550 species

Anthophyta - 250,000 species!!


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