The Planting of English America

Chapter 2

Background

• Three European powers had outposts on the North American continent:– Spanish at Santa Fe (1610)– French at Quebec (1608)– English at Jamestown, Virgina (1607)

England’s Sea Victory• 1588: Philip II of Spain invades England with

Spanish Armada.• England had faster and more maneuverable

boats. • England’s sea victory against the Spanish

helped ensure England’s naval dominance in the North Atlantic (Master of the Seas)

• English victory gave strong sense of nationalism.

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling• 1606 – Joint-stock company called the

Virginia Company of London provided the financial means to support a settlement-Charter stated that the members could

bring Christianity to the natives, explore for precious metals, trade with the natives, and to look for the Northwest Passage.

-Guaranteed the settlers the same rights of Englishman.

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling (Real reason: Economic gain)

• Owners advertised to those seeking adventure. Three ships sailed-all men.

• Real Reason: Economic gain – promise of gold and Northwest passage for trade.

1607 – Jamestown settlement along the James River. Established in present-day Virginia.

Jamestown Jamestown Settlement, 1609Settlement, 1609

Jamestown Jamestown Settlement, 1609Settlement, 1609

Jamestown Fort, Jamestown Fort, 16091609

Jamestown Fort, Jamestown Fort, 16091609

Jamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlementJamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlement

Jamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlementJamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlement

Jamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown Chapel, 16111611

Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown Chapel, 16111611

English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

Head Right SystemHead Right System

Problems at Jamestown• Gentlemen: Only 12 were skilled laborers• Wasted time looking for gold• Didn’t plant crops which resulted in a food

shortage led to “The Starving Time” – Winter of 1609-1610. Many died from starvation.

• Caught malaria – swampy location• 2/3rds died• Weather• Only men• Lack of leadership

Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake

• Poor relationship with local tribes because Europeans considered Indians to be heathens who were inferior beings

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

Native American Population Native American Population in North Americain North America

Native American Population Native American Population in North Americain North America

1622 Indian1622 IndianUprisingsUprisings

1622 Indian1622 IndianUprisingsUprisings

Jamestown Saved from Collapse

Solutions of Jamestown:• Captain John Smith became leader• “He who shall not work shall not eat.”• Developed good relationship with Powhatan

as mentioned in his journal entitled The Generall Historie of Virginia

Captain John SmithCaptain John SmithCaptain John SmithCaptain John Smith

Who is Pocahontas?

The Pocahontas Connection

• Saved Captain John Smith (story might be a myth)

• She was kidnapped, held as ransom in exchange for English prisoners

• Converted to Christianity, renamed “Rebecca”• While a hostage she Married John Rolfe• Sailed to England• Went to the Banqueting Hall where she met

Queen Anne, wife of James I

John RolfeJohn RolfeJohn RolfeJohn Rolfe

Banqueting Hall

PocahontasPocahontasPocahontasPocahontas

Pocahontas boards a ship for Virginia

• On her way back to Virginia she boards a ship and dies of smallpox.

• St. George’s Church in Gravesend, England.

Jamestown Jamestown Colonization Colonization Pattern:Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

Jamestown Jamestown Colonization Colonization Pattern:Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Virginia: Child of Tobacco• John Rolfe developed a cash crop – tobacco• Tobacco is marketable within one year. It takes simple

processing.• Promoted the plantation system with its need for laborers.• 1619 – A Dutch warship landed and sold about 20 Africans

as slaves. • This planted the seeds of the North American slave system.• Influx of supplies, slaves, and women from England• Poor women agreed to be auctioned in marriage for $80 of

tobacco once they arrived at Jamestown = “Tobacco Brides”

Tobacco

• Tobacco requiredmore land so Chesapeakeregion expanded faster than NewEngland in the north

Establishment of a Mini Parliament• 1619: The London Company authorized the settlers to

establish the House of Burgesses. The Virginia House of Burgesses establishes a form of representative self government (miniature parliament)

• Colonists could own private property• 1624: James I revoked the charter making Virginia a

royal colony under his control.

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

Why was Why was 16191619 a a pivotal year for the pivotal year for the

Jamestown Jamestown settlement?settlement?

(Possible FRQ)(Possible FRQ)

Why was Why was 16191619 a a pivotal year for the pivotal year for the

Jamestown Jamestown settlement?settlement?

(Possible FRQ)(Possible FRQ)

17c Population in the Chesapeake17c Population in the Chesapeake

Population of Population of Chesapeake Colonies: Chesapeake Colonies:

1610-1750 1610-1750

Population of Population of Chesapeake Colonies: Chesapeake Colonies:

1610-1750 1610-1750

Colonization Colonization

of Virginiaof Virginia

And MarylandAnd Maryland

Colonization Colonization

of Virginiaof Virginia

And MarylandAnd Maryland

Maryland: Catholic Haven• 1634: Maryland established as the fourth

English Colony.• 2nd Lord Baltimore = Cecil Calvert (son of

George Calvert)• Proprietary Colony (Had an owner)• Religious tolerance - Refuge for Catholics• Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 was the

earliest colonial law related to religious freedom for all Christians which helped protect Catholics.

• Planted tobacco as a cash crop.

George Calvert, George Calvert, Lord BaltimoreLord Baltimore

George Calvert, George Calvert, Lord BaltimoreLord Baltimore

The West Indies (Carribean): Way Station to Mainland America

• Barbados set the stage for statutes governing slaves in North America. The “code” defined slaves’ legal status and owner’s control.

• Major crop: Sugar cane – First, clearing of land; then, needed to be planted extensively; finally, elaborate process to refine.

• Thus a large # of laborers needed.• Slavery became a cheap labor force which

wouldn’t rebel.

Settling the Lower SouthSettling the Lower SouthSettling the Lower SouthSettling the Lower South

Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC

Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC

The only southern port The only southern port city.city.

The only southern port The only southern port city.city.

Southern Colonies added…• Eight nobles (the Lord’s Proprietors) were granted

a colony by Charles II.• 1670: The Carolinas were formed with Charles

Town as the capital.• 1712: the Carolinas were separated and became

North and South Carolina.• Also known as “The Restoration Colonies”

– Colonization was interrupted by the Civil War in England in the 1640’s, therefore, the time period after the war when Charles II was restored to the throne was called the Restoration Period) you member from last year.

Colonizing the Carolinas

• Many of these original settlers had come from Barbados and brought the slave system with them.

• Indian slave trading also occurred.• Exported rice, Indian slaves to West Indies

(Carribean) and New England. • Also exported wine, silk, and olive oil.

Crops of the Crops of the CarolinasCarolinas

Crops of the Crops of the CarolinasCarolinas

IndigoIndigoIndigoIndigo

RiceRiceRiceRice

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-from SC & GA: 1698-

17751775

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-from SC & GA: 1698-

17751775

Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony

• James Oglethorpe established in 1733.• Provided a refuge for people who couldn’t pay

their debt (what they owe).• Acted as a buffer between Spanish Florida and

the Carolinas (and the French in Louisiana)• Silk and wine• The last of the 13 colonies to be established.

James Oglethorpe made friends with the Creek Indians

League of the Iroquois

Iroquois Lands & Iroquois Lands & European Trade European Trade

CentersCenters

Iroquois Lands & Iroquois Lands & European Trade European Trade

CentersCenters

The Iroquois• Were the only Native Americans who were able

to unite and become strong enough to resist the English colonists successfully

• Known as the League of the Iroquois or the Iroquois Confederacy.

• Made up of five Native American nations: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk. (1772 Tuscarora)

• Lived in Longhouses.• The five nations remained relatively

independent of one another.