THE PLACE OF CULTURE IN A CITY CENTRE

by Emmanuel Gaopotlake

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture (First Professional)

at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia

O Copyright by Emmanuel Gaopotlake, 2001

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Dedication

This work is dedicated to my three younger brothers. Some day they will read this

and learn that this is what kept me from seeing them take their first steps or mumble

their first words.

Contents

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

2.0 The Village Mode1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Dwelling 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Ward / Kgot la 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Community 6

3.0 The City . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1Background. 8 3.2 Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3Growth. 12 3.4 The Main Mal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.5 The Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.lStrategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Development 20

Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References 40

Abstract

The thesis explores the possibility for a place of culture: a place to reflect,

celebrate and contemplate the cultural values of the people of Botswana, in the

centre of the city of Gaborone. The present city plan was drafted with very little, if

any, consideration of the culture of the people of Botswana. How does one

appropriate such a plan to reflect the identity and aspirations of the people of

Botswana? There is a line of argument that says that the traditional building

technology of Botswana at the time the city was planned would not have, or did

not give, any indication of building the nation's capital, perhaps justifying the

transplant of that plan. While this thesis acknowledges the differences between the

city and the village, it is in no way an attempt to recreate village forms; it should

still be possible to fearn and to distill the principles of habitation at the village level

and use them to inform both the urban scheme and the building program. The city

is currently regarded as a place of work and not a place to cal1 home. There is a

generation now of those who have been born and raised in the city. The challenge

now is to make the city feel like home to them.

List of Abbreviations

CGA: Central Gaborone Area

CBD: Central Business District

DTRP: Department of Town and Regional Planning

MLGLH: Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing

TUNS: Technical University of Nova Scotia, now Dalhousie University

vii

Acknowledgements

My study at this university was made enjoyable by the many hiendships that 1

made here in Halifax. The work on this project benefited from the input of friends

and enthusiastic professors. 1 would like to thank a special Mend Marisa Huque,

for always being critical of the work and Arnold Nasha, Mpho Tau, Clausen

Morapedi, Sakgomo Maruping and Ben Mhaladi for giving a helping hand. My

special thanks to Stranger Monareng and Ephraim Moikabinyane for sharing a

common critical view. Le ka rnoso!!!

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Thesis Topic

The Place of Culture in a City

Centre - How can the cul ture of a society help shape the centre of its city

a n d inform i ts a rchi tec ture? This

thesis is one of manv a t t e m p t s to J L

replan and redevelop the centre of

Gaborone City. The oppor tuni ty to

crea t such a place, o n e t h a t wi l l

encourage a n d fac i l i ta te social

gatherings, exists in t h e design of

Gaborone City Hall.

I t might seem almost paradoxical to deal with cultural problems when al1 of humanity is involved in a struggle of s u c h gigant ic proportions a s mankind never before has experienced ... It must be borne in mind that whatever is considered to be best for man, from the point of view of inner

growth , be Fig.I:Modrlo/thrciryofGaborone.The es tabl i shed a s t h e g o v e r n i n g damandttrrrivcrfornrunaturalbouadory principle jn the s h a p i n g o f a onrheeasr.T/,rmil!i~~randtheotlrrrriver

characteristically divide tltr c i y imo four. healthy urban environment.'

Although Gaborone thrives on

the commercial success of its centre,

wh ich nonethe less c o u l d s t i l l be

in tens i f ied g iven i t s c u r r e n t l o w

building density, both commercial and

residential, it still has to work to be

successful a t community-oriented

ac t iv i t ies for c i ty dwel lers ,

particularly those who now want to

cal1 it

centre

be, to

home. The main mali a t the

of the city is now the place to

shop or just "hang around,"

because there a r e few o t h e r such

places in the city. If the principles of

habitation in the village cannot inform

the urban design of the city, can they,

at the very least, inform a building

program? This thesis proposes that

they can, resulting in a section of the

city that will serve as an example for

future developments.

1.2 Area of Study

The work is an urban design

proposa1 that looks to take an under-

utilised part of the city and redesign

i t in a way that is sensit ive to the

cultural values of Botswana and the

modern demands of its capital. With

the city rapidly growing, the centre

becomes an even more impor tan t

piece of the whole and a lot of thought

must go into its design and redesign.

Fig. 2: The village of Serowe. The buildings are lirtle abjects scatrtired on the ground and the space in between theni noriceably immense. Source: Sandy Grarit, Serowe - rraditioriul housing, Postcard, Ri$ No. 86.

1.3 History

The area of focus is the centre

of Gaborone City, especial ly in

relation to the proposed develop-

ments and redevelopments around it.

Gaborone City, the capi ta l of

Botswana, was founded in 1963. It is

essentially a colonial capital city

building, with roots that stretch as far

back a s L'Enfant's p lan for

Washington DC in 1791.' Botswana,

like many countries around the world,

inherited a colonial plan for its capital

city that disregarded the cul tural

distinctiveness of the country. The

coun t ry had been a British

Protectorate prior to independence in

Fig. 3: The site, comprisirtg rite rrtuseurn, ilte ciry hall artd rltr library, irt i k cortfc~xl of dtr ciiy ceritre. The schernr looks to treat arid rrdetalop

In the case of Botswana, as wi t h tltis ~v/ to/e area as one major piece. Source: MLCL H, Departrnrnt of Surrqs and Mappirtg,

other countries, the design of a new Gaborofle. capital city was necessitated by the

fact that "after independence, the

cities from which they had previously

been administered ceased to be within

their boundaries." Independence

requires that the colonial assumptions

be reconsidered and that a new mode1

for civic buildings be investigated.

2.0 The Village Model

"Residents of this city (except

for expatriates and tourists) only find

themselves as having corne to the big

city temporarily to gather enough for

the irnprovement of their 'homesf in

the village^."^ There are some serious

concerns about the qual i ty of life

Quality of life is not restricted to are the compourids which beur the characterisrically srnalier buildirrgs. Source: E.

quantitative measUres such as better Moikubirtyarie, "Cultural Rrftobiliratior~."

health care, cleaner water and proper

s an i t a ry provisions. Qua l i t a t ive

characteristics such as community, a

sense of dwelling and, perhaps most

importantly, a sense of belonging are

important as well. These are clearly

lacking in Gaborone. Many people feel

alienated by the forms and structure

of the capital city.

One way to address this issue is

to look at where people would rather

be if they are not "working" in the city.

People like to go "home" to the village

at every chance they get. This would

sugges t that , in t u r n i n g to the

t radi t ional village for lessons in

dwelling, community and belonging, Fis. 5: Grourrd cowr, Adapted fiom E.

the architect the ~ o i ~ ~ ~ ~ t y a ~ t e , " ~ l t u r a ~ ~ e ~ a b i ~ i ~ a ~ i o n . " building forms or details but rather

the way people inhabit and use the

spaces of these villages (Fig. 2 & 7).

In his master's thesis at this

institution, Ephraim Moikabinyane

extensively studied the village forms

of Botswana. His objective was to find

a "design that will activate cultural

rehabil i tat ionW5 in t h e vi l lage of

Rarnotswa. With r ega rds to the

planning of such villages, he stated,

"Social relat ionships r a the r than

geometr ic o rde r a r e t h e major

de te rminan t in the p lacement of

bu i ld ings and w a r d s i n Tswnna6

groups. Each society has worked out

a solution that is appropriate to and

in harmony with its own particular

circumstances, and in so doing each

has achieved something worthy of

recognition."

2.1 Dwelling

The dwelling, in Botswana, is

an extended family household. This

household is comprised of a number

of smal l bui ldings, u sua l ly for

sleeping and storage. The rest of the

family activities a r e o rgan ised

between and around these units. "The

idea of community at dwelling level

Fig. 6: The typical vilhge wardlùgot la. Source: E. Moikabiriyane, "Culiural Rrhabilitatio~i."

Fig. 7: Buildirtg forrns and svucrural derail ut village level.

i s explici t ly expressed by the

sameness in the general appearance of

houses in the town; differences

occured only in the layout of the

d ~ e l l i n g s . " ~ The laying ou t of the

homes offers oppor t~n i t i e s for play,

gathering and ritual ceremony. Such

r i tua l s inc lude feasts, weddings,

bu r i a l s and d a n c e / s inging

celebrations.

A group of such dwellings,

usually of families that a re related in

one way or another, forms the ward

o r k g o t l a S 9 In the m i d d l e of t h i s

arrangement there is an outdoor space

(Fig. 6). In some parts of the country,

this outdoor space serves as a shared

kraal for livestock, while in other

places i t cons t i tu tes a common

outdoor space for al1 to share and will

most commonly be populated by men

from the different families discussing

family and village issues (Fig. 9). In

other parts the space serves as both.

2.3 Community

The concept of community is

spatially expressed a t different levels

Fig. 8: The wardr (the sirared spaces) and rlreir corrrrtrctiorrs. Adapted from E. Moikubirryarre, " Culturul Rehubilirariorr. "

Fig. 9: Cotift-rrual ~ c r e of the wardBcgotla, typically occupied by men discussirrg farnily arid village issues.

in a traditional Tswana sett lement:

dwelling and ward. The wards are

general ly arranged wi th t he main

kgotla in the middle or at the highest

point on the land. The process of

village planning and building actually

starts at the top, that is, at the main

kgotla, a n d then e v e r y t h i n g e l se

follows.

The impor t an t u n d e r l y i n g

p r inc ip le is t ha t ac t iv i t i e s a r e

organised not inside the buildings, but

rather outside, in the outdoor space.

And so i t is the space between the

houses and compounds that matters

the most to the people of Botswana.

That spirit st i l ls l ives today.

People are used to sharing communal

space fo r commun i ty o r i e n t e d

activities and such places are lacking.

Weddings and social gatherings are

still preferably performed (in part) in

community halls. The ritual of dance,

still very much a part of the culture,

is now performed where such large

gatherings take place. The idea is that

i f such spaces could be inserted into

the city's centre, they will go a long

way towards adding a missing quality

to this area.

3.0 The City j.

3.1 Background '.\.& JI ; ) ' Ki\ , . I 1 ! \ , ~ t \ i It1&. 1;- I i

The city of Gaborone started .. - 1 ' -1- .' J h l with the plan of Central Gaborone : . .,5A.1~t~~1 ds '

:*.Tf \-

Area, which comprised the ' -&:LIIW~.~V P.,~~ Governrnent Enclave, the Main Mal1 Fig. IO: The original 1963 plan, sandWiched and the City Hall linearly arranged lwrweeri die IWO rivers artd the rail lirw

along an east/ west axis at the core, /' su r rounded by res iden tial

neighbourhoods. North of this axis,

which runs through the mal1 (Fig . 13),

lies a lower density residential living

area and south of the axis is a higher

density neighbourhood. The densities K&ili.

f'

here only refer to plot sizes. In terms "1" +' .(:' -/!

of building typologies they are both !J ' y 2 ?

dominated by the one story detached / house. Fig. 1 1: 1979 plari, growrlr ro the riordi; the

"across rlte rirvr." &

, \ t rp t r t

3.2 Constraints

/ ,/---"

The original plan of Gaborone l

was bounded by Notwane River to the \,,, east, Segoditshane River to the north

and the railway line to the west (Fig.

10). Over t ime the Notwane River

became a natural boundary of the city

o n the east , beyond which l ay

Tlokweng village.

Fig. 12: 1989 - growrh brwr . across rile rail liric

Fig. 13: Tile presenr

Fig. 13: Central Gaborone Area street layout. Source: Uttited Consultirig Pfy , Gaborone City Dcvclopment Plan.

Fig. 15: Broadlturst / and 11 - ittitial grorcvlt. Source: United Consultirig Pty, Gatmronc City Dcvclopmcnt Plan.

Fig. 16: Old Naledi, the squafttir camp to the south. Thrre are parallels betwem rhis plan and that of the village. Source: Urtitrd Corrsultircg Pty, Gaboronc City Dcvclopmcnt Plan.

Fig. 1 7: The Gover~rment Enclave, the Main Ma11 and the City Hall in 1978. Vrry /ittle has citangrd in and arourid the civic celiire (to the ri&) as drpicted in the 1998 photo below. Source: MLGLH. Department of Sur~wys and Mapping, Gaùororir.

Fig. 18: 1998 photo ohart ofthe ciry centre. Source: MLGLH, Department of Survrys and Mapping, Gaborotre.

3.3 Growth -a

The cityfs growth was initially

to the north, such that Segoditshane

river r an th rough i t (Fig. 11). The

railway line then was perceived a s a

barrier to the growth of the city. Over

developed and serviced for residential

use (Fig. 12). Interestingly, because

everybody could not be provided with

decent accommodat ion, a squa t t e r

camp, Old Naledi, developed in the

southern part, close to the main dam

(Fig. 16).

The interest ing point t o note

a b o u t th i s g r o w t h i s t h e c l e a r

departure from the original plan of

concent r ic cu l -de - sac r o a d s a n d

pathways, al1 pointing to the centre

(Fig. 14). This plan polarised the city . . 1 -,-..A

population into "haves" and "have- --._

nots." The a f f luen t s tayed i n t h e

bigger plots to the north of the Main 1

Mal1 and the rest of the city dwellers

to the sou th* The subsequent gro wth Fig. 20: Elrme)rts of CGA. The sire for of the city took the form of phased Moriartlrtg S thesis is murkd C. The sire for this

thesis iricludes the area rnarked A. Source: S. self-contained super-neighbourhoods Monarrrig, "An Alternative Drsigtl in Gaboro~re

City Centre."

,, + - '. '. . . _I J . . d ' " :-.. Higher Density S.' 7: i. : ! :

Lower Density Rcsidcnti al

Fig. 21: Ceritrai Cubororre Area - cornmerciai arrd imriru~iortal buiidirigs wirii major conrrecrirrg urreries. The thesis site is i~i~ltlightrd - it irrcludes the site markcd 3.

tha t a r e joined t o t h e cent re by

primary roads. These neighbourhoods

integrated al1 income groups. The

other point wor th observing is the

difference b e t w e e n t h e p lanned

growth areas and the unplanned Old

Naledi (Figs. 14, 15, and 16).

3.4 The Main Mall

Fig. 22: The cicy hall from the rnall. This is a very k q opproacli to rtze site for che rrew civic cerrtre.

The most exc i t ing place in

Gaborone is the Main Mall, which is a

strictly pedestrian precinct. This is

because, in addi t ion to commercial

activity at ground level, it also offers

opportunities for informal markets in

the three squares. These act as thresh-

old points and they also serve as exits

to or entrances from the two roads that

flank the mall: Botswana Road and

Queens Road. In this mall, activities

are distinctly lively: small groups of

young men discuss weekend events;

without exception, soccer and politics

are always the hot topics. Merchants

promote their craft to keen onlookers,

others pause under the trees or on

stoops to enjoy the i r food, and of Fig 23: The Main Mall frotn the ciry hall.

course there are those just "hanging

out" because the mall provides for

that.

The building heights in the mall

range from two to seven storeys - a very moderate building density. The

mal1 links the government enclave and

the city hall, except at the end bearing

the city hall, there is very little cause

- visual o r o the rwise - for one to continue to explore and experience

this section of the city.

3.5 The Site

This site, where the present city

hall is si tuated, ha s a very strong

potential for becoming a cul tural

centre for the city. The area would

benefit by designing "each block as a

complex with a specific land use ... to demons t ra te t ha t s o m e of the

buildings that the consultants (in the

proposed new CBD) wish to relocate,

like the Civic Centre and National

Library, could actually be located in

the present city center."1° This site is

at the heart of major pedestrian routes.

It is surrounded by h ighly active

nodes in the city: the mall to the west,

the main p r imary hosp i t a l a n d

university to the east, and schools to

the north and south (Fig. 9). The thesis

contends that, although the original

plan does provide for that, it lacks the

edges and t h e unity to assert itself

strongly. The architecture that was

built on these sites lacks the flexibility

to accommodate the cu r r en t and

future needs of the city as it continues

to grow. The thesis looks to explore

this untapped potential in the form of

a much needed cul tura l centre to

complement and add ont0 the thriving

commercial activities in the mall.

4.0 The Design

The site for the architectural

intervention bears the present city

hall, soon to be relocated under the

proposed redevelopment plan of the

city. Adjacent to t h i s s i t e is the

national museum to the north, also to

be relocated. The reasoning behind

these relocations is that the sizes of the

lots are not sufficient. Al1 of this is

planned with a large open lot on the

other side of the civic centre, ont0

which is proposed a parkade, and

playing fields adjacent to it (see Fig.

17 & 18).

1

r

Fig. 24: Sire desigr~/irtferveritiorl - coricep f sketch.

The design proposes that this

area be thought of and designed as

one comprehensive piece. The

secondary school next to the museurn

will be comprornised considerably to

accommodate the extension of Queens

Road, largely in the redesign of the

teachers' housing. The proposition

calls for medium density walk-up flats

to replace the detached one-storey

houses as teachersf housing. The

schoolfs sports grounds also have to

be reoriented and this will create an

opportunity to extend Botswana Road

from Independence Avenue to North/

South Ring Road (Fig. 26). The area

between the two r o a d s wi l l b e

developed for community oriented

facilities: a civic centre, a performing

arts centre and a park in between the

two.

4.2 Preliminaries

The architectural intervention

cornes in the form of a civic centre on

the city hall site. Programmatically,

this project calls for an unusually large

cornplex, especially with the large

office space needed for t h e ci ty

council ' s depa r tmen ta l officers,

current ly housed in mobile office

Fig. 25: Conceptual design approach frorri tlze rnall fo the civic centre. The cltcsigrr begiru witli the desig11 of the ocrtdoor spacr.

Fig. 26: Schrrriatic site design: the m i s as the organiser. The main admir~istratiori building sits orr this mis facirrg rile mail.

Fig 27: Exploririg the 110rt-axial approach Study of the e&s of the cornmorl spacr(s) of compI(-r corrrpotr enrs.

spaces . The d e s i g n g r o u p s the

complex p r o g r a m i n t o a main

administration building, community

o r i en ted f ac i l i t i e s a n d the

depar tmenta l office block. Al1 are

arranged with the idea that they will

create a n d sha re a publ ic outdoor

space tha t offers o p p o r t u n i t y for

gatherings.

4.3 Development

Because this design sits at the

end of a very s t rong axis through the

mall, the massing of the design and

t h e approach from t h e mal l a r e

inevi tably ve ry i m p o r t a n t issues.

Axial approach wi th small common

spaces pulling off the axis of the main

m a s s w a s c o n s i d e r e d (Fig. 26).

A l though ve ry t e m p t i n g a n d

r ight fu l ly so, g i v e n t h e mall is

essentially the front, this approach

s o m e h o w lacks t h e q u a l i t i e s of

sociability. Ins tead of t rea t ing the

buildings monumentally, t he other

approach was to actually s tar t with

the design of this public space and

treat the buildings as edges that define

this space (Fig. 28).

Fig. 29. Devrlopirig the non-axial scherne.

Fig. 30. The rwbati p/anni~rg scheme, sliowirig ihe coriterr of tfte arciiiteciurol iritrrve~itioti.

Fig. 43: Cornputer rer~kred image - vkw of rlie desigri mass from the mall. The cotnrnuriity hall is tu the right and if1 rire backgroumi is the deparrmerrtaf ofice block

Fig. 44: Cornputer rendered image - view of rhe side of the commmity hall /rom the front steps of the admir~is~ratioti buikiitig.

Fig. 45: Computer rertdered image - the administrariori buildir~g - showirtg the cou~icil chamber supportrd on columris, fiom the front of the commurzity hall.

Fig. 46: Computer rendered image - view of the court and cotnrnurzity facitities on iiae background, from the adminisrraiion stoop.

Fig. 47: Corriputer rerrdered image - view of rhe paviliorr wirh rhe ofice block irz the background.

Fig. 48: Cornputer reridered irtiage - virw of the interior of (lie conrrnuriity hall.

The tendency to design new

institutions on any unoccupied lot in the

city of Gaborone should not be left

unquestioned. Were there alternatives?

What are the advantages of moving to

another site? New civic developments in

the centre of this city can be creatively

organised in and around existing sites.

Given the strategic location of the site

and the activities that surround it, it is

conceivable that this site might indeed

become a place for culture if the buildings

are designed with a sensitivity to the

spaces they create behveen and around

them. The centrality of this area, its

proximity to the mall, schools and the

university means the place is more likely

to be the meeting place.

The design that organises the

buildings around shared open spaces

creates opportunities for the people to

apppropriate these spaces. By including

the community services in the design, the

place is more likely to be used seven days

a week, even during holiday penods.

Notes

1. E. Saarinen, The City: Its growth, i f s decily, its future (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1965), vii.

2. L. J. Vale, Architecture, Power, and Natioml Identity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992). On page 57, the author writes, "Planned in the aftermath of the attainrnent of U.S. independence and the ratification of a federal constitution, Washington is the first postcolonial designed capital."

3. Ibid, 133.

4. S. Monareng, "An Alternative Design Proposa1 in Gaborone City Centre," (Master of Architecture thesis, TUNS, Halifax, 1997), 12.

5. E. Moikabinyane, "Cultural Rehabilitation," (Master of Architecture thesis, TUNS, Halifax, 1997), 1.

6. Tswam refers to the people of Botswana. It is the short form of Batswana - the plural of Motswana - a citizen of Botswana.

7. Moikabinyane, "Cultural Rehabilitation," 14.

8. Ibid, 8.

9. Kgotla is a word with multiple meanings. In this context it refers to a large exterior open space marked by hedges or stout poles and almost circular in shape. It is shared by households that surround it in a village setting. It is also the seat of tribal administration; it holds gatherings, ceremonies and receives visitors. It is also a place of ritual significance.

10. Monareng, "An Alternative Design Proposa1 in Gaborone City Centre," 18.

References

Books and Articles

Evans, H. (ed). New Tozuns: The British Experience. London: Charles Knight & Co. Ltd, 1972.

Grant, S. Serave - traditional housirtg. Postcard, Botswana, Ref. No. 86.

Lynch, K. The Image of the City. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1966.

Moikabinyane, E. "Cultural Rehabilita tion." Master of Architecture thesis, TUNS, Halifax, 1997.

Monareng, S. "An Alternative Design in Gaborone City Centre." Master of Architecture thesis, TUNS, Halifax, 1997.

Saarinen, E. The City: 1ts growth, its decay, itsfiïtrrre. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1965.

Safdie, M. 7'he Harvard Jertisalern Stztdio. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1986.

United Consulting (Pty) LTD and ENESCO (Pty) LTD. Gaborone City Development Platz (1997-2021). Department of Town and Regional Manning. Gaborone, 1998.

Vale, J. L. Architecture, Power, and National Identity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

Buildings

Kuwabara, Payne, McKenna, Blumberg. Kitchener City Hall, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada (1989).

Revell, Viljo, with John B. Parkin Associates. Toronto City Hall, Toronto, Canada (1965).

Organisations

MLGLH. Department of Surveys and Mapping. Gaborone, Botswana.