the placebo effect.ppt

7/16/2019 THE PLACEBO EFFECT.ppt

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Group D2

Rio Fernandes Tan (1110286)

Shandy Parvita Surojo Putri (1110303)

Yuliana (1110304)

Ika Fitrianti (1110307)

Dea Ristya Ananda (1110309)

Sari Narolita (1110311)

Michelle A. Wenas (1110315)

Laila Nur (1110347)

May 2013

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Outlines

Definition

The Difference between Placebo andNocebo

When a Placebo used? Factors Affecting the Placebo Response

The Reason Why Placebo Used

How Placebo Works? Conclusion

Bibliography

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Definition

The placebo effect :

The changes produced by things objectively

without specific activity for the condition

being treated.

(Moerman, 2002)

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Definition

Placebo (latin for I shall please) :

A pharmacologically inert substance

(such as saline solution or a starch

tablet) that seems to produce an effectsimilar to what would be expected of a

pharmacologically active substance

(such as an an antibiotic).

(Car, 2012)

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Definition

The Nocebo Effect :

An adverse effect of the placebo

response is the manifestation of side-

effects.

Nocebo (latin for I shall harm) :

Harmless substance that creates

harmful effects in a patient who takes it.

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Gard, 2000


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Thursday, 30/05/2013

Think (+) about the

medication (actually

an inert substance)

Placebo effect

happens

Think (-) about the

medication (only

think the adverse

effect)

Patient

Health

provider

Healing

Healing

Nocebo effect

happens


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When a placebo used?

TheConditions

Condition which have

highly subjectivecomponents

Conditionwhich havefluctuatingsymptoms

Condition involvingheightened

awareness of normal

bodily sensation

Minor selflimitingailments

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Kaptchuck et al,

1996


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Factors Affecting the Placebo

Response Information from healthcare practitioner (be

doubt or be confident).

Physical charateristic of the placebo (e.g.dosage form, shape, colour, mode of

administration, etc.)

Patients expectation

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The magnitude of the placebo effect can be

enhanced by overt suggestion or prediction

of the effects that may occur. (Goodenough

and colleagues, 1997)

Patients previous experience may besufficient to act as a cue to enhance placebo

effect. (Gard, 2000)

Not only an effect of medication colour on theplacebo response, but also a gender

difference. (Cattaneo et al., 1970)

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The Reason Why Placebo

Used Placebos are considered to be unlikely to

cause any adverse effects.

Cheaper.


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How Placebo Works?

The mechanisms underlying the placeboeffect are still unknown.

(Brown, 1993) There is a possible link

between the placebo effect and plasma

cortisol.

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StressCortisol

released

Supress

immune

system

Stress

decreasedCortisol

reducted

Increase immune

systems activity

Placebo

Cortisol is secreted at times of stress

and is known to supress the immune

system, thus if placebo decrease

stress, a reduction of plasma cortisolconcentration would be expected and

thus an increase in activity immune

system.


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Conclusion

Individual will still respond to a given drug even ifthe drug is given in a doses too small to be

effective or even if the drug or treatment is

absent.

Placebos are considered to be unlikely to cause

any adverse effects.

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Bibliography

Gard, P. (Ed.).(2000). A Behavioural

Approach to Pharmacy Practice. Oxford,

UK :Blackwell Sciences.

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the placebo effect.ppt

Documents

placebo works

placebo decreasestress

placebo andnocebo

definition placebo latin

effect of medication

adverse effects

outlines definition

inert substancesuch