the planck satellite
DESCRIPTION
The Planck Satellite. Matthew Trimble 10/1/12. Useful Physics. Observing at a redshift = looking at light from a very distant object that was emitted a long time ago The ‘temperature’ of the CMB is the temperature of a blackbody that would emit the energy spectrum seen by the photons - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Planck Satellite
Matthew Trimble10/1/12
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Useful Physics
• Observing at a redshift = looking at light from a very distant object that was emitted a long time ago
• The ‘temperature’ of the CMB is the temperature of a blackbody that would emit the energy spectrum seen by the photons
• Fun Fact: CMB is most ideal blackbody spectrum ever recorded
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Need For Planck
• Space vs. Ground telescopes• Hubble: Launched 1990• WMAP: Launched 2001, now in graveyard
orbit• Planck: Launched 2009• Better resolution of CMB
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Spacecraft Design
• ~4.2 m high X 4.2 m wide• 1.95 tonnes• Three stage cooling system and shielding from
Sun to minimize background radiation• 1.9 m x 1.5 m primary mirror• Lifetime: 15+ months, dependant on cooling
system degradation• Propulsion: 12 20N thrusters, 4 1N thrusters
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Special Orbit
• Lissajous Orbit around L2• Propulsion only needed for corrections
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Instruments
• Telescope: 1.9 x 1.5 m primary mirror, effective aperture of 1.5 m.
• Low Frequency Instrument: observes wavelengths from 3.9 mm to 11.1 mm.
• High Frequency Instrument: observes from .3 mm to 3.6 mm.
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Cosmic Microwave Background
• After Big Bang, radiation and matter were coupled (no light emitted)
• As expanding universe cooled, it reached 3000K at matter began thermally radiating photons
• This radiation is the CMB, which has now increased wavelength to the microwave, and ‘cooled’ to ~2.7K
• CMB temperature is not homogenous, but early measurements were not able to detect the tiny fluctuations
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Large Scale Properties of Universe
• Large scale properties: density, number of atoms in visible universe, etc.
• Planck will be able to accurately measure how certain properties (density) evolved over time.
• That data allows other properties (# atoms) to be determined with low uncertainty.
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Dark Matter
• Doesn’t interact with radiation, therefore it is literally dark.
• Presence can only be inferred by gravitational interactions with luminous matter.
• Planck will detect the gravitational lensing the CMB undergoes due to dark matter.
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Inflation
• The theorized extremely rapid expansion of the early universe.
• Currently explains much of the Universe’s features.
• Planck will investigate possible causes of inflation, and try to determine if expansion will continue, or if the universe will eventually collapse in a Big Crunch.
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Primordial Gravitational Waves
• Hypothesized to exist during inflation.• Gravitational waves carry information about
the event that triggered the wave.• Detecting these ancient waves through the
CMB would give strong evidence for Inflation.
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Inhomogeneities of Early Space
• Our universe is not homogenous: full of galaxy clusters and large voids.
• Likely, there were inhomogeneities very early on, which formed into the complex structures we have today.
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Microwave Study of Galaxies
• Milky Way: create the first map the cold dust distributed along spiral arms, and the first detailed, 3D map of the Milky Way’s magnetic field.
• Other: Using the Sunyaev- Zel'dovich effect, Planck can catalogue distant galaxy clusters.
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Conclusion
• “Planck will measure the fluctuations of the CMB with an accuracy set by fundamental astrophysical limits.”
• Planck has the capabilities to verify a large portion of cosmology and particle physics that has yet to be figured out.
• Data will not be released until 2013, but the astrophysical community overall expects good results from Planck.
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References• 1. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Planck/SEMWN20YUFF_0.html• 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissajous_orbit• 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L2• 4. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Planck/SEMQ05XX3RF_0.html• 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)• 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)• 7. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2012/09/04/guest-
post-doug-finkbeiner-on-fermi-bubbles-and-microwave-haze/• 8. http://www.funtrivia.com/en/subtopics/Cosmic-Microwave-
Background-Radiation-267543.html• 9. http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/07/scienceshot-planck-
satellites-fi.html