the porosity and mechanical properties of h13 tool steel...

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THE POROSITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF H13 TOOL STEEL PROCESSED BY HIGH-SPEED SELECTIVE LASER MELTING Takaya NAGAHAMA*, Takashi MIZOGUCHI*, Makiko YONEHARA**, and Hideki KYOGOKU** *Process Technology R&D Dept., JTEKT CORPORATION, 1-1, Asahi-machi, Kariya, Aichi, 448-8652, Japan **Research Institute of Fundamental Technology for Next Generation, Kindai University, 1, Takaya-Umenobe, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-2116, Japan. Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology has the advantages of complicated geometry fabrication and integration of multiple parts. Selective Laser Melting (SLM), which is one of the AM technologies, generally takes longer manufacturing time than other manufacturing methods. In this research, the process parameters, which can achieve high-speed additive manufacturing of H13 tool steel, are investigated using a SLM machine with a 1 kW multi-mode fiber laser. As a result, the optimal process window has been determined in the process map of the laser power and the scan speed. High laser power in the process window is estimated to increase the manufacturing speed by 50 % of that with the conventional parameters. The specimen manufactured with the optimal parameters has a tensile strength of 1500 MPa, which is equivalent to the bulk samples. Keywords: Selective Laser Melting; process parameters; H13 tool steel; mechanical properties Introduction Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology has been attracting attention, because it allows for manufacturing of complex-shaped metallic parts, which can be hardly manufactured by conventional processing [1]. Especially, Selective Laser Melting (SLM), which is one of the AM technologies and can process various alloys, has been used in the industrial fields such as aerospace, medical and automotive. AISI H13 tool steel is commonly used in hot-working applications including die-casting dies, inserts, forging dies, extrusion dies, and so on. Molds with conforming cooling channels fabricated by the SLM can maintain a stable and uniform cooling performance to the molding parts, which achieves improvement of the product quality and reduction of the cycle time. Therefore, SLM process has gained increasing attention in the hot-work tool field [2-4]. Recent studies have shown that H13 tool steel can be generally processed by SLM. Parameters of SLM directly affect the quality of the final part. Laakso et al. [5] indicated that Design of Experiments (DoE) approach is a practical and reliable method for SLM processing optimization. In addition, local heating and cooling of the material by the SLM causes problems such as residual stress and inhomogeneous microstructure inside the part. To overcome these problems, Gu et al. [6], Kempen et al. [7], and Sander et al. [2] investigated the effect of powder bed preheating on H13 processing. 677 Solid Freeform Fabrication 2019: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference Reviewed Paper

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  • THE POROSITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF H13 TOOL STEEL PROCESSED BY HIGH-SPEED SELECTIVE LASER MELTING

    Takaya NAGAHAMA*, Takashi MIZOGUCHI*, Makiko YONEHARA**, and Hideki KYOGOKU**

    *Process Technology R&D Dept., JTEKT CORPORATION,1-1, Asahi-machi, Kariya, Aichi, 448-8652, Japan

    **Research Institute of Fundamental Technology for Next Generation, Kindai University, 1, Takaya-Umenobe, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-2116, Japan.

    Abstract

    Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology has the advantages of complicated geometry fabrication and integration of multiple parts. Selective Laser Melting (SLM), which is one of the AM technologies, generally takes longer manufacturing time than other manufacturing methods. In this research, the process parameters, which can achieve high-speed additive manufacturing of H13 tool steel, are investigated using a SLM machine with a 1 kW multi-mode fiber laser. As a result, the optimal process window has been determined in the process map of the laser power and the scan speed. High laser power in the process window is estimated to increase the manufacturing speed by 50 % of that with the conventional parameters. The specimen manufactured with the optimal parameters has a tensile strength of 1500 MPa, which is equivalent to the bulk samples.

    Keywords: Selective Laser Melting; process parameters; H13 tool steel; mechanical properties

    Introduction

    Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology has been attracting attention, because it allows for manufacturing of complex-shaped metallic parts, which can be hardly manufactured by conventional processing [1]. Especially, Selective Laser Melting (SLM), which is one of the AM technologies and can process various alloys, has been used in the industrial fields such as aerospace, medical and automotive. AISI H13 tool steel is commonly used in hot-working applications including die-casting dies, inserts, forging dies, extrusion dies, and so on. Molds with conforming cooling channels fabricated by the SLM can maintain a stable and uniform cooling performance to the molding parts, which achieves improvement of the product quality and reduction of the cycle time. Therefore, SLM process has gained increasing attention in the hot-work tool field [2-4].

    Recent studies have shown that H13 tool steel can be generally processed by SLM. Parameters of SLM directly affect the quality of the final part. Laakso et al. [5] indicated that Design of Experiments (DoE) approach is a practical and reliable method for SLM processing optimization. In addition, local heating and cooling of the material by the SLM causes problems such as residual stress and inhomogeneous microstructure inside the part. To overcome these problems, Gu et al. [6], Kempen et al. [7], and Sander et al. [2] investigated the effect of powder bed preheating on H13 processing.

    677

    Solid Freeform Fabrication 2019: Proceedings of the 30th Annual InternationalSolid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference

    Reviewed Paper

  • Fig. 1 SEM image of H13 tool steel powder.

    Table 1 Chemical composition of H13 tool steel powder.

    As the next step, it is necessary to improve a productivity of SLM for H13 parts. In this study, the process parameters, which can achieve high-speed manufacturing of H13 tool steel, are investigated using a SLM machine with a 1 kW multi-mode fiber laser.

    Experimental conditions

    The specimens have been processed in Nitrogen atmosphere on a SLM280HL machine (SLM Solutions GmbH) equipped with a 1 kW multi-mode fiber laser. The specification is as follows;

    - Laser: 1 kW multi-mode fiber laser (wave length: 1.07 m)- Scan speed: max. 15000 mm/s- Build size: 280×280×350 mm

    The gas atomized H13 powder with irregular shape was used. SEM image of the powders is shown in Fig. 1. Table 1 is the H13 powder composition (LPW Technology Ltd.). The particle size of the powder is 10 m to 45 m and the powder flow rate (based on ISO 4490) is 2.68 s/50 g. Thus the flowability is good. In order to determine the process map of the high-power laser,the cubic specimens with the dimension of 15×15×15 mm were fabricated under the followingconditions.

    - Laser power: 600 - 1000 W- Scan speed: 100 - 260 mm/s- Scan pitch: 0.6 - 0.75 mm- Layer thickness: 0.1 mm- Spot diameter: 0.28 mm- Preheating temperature: 200

    678

    Chemical composition [mass%]

    C Mn Si Cr Mo V Cu P s 0 Fe

    0-41 0-44 0_96 5_2.6

  • Fig. 2 Process map of H13 tool steel.

    Basic evaluations

    Process map Optimization of the process parameters is required to avoid defects in parts. Especially,

    laser power, scan speed, scan pitch, and layer thickness are significant parameters for SLM. Moreover, the energy density E calculated from Eq. (1) is used as a significant factor [8];

    = (1)

    P: laser power [W], v: scan speed [mm/s], s: scan pitch [mm], t: layer thickness [mm] The process map between laser power and scanning speed was determined by relative

    density (Fig. 2). The density of the as-built specimens was measured by the Archimedes’ principle. The density was classified into four levels as follows;

    : 99.7 %, : < 99.7 %, 99.4 %, : < 99.4 %, 99 %, ×: < 99 %

    The optimal process window has been determined for high relative density. This map also indicates that high density parts can be achieved even at high laser power and high scan speed. Optimal process parameters with a high-power laser are as follows;

    - Laser power P = 600 W- Scan speed v = 100 mm/s- Scan pitch s = 0.7 mm- Layer thickness t = 0.1 mm- Energy density E = 85.7 J/mm3

    Relationship between relative density and energy density As mentioned at previous section, the energy density significantly affects the relative

    density of as-built parts. Figure 3 shows the relationship between the energy density and the relative density. The relative density is higher than 99.4 % at the energy density of 85.7 J/mm3 to 128.6 J/mm3. In addition, the relationship with the high-power laser is revealed to be equivalent to that with a conventional laser, which is equipped on the same machine and has laser power of 400 W and spot diameter of φ 0.08 mm. Consequently, it is suggested that the high-power laser

    679

    1000 0 00 I:!.. X

    ~ 900 0 0 X X e Relative density: :C:: 99.7 % ... 0 Relative density: < 99.7 %, :C:: 99.4 % 0 800 0 0 X X ~ Relative density: < 99.4 %, :C:: 99 % 3 0

    X Relative density: < 99 % il.. ,._ 700 0 t::,. X X Q [(;!

    ...l 600 • ~ X X 500

    50 100 150 200 250 300 Scan Speed (mm/s)

  • Fig. 3 The relationship between energy density and relative density.

    Fig. 4 The relationship between build speed and relative density.

    would improve productivity. For example, using high-power laser the scan speed can be increased, based on the equation (1) of the energy density.

    In order to compare between the build speed with a conventional laser and that with the high-power laser, the fabricated volume per a unit time is calculated from Eq. (2).

    = × 3600 1000 (2)

    BS: build speed [cc/h], v: scan speed [mm/s], s: scan pitch [mm], t: layer thickness [mm] Figure 4 shows the relationship between build speed and relative density. In case of a

    relative density of 99.5 % by the high-power laser, build speed is 1.5 times as high as that with a conventional laser. In the following, the SLM with a high-power laser is defined as high-speed SLM, in contrast with normal SLM using a conventional laser.

    Microstructure The microstructure of the as-built specimen was observed using an optical microscope

    (OM). Figure 5 shows the OM image of specimens fabricated by normal SLM and high-speed SLM. These are cross sections parallel to the build direction of the part. As shown this figure, the melt pool size by high-speed SLM is much larger than that by normal SLM. This result may be caused by wide scan pitch and thick powder layer of high-speed SLM. This suggests that the build speed by high-speed SLM is much higher than that by normal SLM.

    Fig. 5 OM images of the specimens.

    680

    100

    ~ 98 ~ e,

    c 96 -,z 5

    -0

    0 94 -.Ei " 0 ~ 92

    90 0

    30 60

    • •

    O Conventional laser

    • High-power laser

    90 120 Energy density (J/mm3)

    P: 375W, v : 790mm/s

    150

    s: 0.12mm, t: 0.05mm, E: 79 .1J/mm3

    100 ~--~~-----------~

    X 3_0: , , , -----------·-~- ----~·---------· L. -:-·----:-- .. -·--·---.

    x 3.s· · 1 • :

    O Conventional laser

    • High-power laser 96 ___ ___.--r--'-----,---------'----r-------------i

    0 20 40 60 80 Build speed ( cc/h)

    P : 600W, v : 1 00mm/s s: 0.7mm, t: 0.1mm, E: 85.7J/mm3

  • Fig. 6 Results of micro Vickers hardness measurement.

    Mechanical properties

    Hardness The hardness was measured using a micro Vickers hardness tester. Figure 6 shows the

    hardness of specimens manufactured by normal SLM and high-speed SLM. Hardness was measured along the direction from surface to center of specimen on the horizontal cross section.As a result, both specimens equivalently have hardness of 580 HV to 600 HV.

    The specimens for the tensile test To evaluate mechanical property of specimens processed with the optimum parameter, a

    tensile test is carried out (based on ISO 6892-1). The round rods for a tensile test were fabricated under the optimum conditions in table 2. The dimension of the specimens is φ 14×82 mm. Figure 7 shows the as-built specimen for tensile test. The heat treatment condition was air cooling after heating at 640 (4 h, 2 times). Figure 8 shows the specimen machined from round rods. Defects such as voids or cracks on the surface could not be observed.

    Table 2 The fabricating conditions. g

    Fig. 7 The round rods for the tensile test.

    Fig. 8 The specimen of the tensile test.

    681

    ~

    700 0 ormal SLM

    650 ------------------------------------- eHigh-speed SLM

    550 ----------------------------------------------------------

    500 0 2 4 6 8

    Distance from smface (= )

    Build orientation: 90°

    Process parameter \alue

    Laser power (W) 600

    Scan speed (mmls) 100

    Scan pitch (mm) 0.

    Layer thickness (mm) 0.1

    Energy density (J/mm3) 85. 2

  • Fig. 9 Results of the tensile tests.

    Mechanical properties Figure 9 is the result of the tensile test of the as-built specimen and the tempered

    specimen. The tensile strength at build orientation of 0 was higher than that at build orientation of 90 . The as-built specimen and tempered specimen at the build orientation of 0 have tensile strengths of 1470 and 1570 MPa, respectively. The tempered specimen at the build orientation of 0 has lower tensile strength than the as-built one. However, it was opposite tendency at the build orientation of 90 . This tendency is expected to be the influence of microstructure. The additional evaluation will have to be carried out in future work.

    Conclusions

    In this research, the process parameters, which can achieve high-speed additive manufacturing of H13 tool steel, are investigated using a SLM machine with a 1 kW multi-mode fiber laser. The summary is as follows; (1) The effective process window in the process map of the laser power and the scan speed was

    determined by evaluating the density of the specimens.(2) The energy density for high relative density was 87.5 J/mm3 to 128.6 J/mm3, which is similar

    to that by a conventional laser.(3) The build speed with the high-power laser is estimated to be 1.5 times as high as that with a

    conventional laser to achieve relative density of 99.5 %.(4) The tensile strength at build orientation of 0 was higher than that at build orientation of 90 .

    References

    [1] I. Gibson, D.W. Rosen, B. Stucker, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, Rapid prototypingto Direct Digital manufacturing, Springer, (2010).

    [2] J. Sander, J. Hufenbach, L. Giebeler, H. Wendrock, U. Kuhn, J. Eckert, Microstructure andproperties of FeCrMoVC tool steel produced by selective laser melting, Mater. Des.89(2016), 335–341.

    682

    1800

    1700 ,-;-- 1600

    i 1500 ..0 1400 'c'o ij 1300 ..: ell 1200 -.) "iii 1100 ~ 1000

    900

    800

    ■As-built

    □ Tempered

    Bulk sample (Tempered) -...- -...- -...--...--...--...--...- -...---

    Build mientation

  • [3] J.C. Yun, J.H. Choe, H.N. Lee, K.B. Kim, S.S. Yang, D.Y. Yang, Y.J. Kim, C.W. Lee, J.H. Yu, Mechnical property improvement of the H13 tool steel sculptures built by metal 3D printing process via optimum conditions, J. Korean. Powder. Metall. Inst, 24(2017), 195–201.

    [4] R. Mertens, B. Vrancken, N. Holmstock, Y. Kinds, J.P. Kruth, J.V. Humbeeck, In uence of powder bed preheating on microstructure and mechanical properties of H13 tool steel SLM parts, Phys. Procedia, 83(2016), 882–890.

    [5] P. Laakso, T. Riipinen, A. Laukkanen, T. Andersson, A. Jokinen, A. Revuelta, K. Ruusuvuori, Optimization and Simulation of SLM Process for High Density H13 Tool Steel Parts, Physics Procedia, 83(2016), 26-35.

    [6] S.T. Gu, G.Z. Chai, H.P. Wu, Y.M. Bao, Characterization of local mechanical properties of laser-cladding H13–TiC composite coatings using nanoindentation and nite element analysis, Mater. Des, 39(2012), 72–80.

    [7] K. Kempen, B. Vrancken, S. Buls, L. Thijs, J. Van Humbeeck, J.P. Kruth, Selective laser melting of crack-free high density M2 high speed steel parts by baseplate preheating, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 136(2014), 061026.

    [8] A. Simchi, Direct Laser Sintering of Metal Powder: Mechanism, Kinetics and Microstructural Feature, Materials Science and Engineering A, 428(2006), 148-158.

    683

    WelcomeTitle PagePrefaceOrganizing CommitteePapers to JournalsTable of ContentsBroader Impacts and EducationDesign for Additive Manufacturing: Simplification of Product Architecture by Part Consolidation for the LifecycleAn Open-Architecture Multi-Laser Research Platform for Acceleration of Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing (ALSAM)Large-Scale Identification of Parts Suitable for Additive Manufacturing: An Industry PerspectiveImplementation of 3D Printer in the Hands-On Material Processing Course: An Educational PaperConceptual Design for Additive Manufacturing: Lessons Learned from an Undergraduate CourseAn Empirical Study Linking Additive Manufacturing Design Process to Success in ManufacturabilityInvestigating the Gap between Research and Practice in Additive Manufacturing

    Binder JettingInfluence of Drop Velocity and Droplet Spacing on the Equilibrium Saturation Level in Binder JettingProcess Integrated Production of WC-Co Tools with Local Cobalt Gradient Fabricated by Binder JettingThe Effect of Print Speed on Surface Roughness and Density Uniformity of Parts Produced Using Binder Jet 3D PrintingExperimental Investigation of Fluid-Particle Interaction in Binder Jet 3D PrintingBinder Saturation, Layer Thickness, Drying Time and Their Effects on Dimensional Tolerance and Density of Cobalt Chrome - Tricalcium Phosphate Biocomposite

    Data AnalyticsPredicting and Controlling the Thermal Part History in Powder Bed Fusion Using Neural Networks‘Seeing’ the Temperature inside the Part during the Powder Bed Fusion ProcessConditional Generative Adversarial Networks for In-Situ Layerwise Additive Manufacturing DataIn-Situ Layer-Wise Quality Monitoring for Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing Using Image Series AApplications of Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms in Additive Manufacturing: A ReviewReal-Time 3D Surface Measurement in Additive Manufacturing Using Deep LearningRoughness Parameters for Classification of As-Built and Laser Post-Processed Additive Manufactured SurfacesApplication of the Fog Computing Paradigm to Additive Manufacturing Process Monitoring and ControlSpectral X-ray CT for Fast NDT Using Discrete Tomography

    Hybrid AMPart Remanufacturing Using Hybird Manufacturing ProcessesIntegration Challenges with Additive/Subtractive In-Envelope Hybrid ManufacturingRobot-Based Hybrid Manufacturing Process ChainIntegrated Hardfacing of Stellite-6 Using Hybrid Manufacturing ProcessInkjet Printing of Geometrically Optimized Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Cells: A Concept for a Hybrid Process ChainUltrasonic Embedding of Continuous Carbon Fiber into 3D Printed Thermoplastic Parts

    Materials: MetalsComparison of Fatigue Performance between Additively Manufactured and Wrought 304L Stainless Steel Using a Novel Fatigue Test SetupElevated Temperature Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of SLM SS304LFatigue Behavior of Additive Manufactured 304L Stainless Steel Including Surface Roughness EffectsJoining of Copper and Stainless Steel 304L Using Direct Metal DepositionSS410 Process Development and CharacterizationEffect of Preheating Build Platform on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless SteelCharacterisation of Austenitic 316LSi Stainless Steel Produced by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing with Interlayer CoolingEffects of Spatial Energy Distribution on Defects and Fracture of LPBF 316L Stainless SteelEnvironmental Effects on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of an Additively Manufactured Stainless SteelEffect of Powder Chemical Composition on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF Processed 17-4 PH Stainless Steel in the As-Built And Hardened-H900 ConditionsPowder Variation and Mechanical Properties for SLM 17-4 PH Stainless SteelFatigue Life Prediction of Additive Manufactured Materials Using a Defect Sensitive ModelEvaluating the Corrosion Performance of Wrought and Additively Manufactured (AM) Invar ® and 17-4PHComparison of Rotating-Bending and Axial Fatigue Behaviors of LB-PBF 316L Stainless SteelA Study of Pore Formation during Single Layer and Multiple Layer Build by Selective Laser MeltingDimensional Analysis of Metal Powder Infused Filament - Low Cost Metal 3D PrintingAdditive Manufacturing of Fatigue Resistant Materials: Avoiding the Early Life Crack Initiation Mechanisms during FabricationAdditive Manufacturing of High Gamma Prime Nickel Based Superalloys through Selective Laser Melting (SLM)Investigating the Build Consistency of a Laser Powder Bed Fused Nickel-Based Superalloy, Using the Small Punch TechniqueFatigue Behavior of Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposited Inconel 718 at Elevated TemperatureVery High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Laser Beam-Powder Bed Fused Inconel 718Analysis of Fatigue Crack Evolution Using In-Situ TestingAn Aluminum-Lithium Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed FusionWire-Arc Additive Manufacturing: Invar Deposition CharacterizationStudy on the Formability, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Alcrcufeniᵪ High-Entropy Alloys Prepared by Selective Laser MeltingLaser-Assisted Surface Defects and Pore Reduction of Additive Manufactured Titanium PartsFatigue Behavior of LB-PBF Ti-6Al-4V Parts under Mean Stress and Variable Amplitude Loading ConditionsInfluence of Powder Particle Size Distribution on the Printability of Pure Copper for Selective Laser MeltingInvestigation of the Oxygen Content of Additively Manufactured Tool Steel 1.2344The Porosity and Mechanical Properties of H13 Tool Steel Processed by High-Speed Selective Laser MeltingFeasibility Analysis of Utilizing Maraging Steel in a Wire Arc Additive Process for High-Strength Tooling ApplicationsInvestigation and Control of Weld Bead at Both Ends in WAAM

    Materials: PolymersProcess Parameter Optimization to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Arburg Plastic Freeformed ComponentsImpact Strength of 3D Printed Polyether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK)Mechanical Performance of Laser Sintered Poly(Ether Ketone Ketone) (PEKK)Influence of Part Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of PA6X Laser Sintered SpecimensOptimizing the Tensile Strength for 3D Printed PLA PartsCharacterizing the Influence of Print Parameters on Porosity and Resulting DensityCharacterization of Polymer Powders for Selective Laser SinteringEffect of Particle Rounding on the Processability of Polypropylene Powder and the Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Sintering Produced PartsProcess Routes towards Novel Polybutylene Terephthalate – Polycarbonate Blend Powders for Selective Laser SinteringImpact of Flow Aid on the Flowability and Coalescence of Polymer Laser Sintering PowderCuring and Infiltration Behavior of UV-Curing Thermosets for the Use in a Combined Laser Sintering Process of PolymersRelationship between Powder Bed Temperature and Microstructure of Laser Sintered PA12 PartsUnderstanding the Influence of Energy-Density on the Layer Dependent Part Properties in Laser-Sintering of PA12Tailoring Physical Properties of Shape Memory Polymers for FDM-Type Additive ManufacturingInvestigation of The Processability of Different Peek Materials in the FDM Process with Regard to the Weld Seam StrengthStereolithography of Natural Rubber Latex, a Highly Elastic Material

    Materials: Ceramics and CompositesMoisture Effects on Selective Laser Flash Sintering of Yttria-Stabilized ZirconiaThermal Analysis of Thermoplastic Materials Filled with Chopped Fiber for Large Area 3D PrintingThermal Analysis of 3D Printed Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymers for Automotive ApplicationsCharacterization of Laser Direct Deposited Magnesium Aluminate Spinel CeramicsTowards a Micromechanics Model for Continuous Carbon Fiber Composite 3D Printed PartsEffect of In-Situ Compaction and UV-Curing on the Performance of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cured Layer by Layer3D Printing of Compliant Passively Actuated 4D StructuresEffect of Process Parameters on Selective Laser Melting Al₂O₃-Al Cermet MaterialStrengthening of 304L Stainless Steel by Addition of Yttrium Oxide and Grain Refinement during Selective Laser MeltingApproach to Defining the Maximum Filler Packing Volume Fraction in Laser Sintering on the Example of Aluminum-Filled Polyamide 12Laser Sintering of Pine/Polylatic Acid CompositesCharacterization of PLA/Lignin Biocomposites for 3D PrintingElectrical and Mechancial Properties of Fused Filament Fabrication of Polyamide 6 / Nanographene Filaments at Different Annealing TemperaturesManufacturing and Application of PA11-Glass Fiber Composite Particles for Selective Laser SinteringManufacturing of Nanoparticle-Filled PA11 Composite Particles for Selective Laser SinteringTechnique for Processing of Continuous Carbon Fibre Reinforced Peek for Fused Filament FabricationProcessing and Characterization of 3D-Printed Polymer Matrix Composites Reinforced with Discontinuous FibersTailored Modification of Flow Behavior and Processability of Polypropylene Powders in SLS by Fluidized Bed Coating with In-Situ Plasma Produced Silica Nanoparticles

    ModelingAnalysis of Layer Arrangements of Aesthetic Dentures as a Basis for Introducing Additive ManufacturingComputer-Aided Process Planning for Wire Arc Directed Energy DepositionMulti-Material Process Planning for Additive ManufacturingCreating Toolpaths without Starts and Stops for Extrusion-Based SystemsFramework for CAD to Part of Large Scale Additive Manufacturing of Metal (LSAMM) in Arbitrary DirectionsA Standardized Framework for Communicating and Modelling Parametrically Defined Mesostructure PatternsA Universal Material Template for Multiscale Design and Modeling of Additive Manufacturing Processes

    Physical ModelingModeling Thermal Expansion of a Large Area Extrusion Deposition Additively Manufactured Parts Using a Non-Homogenized ApproachLocalized Effect of Overhangs on Heat Transfer during Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive ManufacturingMelting Mode Thresholds in Laser Powder Bed Fusion and Their Application towards Process Parameter DevelopmentComputational Modelling and Experimental Validation of Single IN625 Line Tracks in Laser Powder Bed FusionValidated Computational Modelling Techniques for Simulating Melt Pool Ejecta in Laser Powder Bed Fusion ProcessingNumerical Simulation of the Temperature History for Plastic Parts in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) ProcessMeasurement and Analysis of Pressure Profile within Big Area Additive Manufacturing Single Screw ExtruderNumerical Investigation of Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing for Process Parameter Planning in a Polymer Dispensing SystemAlternative Approach on an In-Situ Analysis of the Thermal Progression during the LPBF-M Process Using Welded Thermocouples Embedded into the Substrate PlateDynamic Defect Detection in Additively Manufactured Parts Using FEA SimulationSimulation of Mutually Dependent Polymer Flow and Fiber Filled in Polymer Composite Deposition Additive ManufacturingSimulation of Hybrid WAAM and Rotation Compression Forming ProcessDimensional Comparison of a Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing Simulation ToolSimulated Effect of Laser Beam Quality on the Robustness of Laser-Based AM SystemA Strategy to Determine the Optimal Parameters for Producing High Density Part in Selective Laser Melting ProcessRheology and Applications of Particulate Composites in Additive ManufacturingComputational Modeling of the Inert Gas Flow Behavior on Spatter Distribution in Selective Laser MeltingPrediction of Mechanical Properties of Fused Deposition Modeling Made Parts Using Multiscale Modeling and Classical Laminate Theory

    Process DevelopmentThe Use of Smart In-Process Optical Measuring Instrument for the Automation of Additive Manufacturing ProcessesDevelopment of a Standalone In-Situ Monitoring System for Defect Detection in the Direct Metal Laser Sintering ProcessFrequency Inspection of Additively Manufactured Parts for Layer Defect IdentificationMelt Pool Monitoring for Control and Data Analytics in Large-Scale Metal Additive ManufacturingFrequency Domain Measurements of Melt Pool Recoil Pressure Using Modal Analysis and Prospects for In-Situ Non-Destructive TestingInterrogation of Mid-Build Internal Temperature Distributions within Parts Being Manufactured via the Powder Bed Fusion ProcessReducing Computer Visualization Errors for In-Process Monitoring of Additive Manufacturing Systems Using Smart Lighting and Colorization SystemA Passive On-line Defect Detection Method for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on Infrared ThermographyExamination of the LPBF Process by Means of Thermal Imaging for the Development of a Geometric-Specific Process ControlAnalysis of the Shielding Gas Dependent L-PBF Process Stability by Means of Schlieren and Shadowgraph TechniquesApplication of Schlieren Technique in Additive Manufacturing: A ReviewWire Co-Extrusion with Big Area Additive ManufacturingSkybaam Large-Scale Fieldable Deposition Platform System ArchitectureDynamic Build Bed for Additive ManufacturingEffect of Infrared Preheating on the Mechanical Properties of Large Format 3D Printed PartsLarge-Scale Additive Manufacturing of Concrete Using a 6-Axis Robotic Arm for Autonomous Habitat ConstructionOverview of In-Situ Temperature Measurement for Metallic Additive Manufacturing: How and Then WhatIn-Situ Local Part Qualification of SLM 304L Stainless Steel through Voxel Based Processing of SWIR Imaging DataNew Support Structures for Reduced Overheating on Downfacing Regions of Direct Metal Printed PartsThe Development Status of the National Project by Technology Research Assortiation for Future Additive Manufacturing (TRAFAM) in JapanInvestigating Applicability of Surface Roughness Parameters in Describing the Metallic AM ProcessA Direct Metal Laser Melting System Using a Continuously Rotating Powder BedEvaluation of a Feed-Forward Laser Control Approach for Improving Consistency in Selective Laser SinteringElectroforming Process to Additively Manufactured Microscale StructuresIn-Process UV-Curing of Pasty Ceramic CompositeDevelopment of a Circular 3S 3D Printing System to Efficiently Fabricate Alumina Ceramic ProductsRepair of High-Value Plastic Components Using Fused Deposition ModelingA Low-Cost Approach for Characterizing Melt Flow Properties of Filaments Used in Fused Filament Fabrication Additive ManufacturingIncreasing the Interlayer Bond of Fused Filament Fabrication Samples with Solid Cross-Sections Using Z-PinningImpact of Embedding Cavity Design on Thermal History between Layers in Polymer Material Extrusion Additive ManufacturingDevelopment of Functionally Graded Material Capabilities in Large-Scale Extrusion Deposition Additive ManufacturingUsing Non-Gravity Aligned Welding in Large Scale Additive Metals Manufacturing for Building Complex PartsThermal Process Monitoring for Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing Using IR CamerasA Comparative Study between 3-Axis and 5-Axis Additively Manufactured Samples and Their Ability to Resist Compressive LoadingUsing Parallel Computing Techniques to Algorithmically Generate Voronoi Support and Infill Structures for 3D Printed ObjectsExploration of a Cable-Driven 3D Printer for Concrete Tower Structures

    ApplicationsTopology Optimization for Anisotropic Thermomechanical Design in Additive ManufacturingCellular and Topology Optimization of Beams under Bending: An Experimental StudyAn Experimental Study of Design Strategies for Stiffening Thin Plates under CompressionMulti-Objective Topology Optimization of Additively Manufactured Heat ExchangersA Mold Insert Case Study on Topology Optimized Design for Additive ManufacturingDevelopment, Production and Post-Processing of a Topology Optimized Aircraft BracketManufacturing Process and Parameters Development for Water-Atomized Zinc Powder for Selective Laser Melting FabricationA Multi-Scale Computational Model to Predict the Performance of Cell Seeded Scaffolds with Triply Periodic Minimal Surface GeometriesMulti-Material Soft Matter Robotic Fabrication: A Proof of Concept in Patient-Specific Neurosurgical SurrogatesOptimization of the Additive Manufacturing Process for Geometrically Complex Vibro-Acoustic MetamaterialsEffects of Particle Size Distribution on Surface Finish of Selective Laser Melting PartsAn Automated Method for Geometrical Surface Characterization for Fatigue Analysis of Additive Manufactured PartsA Design Method to Exploit Synergies between Fiber-Reinforce Composites and Additive Manufactured ProcessesPreliminary Study on Hybrid Manufacturing of the Electronic-Mechanical Integrated Systems (EMIS) via the LCD Stereolithography TechnologyLarge-Scale Thermoset Pick and Place Testing and ImplementationThe Use of Smart In-Process Optical Measuring Instrument for the Automation of Additive Manufacturing ProcessesWet-Chemical Support Removal for Additive Manufactured Metal PartsAnalysis of Powder Removal Methods for EBM Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V PartsTensile Property Variation with Wall Thickness in Selective Laser Melted PartsMethodical Design of a 3D-Printable Orthosis for the Left Hand to Support Double Bass Perceptional TrainingPrinted Materials and Their Effects on Quasi-Optical Millimeter Wave Guide Lens SystemsPorosity Analysis and Pore Tracking of Metal AM Tensile Specimen by Micro-CtUsing Wax Filament Additive Manufacturing for Low-Volume Investment CastingFatigue Performance of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L for Nuclear ApplicationsFailure Detection of Fused Filament Fabrication via Deep LearningSurface Roughness Characterization in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive ManufacturingCompressive and Bending Performance of Selectively Laser Melted AlSi10Mg StructuresCompressive Response of Strut-Reinforced Kagome with Polyurethane ReinforcementA Computational and Experimental Investigation into Mechanical Characterizations of Strut-Based Lattice StructuresThe Effect of Cell Size and Surface Roughness on the Compressive Properties of ABS Lattice Structures Fabricated by Fused Deposition ModelingEffective Elastic Properties of Additively Manufactured Metallic Lattice Structures: Unit-Cell ModelingImpact Energy Absorption Ability of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Cellular Structures Fabricated via Powder Bed FusionPermeability Analysis of Polymeric Porous Media Obtained by Material Extrusion Additive ManufacturingEffects of Unit Cell Size on the Mechanical Performance of Additive Manufactured Lattice StructuresMechanical Behavior of Additively-Manufactured Gyroid Lattice Structure under Different Heat TreatmentsFast and Simple Printing of Graded Auxetic StructuresCompressive Properties Optimization of a Bio-Inspired Lightweight Structure Fabricated via Selective Laser MeltingIn-Plane Pure Shear Deformation of Cellular Materials with Novel Grip DesignModelling for the Tensile Fracture Characteristic of Cellular Structures under Tensile Load with Size EffectDesign, Modeling and Characterization of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Heat Exchangers with Additive ManufacturingInvestigating the Production of Gradient Index Optics by Modulating Two-Photon Polymerisation Fabrication ParametersAdditive Manufactured Lightweight Vehicle Door Hinge with Hybrid Lattice Structure

    Attendee ListAuthor Index