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1. The São Gabriel, the flagship, was a carrack.

2. The São Rafael was also a carrack.

3. The Berrio was a caravel.

4. Another ship, type unknown, was used for storage.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama was the first navigator to sail directly from Europe to India.

He left Lisbon on July 8, 1497.

Da Gama led an expedition of four ships:

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The expedition stopped at the Cape Verde Islands.

On November 22, 1497, the ships rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

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Vasco da Gama stopped at Natal, where the crew broke up the cargo ship for parts and supplies.

On March 2, 1498, da Gama reached Mozambique.

He and his crew tried to pass as Muslims, but soon met with hostility from the local population.

They sailed on to Mombasa and Malindi, attacking Arab trading ships for supplies.

The sultan of Malindi supplied them with a navigator to guide them on their journey to India.

Malindi

Mombasa

Natal

Mozambique(Mossuril Bay)

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Calicut, on the coast of Malabar, 1813

Vasco da Gama delivers a letter from King Manuel I of Portugal to the

Zamorin of Calicut

On May 20, 1498, Vasco da Gama’s expedition reached Kappad, 15 kilometers from Calicut.

The voyage, aided by a Muslim navigator named Ibn Majid, took only 23 days.

Da Gama was welcomed by the local ruler, known as the Zamorin.

He began trade relations between Portugal and India.

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Calicut, 1572

Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is a city in the southern Indian state of Kerala.

During the Age of Exploration, Calicut was known as the "City of Spices."

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Vasco da Gama took three months to cross the Indian Ocean back to Africa.

Without proper provisions, many of his men died of scurvy.

He lost so many men that he was forced to scuttle the São Rafael.

On March 20, 1499, the expedition made it to the Cape of Good Hope.

On September 9 of that year, da Gama reached Portugal with a shipment of spices from India.

He was given the title "Admiral of the Indian Seas."

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On February 12, 1502, da Gama left Portugal with a fleet of twenty warships. His mission was to punish Muslims for killing Portuguese citizens in India.

His warships bombarded Calicut.He sailed south to the kingdom of Cochin

and established trade relations.He continued to attack Muslim merchants

until he concluded a new treaty with the Zamorin of Calicut on October 30, 1502.

Vasco da Gama’s Second Voyage

Goa

Calicut

Cochin

Sea port at Cochin

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In 1524 da Gama was sent to India to replace Eduardo de Menezes as viceroy.

He contracted malaria in Goa and died December 24, 1524.His tomb is in the Jerónimos Monastery in Lisbon, Portugal.Construction of the monastery had begun in 1502 under

King Manuel I to commemorate da Gama’s return from India.

Vasco da Gama’s Final Voyage

Jerónimos MonasteryManuel I The tomb of Vasco da Gama

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Compare and Contrast Early Explorers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjEGncridoQ&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9

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1505: Settlement in Ceylon.1506: Portugal occupies Socotra in the Arabian Sea.1509: Discovery of Mauritius.1509: The Portuguese win the Battle of Diu against a joint fleet of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, the Zamorin of Calicut and the Sultan of Gujarat, supported by the republics of Venice and Ragusa.

Portuguese Expansion in the Indian Ocean

Sea Battles of Diu

India

Socotra

Mauritius

Socotra

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The Portuguese explorer Lourenço de Almeida established a settlement in Ceylon in 1505, naming the island Ceilão.At that time, Ceylon was known for producing cinnamon.By 1517 the Portuguese had established a fort in Colombo. Due to the occupation of Ceylon, Portuguese traders held a

monopoly on cinnamon for over one hundred years.

Area of Portuguese

control in blue

Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Pre-colonialCeylon

British Ceylon 1914

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1516: Conquest of Aden, a port city in Yemen.1521: Antonio Correia conquers Bahrain. 1538: Second Battle of Diu gives Portugal control over the Indian Ocean. Portugal establishes trading posts in Goa, Ormuz, Malacca, Kochi, the Maluku Islands, Macau, and Nagasaki.1622: The Portuguese are driven from Gamru Port (Bandar Abbas) and Hormuz by Abbas I of Persia, with the help of the British East India Company and the British Royal Navy.

Yemen Dutch trading caravels

at Nagasaki, Japan, in

1543

Timeline of Portugal in the Indian Ocean

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1549: Tomé de Sousa is sent as the first governor general of Brazil and begins construction of the capital, Salvador. Jesuit missionaries arrive in Brazil.1565: Founding of Rio de Janeiro.1567: Governor Mem de Sá and his nephew Estácio de Sá defeat French colonists at France Antarctique and Guanabara Bay. 1580: Portugal and Spain form the Iberian Union.1615: French colonists are expelled from northern Brazil (France Équinoxiale).1693: The largest known supply of gold is found in Minas Gerais.

Tomé de Sousa Mem de Sá Estácio de Sá

Rio de Janeiro(Guanabara Bay)

Salvador

Recife

Portuguese Exploration

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The Iberian Union and its Possessions(Portugal in blue, Spain in red)

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Portuguese Missionaries in South America

The Society of Jesus (known as the Jesuits) was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola.

Jesuit missions were instrumental in pacifying local populations by teaching them Christianity.

In Brazil and Paraguay the Jesuits set up Christian communities called reductions. These placed native people under Church control and protected them from being enslaved by Portuguese colonists.

Important among the Jesuits were Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta Llarena, who helped found Brazil’s main cities, and Antonio Ruiz de Montoya in Paraguay.

José de Anchieta Llarena

Ignatius of Loyola

Manuel da Nóbrega

Antonio Ruiz de

Montoya’s report on Paraguay

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Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit, developed a system for Romanizing the Chinese language. He compiled the first Chinese-Portuguese dictionary with Michele Ruggieri, also an Italian Jesuit.

João Rodrigues, a Portuguese Jesuit, compiled a Japanese-Portuguese dictionary in 1603 and a Japanese grammar book in 1624.

The first Vietnamese-Portuguese dictionary was compiled by Gaspar d'Amiral, while Antonio Barboza compiled the first Portuguese-Vietnamese dictionary.

Other Jesuits in Asia, such as German-born Johann Adam Schall von Bell, contributed to the exchange of science and technology.

Missionaries were learned men who studied local languages and compiled dictionaries.

Matteo Ricci

Johann Adam Schall von Bell

Jesuit Missionaries in Asia

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Portuguese Exploration

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Green: Portugal Yellow: Spanish

Portuguese Trade in the Pacific and Indian Oceans

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Portuguese Territory, 1521-1557

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Portuguese-Speaking Countries Today