the potential of greenhouse gas reduction from clean...

THE POTENTIAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION

FROM CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN

SEAFOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY

NANTIRA DUANGKAMFOO

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE

(TECHNOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT)

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY

2011

COPYRIGHT OF MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY

Copyright by Mahidol University

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis could not successfully complete without the kindness of

advisor’s team. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my major

advisor, Assoc. Prof. Chumlong Arunlertaree for his invaluable advice and guidance

of this thesis. My co-advisors, Assoc. Prof. Sayam Aroonsrimorakot and Asst. Prof.

Jaruwan Wongthanate for all of comments and good suggestion. I am deeply grateful

to Asst. Prof. Soontree Khuntong for her invaluable advice and her patient

proofreading towards the completion of this independent study

I would like to specially thank for all of seafood processing industries, for

their helpful answers in the questionnaire.

Finally, my graduation would not be achieved without best wisher from my

office, Thai Auto Conversion Co.,Ltd., for scholastically opportunities and financial

support. And last, special thanks to my parents and my friends for their help and

encouragement until this study completed.

Nantira Duangkamfoo


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / iv

THE POTENTIAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION FROM CLEAN

DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN SEAFOOD

PROCESSING INDUSTRY

NANTIRA DUANGKAMFOO 5136556 ENTM/M

M.Sc. (TECHNOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT)

THESIS ADVISORY COMMITTEE: CHUMLONG ARUNLERTAREE, Ph.D.

(FISHERIES), SAYAM AROONSRIMORAKOT, M.Sc. (TECHNOLOGY OF

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT), JARUWAN WONGTHANATE, Ph.D.

(GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to estimate the potential for greenhouse gas

reduction from the implementation of Clean Development Mechanism projects in the

seafood processing industry in Thailand. The objective was to estimate the potential

for biogas generation, the volume and value of electricity generation, and the volume

and value of greenhouse gas reduction in Certified Emission Reductions in the seafood

processing industry, from anaerobic and aerobic wastewater treatment systems in areas

such as canned fish, seafood processing, and freezing. The results from 91 factories

taking part in seafood processing show that there is a potential biogas generation

capacity of 52,102,193 m3/year, equivalent to electricity generation of 62,522,632

units/year, and 104,162,705 Baht/year, a carbon dioxide equivalent reduction of

351,223 ton CO2eq/year, and a value of 164,786,767 Baht/year.

KEY WORDS: GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION / CLEAN DEVELOPMENT

MECHANISM / SEAFOOD PROCESSING / CERs

94 Pages


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / v

การศกษาศกยภาพของการลดการปลอยกาซเรอนกระจกภายใตเงอนไขการด าเนนโครงการกลไกพฒนาทสะอาดของอตสาหกรรมอาหารทะเล THE POTENTIAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION FROM CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN SEAFOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY นนทรา ดวงค าฟ 5136556 ENTM/M วท.ม. (เทคโนโลยการบรหารสงแวดลอม) คณะกรรมการทปรกษาวทยานพนธ: จ าลอง อรณเลศอารย Ph.D. (FISHERIES), สยาม อรณศรมรกต M.Sc. (TECHNOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT), จารวรรณ วงคทะเนตร Ph.D. (GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

บทคดยอ

การศกษาศกยภาพการลดการปลอยกาซเรอนกระจกภายใตโครงการกลไกพฒนาทสะอาดของอตสาหกรรมอาหารทะเลในประเทศไทย เพอประเมนคาของการผลตกาซชวภาพ ปรมาณและมลคาพลงงานไฟฟา ปรมาณและมลคาของการลดการปลอยกาซเรอนกระจก จากน าเสยของอตสาหกรรมอาหารทะเลทงระบบบ าบดน าเสยแบบไมใชอากาศและใชอากาศ เชน โรงงานผลตปลาท โรงงานแปรรปอาหารทะเล อาหารทะเลแชแขงและอนๆ ผลการศกษาอตสาหกรรมอาหารทะเล 91 แหงไดปรมาณการเกดกาซชวภาพ 52,102,193 ลกบาศกเมตรตอป คดเปนการเกดเปนพลงงานไฟฟา 62,522,632 หนวยตอป เปนมลคาทงสน 104,162,705 บาทตอป ส าหรบปรมาณและมลคาของการลดการปลอยกาซเรอนกระจกคอ 351,223 ตนคารบอนไดออกไซดเทยบเทาตอปและ 164,786,767 บาทตอป ตามล าดบ 94 หนา


vi

CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iv

ABSTRACT (THAI) v

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES x

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and justification 1

1.2 Objective of the study 3

1.3 Conceptual framework 4

1.4 Scope of the study 5

1.5 Definition term 5

1.6 Expected result 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Greenhouse gases 7

2.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 10

2.3 Kyoto protocol 15

2.4 Clean Development Mechanism 17

2.5 Biogas 35

2.6 Food processing industrial in Thailand 41

2.7 Relevant research 45

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Population and sample size 49

3.2 Method 49

3.3 Analysis and interpretation 53


vii

CONTENTS (cont.)

Page

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Collection data 54

4.2 Production analysis and wastewater production rate 57

4.3 The estimation of biogas 61

4.4 The electricity production 62

4.5 The estimation of volume and value of CERs 66

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions 72

5.2 Recommendations 73

REFERENCES 76

APPENDICES 82

Appendix A Value in the calculation of seafood processing industry 83

Appendix B

Appendix B-1 The calculation of biogas generation 84

Appendix B-2 The calculation of electricity generation 85

Appendix B-3 The calculation of electricity value 86

Appendix B-4 The calculation of greenhouse gas reduction 87

Appendix B-5 The calculation of greenhouse gas reduction in 89

form of CO2 equivalent

Appendix B-6 The calculation of CERs value 90

Appendix C The questionnaire 91

BIOGRAPHY 94


viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2-1 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential 8

2-2 Annex I countries and commitments for reduction of Greenhouse gases 13

2-3 Non-annex I countries 14

2-4 Host countries and number of CDM registered projects on Dec. 7,2007 21

2-5 Project approved 23

2-6 Benefits from The Clean Development Mechanism project 34

implementing to Thailand

2-7 The composition of biogas 36

2-8 The properties of biogas 36

2-9 Opportunity of international trading of Thailand 44

2-10 Food processing industrial on 2001 45

4-1 The number of data in the each province of seafood processing industry 55

4-2 The wastewater treatment system of seafood processing industry 56

4-3 The calculation of the material utilization ratio of seafood industry 58

4-4 The calculation of wastewater production rate of seafood processing industry 59

4-5 The production of seafood processing industry analysis 59

4-6 The production of seafood processing industry analysis 60

4-7 The calculation of biogas production of seafood industry 61

4-8 The biogas production of seafood industry 61

4-9 The calculation volume of generating electricity 62

4-10 The calculation value of generating electricity 63

4-11 The volume and value of electricity, by aerobic and anaerobic 63

wastewater systems

4-12 The electric generating of seafood processing industry analysis 64

4-13 The summary production analysis of 91 seafood industries. 65


ix

LIST OF TABLES (cont.)

Table Page

4-14 The calculation CH4 from seafood processing industry wastewater 67

treatment.

4-15 The greenhouse gas emission reduction from wastewater treatment 68

system of seafood processing industry in form of ton CO2/year

4-16 The value of greenhouse gas emission reduction from wastewater 68

treatment system of seafood processing industry.

4-17 The reduction of CH4 and CERs value from wastewater treatment 69

system of seafood processing industry.

4-18 The potential of electricity generated and greenhouse gas emission 70

reduction of seafood processing industry


x

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

2-1 Greenhouse Gases in the atmosphere 9

2-2 Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere 10

2-3 Methane concentration in the atmosphere 10

2-4 The relationship of the different parties involved and the 18

benefits are illustrated

2-5 The Clean Development Mechanism project cycle 19

2-6 Fixed dome digester 39

2-7 Floating drum digester or Indian digester 39

2-8 Plastic covered ditch or plug flow digester 40

2-9 Thailand ranking of international trade 2001 42

4-1 The summary data of sent, returnable and no return 54

4-2 The wastewater treatment system of seafood processing industry 57


xi

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Chemical substances

CH4 Methane

CO2 Carbon dioxide

HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons

N2O Nitrous oxide

PCFs Perfluorocarbons

SF6 Sulfur hexachloride

Institution

EFE Energy for Environment Foundation

EIT Economies in Transition

EPPO Energy Policy and Planning Office Ministry of Energy

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

ONEP Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning

TGO Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public

Organization)

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Others

B0 Maximum methane produce capacity of wastewater

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CDM EB Clean Development Mechanism Executive Board

CERs Certified Emission Reduction

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

DNA Designated National Authority


xii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)

GHGs Greenhouse gases

GWP Global Warming Potential

MCF Methane conversion factor

PDD Project Design Document

SS Suspended Solids

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

TJ Terajoule

TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Units

°C Degree Celsius

Kcal Kilocalorie

Ktoe Kilo Ton Oil Equivalent

KW Kilowatt

m2

Square meter

m3

Cubic meter

MJ Mega joule

MtCO2e Metric Tonne Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

MW Megawatt

pH power of Hydrogen ion

ppb Part per billion

ppm Part per million

ton CO2 eq Ton Carbon Dioxide Equivalent


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and justification

Greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature of the earth’s surface due to

the presence of an atmosphere containing gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation

and trap energy from the sun. Greenhouse gas (that have six types of anthropogenic

greenhouse gas emission as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide

(N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PCFs) and sulfur hexachloride

(SF6) [1]) is the clause of greenhouse in Kyoto Protocol. Almost greenhouse gases

generate from human activities; burning fossil fuels, agriculture, livestock and

industries. The live style was changed from naturalism to socialism while volume of

energy consumption was increased such as fuel and electricity. In addition, the impact

of greenhouse gases are heat waves and periods of unusually warm weather, sea level

rise and coastal flooding, glacier melting, arctic and antarctic warming, spreading

disease, earlier spring arrival, plant and animal range shifts and population declines,

coral reef bleaching, downpours, heavy snowfalls and flooding, droughts and fires,

changing of environment and ecosystem, increase in the frequency and severity of

storms.

Greenhouse gas volume at atmosphere were more increased especially

carbon dioxide; in 1930 carbon dioxide concentrate was not over 300 ppm but in 2005

carbon dioxide concentrate increased to 381 ppm and tendency more increase in 2009.

In 2003, The United States Department of energy’s Carbon Dioxide Information

Analysis Center (CDIAC) reported about carbon dioxide emission from the top five

countries; United States Virgin Islands 121.3 tons/person, Qatar 63.1 tons/person,

United Arab Emirates 33.6 tons/person, Kuwait 31.1 tons/person, Bahrane 31

tons/person and another big countries; U.S.A. 19.8 tons/person, Australia 18

tons/person, Canada 17.9 tons/person, Russia 10.3 tons/person, Japan 9.7 tons/person

and Thailand 3.9 tons/person.


Nantira Duangkamfoo Introduction / 2

To solve the problem, the United Nations has launched the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change for control and decelerate greenhouse

effect, which the ultimate object is “to achieve a stabilization of greenhouse gas

concentrations in the atmosphere at the the level that would present dangerous

anthropogenic interference with the climate system” that provides the outline of global

action plan to mitigate adverse effect on the atmosphere [2].

The Kyoto Protocol was designed to further strengthen the provisions of

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and introduced flexible

mechanisms that would allow a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the most

cost-effect, efficient and sustainable manner.

The Clean Development Mechanism is one of three mechanisms from The

Kyoto Protocol that provide Annex I countries and Non-annex I countries. The

opportunity to joint implement project can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by

contribution to Non-annex countries. The Clean Development Mechanism is offered

channeling foreign investment to those countries to promote sustainable development

and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change CDM-Executive Board annual report of 2009 there is 1,899 registered

the Clean Development Mechanism projects such as China, India, Brazil, Mexico,

Malaysia [3].

Thailand is a Non-annex I country that can participate in the clean

development mechanism project. The one of implementation is biogas project to

replace fuel in the factory and then can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There are

many industries that can apply the Clean Development Mechanism project protect

implementing such as cassava starch, palm oil, alcohol, food and pig farm [4]. That

projects have high Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand

loading so it cluases high cost of wastewater treatment and bad smelling around

community site. The most important cause of global warming is methane releasing to

atmosphere which is potentially greater than carbon dioxide for 25 times. Wastewater

utilization can promote sustainable energy by anaerobic treatment to gain biogas

which can replace fuel and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

However, Thai government by Ministry of Energy proposes policy about

energy saving and reduction fuel consumption by promoting biogas project with SMEs



with government sector or other industries. Ministry of Energy will provide budgets

and technological support to the private sectors who are interested in this project.

Now, there were many successful members who continued operation. This research

are to study the potential of seafood processing industry to implement the Clean

Development Mechanism project for biogas production because this industry has high

amount of Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand loading.

Ministry of Energy focuses on achievment of the Clean Development Mechanism

project on a great number of Thailand industries toward the high amount of biogas,

electricity, greenhouse gas reduction and value of certified emission reduction.

1.2 Objectives of the study

1.2.1 To analyze the potential of seafood processing industry in Thailand

toward the production of biogas and greenhouse gas reduction.


toward volume and value of energy generation.


toward volume and value of Certified Emission Reduction.



1.3 Conceptual framework

Seafood processing industry wastewater

(high volume of Chemical Oxygen Demand)

Clean Development Mechanism

Biogas from wastewater

Greenhouse gas emission reduction

Volume and value of electricity

Volume and value of greenhouse gas

reduction (CERs)



1.4 Scopes of the study

1.4.1 To study the potential of greenhouse gas reduction of seafood

processing industry from wastewater treatment in Thailand 91 factories.

1.4.2 Seafood processing industry are category type 3; horsepower >50 or

manpower >50 refers to Department of Industrial Work [5].

1.4.3 The analyze potential of seafood processing industry will be done

according to list of Department of Industrial Works on December, 2009.

1.4.4 Seafood processing industries are manufacturing of cut open,

preserve, finish goods, distill and packaging.

1.4.5 The potential in greenhouse gas reduction of seafood processing

industry will be study from production capacity record of year 2009.

1.5 Definition term

1.5.1 Biogas is the by product gases from the anaerobic digestion of

organic matter in liquor and feed industrial wastewater.

1.5.2 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the mechanism

stimulating sustainable development and emission reduction projects in Annex I

countries to earn certified emission reduction credits, while giving industrialized

countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets.

1.5.3 Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) is the unit of greenhouse gas

emission reduction from the Clean Development Mechanism project activity. The

certified emission reductions are expressed in metric tons of carbon dioxide

equivalent. One unit of Certified Emission Reduction is equal to one metric ton of

carbon dioxide equivalent.

1.5.4 CERs value is the price of certified emission reduction (CERs),

calculated in term of Bath/ton carbon dioxide equivalent.



1.6 Expected results

1.6.1 The potential of greenhouse gas emission reduction and value of

certified emission reduction, volume and value of energy generating from seafood

processing industry wastewater in form the Clean Development Mechanism project

implementing in Thailand.

1.6.2 Baseline for Government organization such as Ministry of Natural

Resources and Environment, Ministry of Energy, Office of the National Economic and

Social Development Board etc. To plan about policy in the future and appreciate to the

Clean Development Mechanism project implement.



CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

The objective of this research is to study potential of greenhouse gases

reduction from the Clean Development Mechanism project implementing in seafood

processing industry in Thailand. This chapter is studied and reviewed the related

concepts and concerned knowledge in 7 topic as below;

2.1 Greenhouse gases

2.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2.3 Kyoto protocol

2.4 Clean Development Mechanism

2.5 Biogas

2.6 Food processing industry in Thailand

2.7 Relevant researches

2.1 Greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases are gaseous components of the atmosphere that can

absorb infrared radiation. These gases are important in maintenance a constant

temperature on earth. There are six types of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions

that are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,

hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexachloride [1]. However, water

vapor, ozone and chlorofluorocarbon are greenhouse gases too.

Carbon dioxide is released during burning of fossil fuels such as oil,

natural gas and coal, wood and waste products. This burning of fossil fuels is the

major contributor to global warming.

Methane is emitted from the decomposition of biologically active waste in

municipal solid waste landfills, paddy field and livestock.


http://www2.onep.go.th/CDM/en/unf_kyoto_his.html

Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 8

Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as

well as combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

Hydrofluorocarbons are used as a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons and

hydrochlorofluorocarbons in refrigerator machine and air condition.

Perfluorocarbons are emitted from semiconductor manufacture and

aluminum smelting.

Sulphur hexafluoride is used in electrical breakers, as well as magnesium

casting, sound insulation and semiconductor etching [6].

Table 2-1 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential

Greenhouse Gases Global Warming Potential

IPCC 1995 IPCC 2001 IPCC 2007

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1 1 1

Methane (CH4) 21 23 25

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 310 296 298

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 140 - 11,700 12 – 12,000 124 - 14,800

Perfluorocarbons (PCFs) 6,500 - 9,200 5,700 – 11,900 7,390 - 12,200

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 23,900 22,200 22,800

Source: [7],[8]

Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas because

authropogenic activities cause an increase of greenhouse gas emissions from the

burning of fossil fuels and natural gases, livestock rearing and farming which are led

to increase concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide, the combustion from car

engines is contributed to the release ozone.

Methane is the main source of natural gas; from wetlands. The other

sources are generated from direct or indirect human activities, such as coal mining,

natural gas, petroleum industries, rice paddy, enteric fermentation, waste treatment,

landfill and biomass burning [9].

Nitrous oxide is another minor greenhouse gas. Its concentration in the

atmosphere is about 0.3 ppm that is rising about 0.25 percent per year. The main



emission is associated with natural and agricultural ecosystems. Other emissions are

biomass burning and chemical industry.

Figure 2-1 Greenhouse Gases in the atmosphere

Source: [4]

These studies of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

are indicated greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that are rapidly increased in the last

200 years. Carbon dioxide levels have increased from 280 ppm in the year 1800 to 360

ppm in the year 2000. Methane levels increased more than doubled - from 750 ppb in

1800 to 1,750 ppb in 2000 and nitrous oxide is increased from 270 ppb in 1800 to 310

ppb in 2000.



Figure 2-2 Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere

Source: [4]

Figure 2-3 Methane concentration in the atmosphere

Source: [4]

The Figure 2-2 is estimated future carbon dioxide concentrations in

atmosphere from a current level of 300 - 400 ppm., maybe over than 900 ppm in year

2100 and Figure 2-3 is estimated methane increasing from 1,750 ppb at current levels

to 3,500 ppb within the year 2100.

2.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

During 1980s, scientist evidence about the possibility of global climate

change led to growing public concern. By 1990, a series of international conferences

had issued for global treaty to address the problem. The United Nations Environment

Programme and The World Meteorological Organization responded by establishing an

intergovernmental working group to prepare for treaty negotiations. Rapid progress

Year

Year



was made, in part because of work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

and by meetings such as the 1990 Second World Climate Conference.

In response of the United Nations General Assembly set up the

Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate

Change (INC/FCCC) and adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change on 9 May, 1992 in New York.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change opened

for signature in June, 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED) or known as the Rio Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janero,

Brazil. The convention received 155 signatures and entered into force on March 21st,

1994. The objectives is "to achieve a stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in

the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference

with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame

sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food

production is not threatened and to enable development to proceed in a sustainable

manner". The basic principles of The United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change objectives are reducing greenhouse gas emissions, providing financial

and technological support for sustainable development, exchanging of information

related to climate change, promoting the adaptation to climate change, providing

assistance to developing countries [2]. The commitment of the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change are requires all countries to report on their

greenhouse gas emissions and activities related to climate change. This is considered

of utmost importance as these reports that are used in meetings to evaluate the

performances of signatory nations.

Annex I countries have agreed to establish national policies and

undertaken measures to reduce climate change and limit anthropogenic greenhouse gas

emissions by establishing appropriate controls and providing "sinks" and "reservoirs"

for these gases. They have committed to reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide

and other greenhouse gases, that are not governed by the Montreal Protocol, to 1990

levels by the turn of the century and will either accomplish this on their own or under

a joint effort.



Parties to the Convention must establish national and regional policies for

responding to human-induced climate change, and provide "reservoirs" for the

removal of all greenhouse gases are not governed by the Montreal Protocol. They must

also propose measurment for adapting to the impacts of climate change, as well as

promote and cooperate in the development, use and transfer of technology and

mechanisms for the control, reduction or prevention of anthropogenic greenhouse gas

emissions in all sectors including energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and

waste management. They are also required to cooperate in conducting scientific,

technical, technological, social and economic research and to develop appropriate

communication channels in order to promote the understanding and awareness of

climate change and reduce the uncertainties that exist with regards to its causes,

impacts, magnitude and frequency and the associated social and economic impacts of

the various response mechanisms.

Non-annex I countries are also required to prepare National

Communications reports and would be assisted financially. After receiving such

assistance, they need to submit their first or Initial National Communications report

within 3 years [10].

The commitments above are categorize the parties 2 groups to achieve the

objectives, which are Annex I countries and Non-annex countries.

Annex I countries

Representing economies that are well developed. That high emission rate

of greenhouse gas is important for the commitment that is assign them to establish

national policies and undertaken measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the

1990 level in 2000 and they had National Communication to their yearly report of

greenhouse gas emissions. Annex I parties consist of countries belonging the Organization for

Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and countries designed by

Economies in Transition (EIT).



Table 2-2 Annex I countries and commitments for reduction of greenhouse gases

Country Target

(% of base year)

Country Target

(% of base year)

Australia

Austria

Belarus

Belgium

Bulgaria*

Canada

Croatia*

Czech Republic*

Denmark

Estonia*

European Community

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary*

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Latvia*

108

92

100

92

92

94

95

92

92

92

92

92

92

92

92

94

110

92

92

94

92

Liechtenstein

Lithuania*

Luxembourg

Monaco

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland*

Portugal

Romania*

Russian Federation*

Slovakia*

Slovenia*

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

Ukraine*

United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Iceland

United States of America*

92

92

92

92

92

100

101

94

92

100

92

92

92

92

92

92

100

92

92

93

Remark: * some EIT countries have different base year than 1999

** United State of America has not rarified the Kyoto Protocol # N.A.

Source: [11]

Non-annex I countries

Representing economies that considered to be underdeveloped or in the

process of developing.They had no commitment for reduction of greenhouse gases but

they were also required to prepare National Communication reports and had less

stringent inventory recording requirement. They had timeframe to report more flexible



than Annex I countries and would be assisted financially from Global Environment

Facility.

Table 2-3 Non-annex I countries

Country

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola

Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Armenia Azerbaijan

Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados

Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia

Bosnia & Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Burkina Faso

Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde

Central African Republic Chad Chile China

Republic Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands

Costa Rico Cuba Cyprus Cote d’Ivoire

Democratic People’s Korea Congo Djibouti Dominica

Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt EI Salvador

Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Fiji

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Gabon Gambia

Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala

Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti

Honduras India Indonesia Iran

Israel Jamaica Jordan Kazakhstan

Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan

Loa Lebanon Lesotho Liberia

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Madagascar Malawi Malaysia

Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands

Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia

Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar

Namibia Nauru Nepal Nicaragua

Niger Nigeria Niue Oman

Pakistan Palau Panama Paraguay

Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Qatar

Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Rwanda Saint Lucia

Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Vincent & Grenadines Samoa San Mario

Sao Tome & Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles



Table 2-3 Non-annex I countries (cont.)

Country

Erbia & Montenegro Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands

South Africa Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname

Swaziland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Thailand

Togo Tonga Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia

Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Uruguay

United Arab Emirates United Republic of Tanzania Uzbekistan Vanuatu

Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia

Zimbabwe

Source: [11]

2.3 Kyoto protocol

Beginning in 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued

a series of reports indicating that greenhouse gases which are being emitted into the

atmosphere in ever greater amounts due to human activities have the potential to cause

serious climate disruption. The greenhouse gases are expected to contribute an

accelerated warming of the planet with potentially dangerous interference in the

world’s climate system [12].

In 1992, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

commits its more than 167 parties to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in

the climate system. The objective of the Kyoto Protocol is the stabilization of levels of

greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere in order to stall global warming. The

Kyoto Protocol was first adopted in principle at a 1997; United Nations-sponsored

meeting held in Kyoto, Japan the purpose of regulating levels of greenhouse gases in

the earth’s atmosphere [12].

The Kyoto Protocol is the United Nation Framework convention on

climate change from Conference of the Parties in 1997. The commitments required

countries agree with reducing greenhouse gas emission to atmosphere. The main

required about reduce greenhouse gases emission to five per cent from 1990 within

2008-2012 but different in each countries. Greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide,



methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexachloride.

The Kyoto protocol establishes three mechanisms to assist in emissions reductions [1].

The Protocol requires each participating country to achieve its particular

emissions targets by the period 2008-2012, with evidence of demonstrable progress by

2005. Countries undergoing the process of transition to a market economy, such as

many Eastern European nations, were accorded some flexibility under the Protocol in

meeting their emission target deadlines. It is important to note that nations do not have

the same emission reduction targets under the Protocol. Instead, different groups of

nations have different targets. For example, Canada’s target is to bring greenhouse gas

emissions to six percent lower than what its emissions were in the year 1990. Most

European countries, by contrast are oblige to reduce their emissions to eight percent

below their 1990 levels.

Under the endorse nations of the Protocol are divided into two categories

as developed and developing nations. This distinction is based on economics, with the

developed nations or Annex I countries representing economies that are well

developed, such as Canada, Japan, Russia, and most European nations. The developing

nations or Non-annex I countries by contrast, represent economies considered to be

underdeveloped or in the process of developing, such as China, India, and the nations

of Africa and South America. Only Annex I nation have binding greenhouse gas

emission for funding greenhouse gas reduction project, while Non-Annex I countries

are currently exempt however, do have an important role to play in the Protocol’s

flexibility. The Protocol provides for three mechanisms [13].

2.3.1 Joint implementation (JI) as defined in article 6 of the Kyoto

Protocol, is a combined effort by Annex I countries to increase their reduction of

greenhouse gas emissions more than would otherwise occur under normal conditions

that allows to implement project that for reduce emissions or increase removals by

sinks in the territories. Emissions reduction units generated by such projects can then

be used by investing Annex I countries to help meet their emission targets.

2.3.2 Emission trading as defined in article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, is

the trading permits of greenhouse gas emissions for only Annex I countries. That

allows to purchase’s assigned amount units’ of emissions from other countries that



find it easier, relatively speaking, to meet their emissions targets. This enables

countries utilize lower cost opportunities to curb emissions or increase removals,

irrespective of where those opportunities exist, in order to reduce the overall cost of

mitigation climate change.

2.3.3 The Clean Development Mechanism as defined in article 12 of the

Kyoto Protocol, are provides for Annex I and non-Annex I countries the opportunity to

jointly to implement projects that reduce emissions in developing countries. The

certified emissions reductions generated can be use to help meet their targets.

2.4 Clean Development Mechanism

The Clean Development Mechanism was established under Article 12 of

Kyoto Protocol adopted by the Third Conference of the Parties to Framework

Convention on Climate Change on December 11, 1997. The Clean Development

Mechanism is one of three mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol to promote

sustainable development and reduces greenhouse gas emissions, while giving

industrialized nations with commitments in how they meet their emission reduction

target. The Clean Development Mechanism idea is to reduce of greenhouse gases with

Certified Emission Reductions. Under the Clean Development Mechanism

supplementary to domestic actions, an Annex I party is allowed to implement a project

for reduce greenhouse gases emissions, and in non-Annex I party for removes the

greenhouse gases by carbon sequestration or sinks. The implementation of the Clean

Development Mechanism projects must be approved by the host country and must lead

to sustainable development in the host country.


http://www2.onep.go.th/CDM/en/unf_kyoto_his.html


Figure 2-4 The relationship of the different parties involve and the benefits.

Source: [13]

Thailand is classified as a non-Annex I party and is not obliged to any

emission reduction targets. Instead, Thailand is eligible to participate in the Clean

Development Mechanism as a host country, attracting environmentally friendly

investment from the governments and business sectors of developed countries.

Participation under Clean Development Mechanism scheme must be voluntary and

must be approved by all parties involved. In this way, Thailand can utilize Clean

Development Mechanism to promote the sustainable use of natural resources; reduce

environmental problems related to industry and urban areas; and promote sustainable

energy development.

Benefit of Clean Development Mechanism project implementation, can

reduced greenhouse gas emission in obligation in Annex I parties and in non-Annex I

also reduced greenhouse gas emission.

2.4.1 The Clean Development Mechanism project cycle

The carbon component of a mitigation project cannot acquire value in the

international carbon market unless it is submitted to a verification process designed

specifically to measure and audit the carbon component of the project.

Annex I Countries

CDM Project Owner

Technology provider

Host Country CDM EB

CERs $

CERs

GHG emission reduction

Letter of Approval

Sustainable Development

Clean technology $



According to the Marrakech Accords, the cycle of a Clean Development

Mechanism project has five fun-demented stages: identification and formulation,

national approval, validation and registration, monitoring and verification. The first

three are performed previous to the implementation of the project. The last two are

performed during the lifetime of the project.

Figure 2-5 The Clean Development Mechanism project cycle

Source: [13]

2.4.2 Type of Clean Development Mechanism projects

1) General Clean Development Mechanism project

2) The Clean Development Mechanism forestry project [2]

A forest is defined as minimum area of 0.05–1.0 hectares (500-

10,000 m2) with more than 10-30 percent crown cover and these trees must be the

potential to grow to a minimum of a least 2-5 meters.

- Afforestation means the conversion of land that has

never been a forest within the last 50 year to become a forested land by planting,

seeding or promoting of natural growth.

Identification and

Formulation

National Approval

Validation and

Registration

Monitoring

Verification and

Certification

Pre-Implementation of Project During Implementation



- Reforestation means the conversion of previously

forested land which had been altered, to return back to being forested land by planting,

seeding or promoting of natural growth. For the purpose of the first commitment

period, reforestation will be limited to land that is not a forest on 31 December 1989.

During the first commitment period, which is a period of five

years, Annex I countries can utilize credits from Clean Development Mechanism

Forestry Project to fulfill commitments by no more than 1 percent of greenhouse gas

reduction from the base year multiply by five.

3) Small-scale Clean Development Mechanism projects.

Small-scale Clean Development Mechanism projects are those

that will help to reduce the costs and decrease the time required for registration as a

Clean Development Mechanism project because of a more simplified procedure. There

are three types of activities that can be implemented as a small-scale Clean

Development Mechanism project.

- Renewable energy project with a maximum production

output of no more than 15 MW.

- Improvement of energy efficiency projects which can

reduce energy usage by no more than 15 GW-hr per year.

- Other types of projects that can lead to a reduction in

anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and emit no more than 15,000 tons of carbon

dioxide equivalents.

- Small-scale afforestation and reforestation projects

absorb no more than 8,000 tons of carbon dioxide equivalents per year (any more

absorption will not be considered as a credit).

2.4.3 The situation of The Clean Development Mechanism

1) The situation of Clean Development Mechanism project

implementation in various countries.

There are 864 projects from 49 host countries that were

registered from United Nation Framwork Convention on Climate Change CDM-

Executive Board. Those projects were expected to reduce greenhouse gas emission



about 185,473,153 ton CO2 eq/year. India was the country most Clean Development

Mechanism projects were registered with 296 projects, 137 projects in China, 113

projects in Brazil and 98 projects in Mexico.

Table 2.4 Host countries and number of Clean Development Mechanism registered

projects

Host country Number of projects Average annual educations (ton CO2 eq)

Argentina

Armenia

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Bolivia

Brazil

Cambodia

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Cyprus

Dominican Republic

Equador

Egypt

EI Salvador

Fiji

Georgia

Guatemala

Honduras

India

Indonesia

Israel

Jamaica

Lao

Malaysia

10

3

2

1

2

113

1

21

137

6

5

1

2

1

9

3

4

1

1

5

12

296

11

7

1

1

21

3,851,143

200,998

169,259

524

224,371

17,413,991

51,620

3,949,929

89,442,323

414,205

251,600

342,235

72,552

123,916

435,088

1,685,393

431,303

24,928

72,700

279,694

229,032

28,020,608

2,029,430

493,638

52,540

3,338

2,029,199



Host country

Mexico

Mongolia

Morocco

Nepal

Nicaragua

Nigeria

Pakistan

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Peru

Philippines

Qatar

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Thailand

Tunisia

Uganda

Tanzania

Uruguay

Viet Nam

Number of projects

98

3

3

2

3

1

1

5

1

8

14

1

16

3

12

4

5

2

1

1

1

2

Avg. annual Reductions(tonCO2eq)

6,634,124

71,904

223,313

93,883

456,570

1,496,934

1,050,000

118,702

278,904

869,032

359,718

2,499,649

14,352,204

47,343

2,259,864

109,619

638,686

687,573

36,210

202,271

9,787

681,306

Source: [3]

The first three high investor parties are United Kingdom of

Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Netherlands and Japan.

2) The situation of Clean Development Mechanism project

in Thailand

The Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy &

Planning, is undertaking the establishing of a Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management

Organization that would act as the Designated National Authority for Clean

Development Mechanism project in Thailand. Office of Natural Resources and

Environmental Policy and Planing has drafted Clean Development Mechanism



procedure for review and the document required. Thailand’s trader had submitted 42

projects application to Clean Development Mechanism project. The Methodology

Panel by Executive Board by Bonn, Germany had approved 15 projects that can

reduce Greenhouse gases emissions and be continued at in the Project Design

Document.

Table 2-5 Project approved

No Project name Project

development/

Project design

consultant

Project detail Project

period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

1 Dan Chang Bio-

Energy Cogeneration

Project (DCBC)

Dan Chang Bio-

Energy Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

sugar cane

21 93,129 41

2 Phu Khieo Bio-

Energy Cogeneration

Project (PKBC)

Phu Khieo Bio-

Energy Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

sugar cane

21 102,493 41

3 Korat Waste To

Energy

Korat Waste to

Energy Co. Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

15 312,774*

310,843**

714,546**

*

3

4 A.T. Biopower Rice

Husk Power Project in Pichit, Thailand

A.T. Biopower

Co. Ltd.

Electricity from

paddy

25 77,292*

70,772** 100,678**

*

20

5 Rubber Wood

Residue Power Plant

in Yala, Thailand

Gulf Electric

Public Co., Ltd.

(Gulf) Thailand

Electricity from

Hevea

brasiliensis

25 60,000 20.2

6 Khon Kaen Sugar

Power Plant

Khon Kean

Sugar Industry

Public Co., Ltd

Electricity from

sugar cane

20 61,449 30

7 Wastewater treatment with Biogas System

in a Starch Plant for

Energy and

Environment

Conservation in

Nakorn Ratchasima

Sima Interproduct

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity and heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

20 31,454 1.8




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

8 Wastewater

Treatment with

Biogas System in a

Starch Plant for

Energy and

Environment

Conservation in

Chachoengsao

Sima

Interproduct

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

20 19,369 -

9 Surat Thani Biomass

Power Generation

Project in Thailand

Surat Thani

Green Energy

Co. Ltd.

Electricity from

oil cake

20 173,359*

106,592**

9.95

10 Natural Palm Oil

Company Limited – 1

MW Electricity

Generation and

Biogas Plant Project

Natural Palm

Oil Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

15 17,533 1

11 Northeastern Starch

(1987) CO.,Ltd. --

LPG Fuel Switching

Project

Northeastern

Starch (1987)

Co. Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

20 27,321 1

12 Chumporn applied biogas technology for

advanced waste water

management

Chumporn Palm Oil Industry

Public Co. Ltd.

Heat from Palm oil factory’s

wastewater

20 23,436* 23,448**

-

13 Surin Electricity

Company Limited

Surin Electric

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

sugar cane

20 12,197 10

14 Jaroensompong

Corporation

Rachathewa Landfill

Gas to Energy Project

Jaroensompong

Co. Ltd.

Electricity from

landfill

20 47,185 1

15 Ratchaburi Farms

Biogas Project at Nong Bua Farm

Nong Bua Farm

& Country Home Village

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

pig farm’s wastewater

20 15,958 1.38

16 Ratchaburi Farms

Biogas Project at

Veerachai Farm

Electricity

product from

pig farm’s

wastewater

Electricity from

pig farm’s

wastewater

20 32,092 950 kW

17 Ratchaburi Farms

Biogas Project at

SPM Farm

SPM Feedmill

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

pig farm’s

wastewater

20 23,556 480 kW




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

18 Jiratpattana Biogas

Energy Project

Jiratpattana

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

20 46,758*

24,726**

1.4

19 Kitroongruang

Biogas Energy

Project

Thai Biogas

Energy

Company

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

25 19,578*

17,328**

1.4

20 Chao Khun Agro

Biogas Energy

Project

Thai Biogas

Energy

Company

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s wastewater

25 55,319*

48,167**

1.4

21 Cassava Waste To

Energy Project,

Kalasin, Thailand

(CWTE project)

Cassava Waste

To Energy

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

12 81,502*

87,586**

-

22 Organic Waste

Composting at

Vichitbhan

Plantation, Chumporn

Province, Thailand

Vichitbhan

Plantation

Co.,Ltd.

Organic

fertilizer from

oil cake and

wastewater

20 397,500 -

23 V.P. Farms Pig

Manure

Methanisation,

Methane Recovery

and Energy

Production Project

Foxsys Co.,Ltd.

with V.P.F

Group Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

pig farm

wastewater

10 38,067 2.16

24 Catalytic N2O

Abatement Project in

the tail gas of the

Caprolactam

production plant in Thailand

Thai

Caprolactam

Public Co.,Ltd.

Nitrous oxide

reduction

emission

25 168,887*

142,402**

-

25 Univanich Lamthap

POME Biogas

Project

Univanich Palm

Oil Public

Co.Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

25 47,673*

43,650**

952 kW

26 Power Prospect 9.9

MW Rice Husk

Power Plant

Power Prospect

Company

Limited

Electricity from

paddy

21 33,788*

35,367**

9.9




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

27 Biomass thermal and

electricity generation

project for Thai

Urethane Plastic

Thai Urethane

Plastic and

T.U.P. Energy

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

biomass

10 18,150 2

28 Siam Cement (Thung

Song) Waste Heat

Power Generation

Project Thailand

(TS5 Project)

Siam Cement

Energy Reserve

Electricity from

waste heat

20 25,373 7.88

29 Siam Cement (Ta

Luang) Waste Heat

Power Generation

Project Thailand

(TL5&6 Project)

Siam Cement

Energy Reserve

Electricity from

waste heat

20 44,138 16.65

30 Siam Cement (Kaeng

Khoi) Waste Heat

Power Generation

Project Thailand

(KK6 Project)

Siam Cement

Energy Reserve

Electricity from

waste heat

20 29,301 9.1

31 WWW Treatment with Biogas

Technology in a

Tapioca Processing

Plant at P.V.D.

International Co.,Ltd.

P.V.D International

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

20 48,481* 50,663**

2.8

32 WWW Treatment

with Biogas

Technology in a

Tapioca Processing

Plant at Roi Et Flour

Roi-Et Flour

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

20 38,920*

40,276**

1.4

33 CYY Biopower

WWW treatment

plant including

biogas reuse for

thermal oil

replacement &

electric generation

Project,

CYY Bio Power

Co., Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

30 99,399*

97,468**

1.95

34 N.E. Biotech

wastewater treatment and power production

project

N.E. Biotech

Co., Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

30 50,951 0.96




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

35 Bangna Starch

Wastewater

Treatment and Biogas

Utilization Project

T & Papop

renewable

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

30 51,085*

41,701**

2.6

36 Siam Quality Starch

Wastewater

Treatment and

Energy Generation

Project in

Chaiyaphum, Thailand

Siam Quality

Starch Co.,Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

12 98,839*

98,372**

-

37 C.P.A.T tapioca

processing

wastewater biogas

extraction and

utilization project,

Nakhonratchasima

Province, Kingdom

of Thailand

Corn Product

Amadass

(Thailand)

Heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

30 149,975 -

38 Eiamburapa

Company Ltd. Tapioca starch

wastewater biogas

extraction and


Sakaeo Province,

Kingdom of Thailand

Eiam Burapa

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

30 114,262*

56,004**

2.2

39 Grid-connected

Electricity

Generation from

Biomass at Advance

Bio Power

Advance Bio

Power Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

eucalyptus

25 28,096 9.5

40 Grid-connected

Electricity

Generation from

Biomass at Bua Yai

Bio Power

Bua Yai Bio

Power Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

paddy

25 23,579 7.5

41 Green to Energy

Wastewater

Treatment Project in

Thailand (the project)

GreenTrue

Energy Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

15 29,876 978 kW

42 Biogas from Ethanol

Wastewater for

Electricity Generation

Bio Natural

Energy

Company Limited

Electricity from

Ethanol factory

’s wastewater

14 24,578 1,063

kW




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

43 TBEC Tha Chang

Biogas

Thai Biogas

Energy Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm and rubber factory’s

wastewater

25 54,497 1.4 MW

44 Thailand AEP

Livestock Waste

Management Project

Advance Energy

Plus Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

pig farm’s

wastewater

20 57,993 1.19

MW

45 TPI Polene Waste

Heat Recovery Power

Plant Project,

Thailand

Tpi Polene

Power Co., Ltd

Electricity from

waste heat of

TPI Polene

20 89,517 32 MW

46 Mungcharoen Green

Power-9.9 MW Rice

Husk Fired Power Plant Project

Mungcharoen

Green Power

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

paddy

21 38,033 9.9 MW

47 Wastewater

Treatment with

Biogas System in

Palm Oil Mill at

Sikao, Trang,

Thailand

O Ta Ko

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

20 15,431 1 MW

48 Wastewater

Treatment with

Biogas System in

Palm Oil Mill at Saikhueng, Surat

Thani, Thailand

Thai Talow and

Oil Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

20 18,739 1 MW

49 Wastewater

Treatment with

Biogas System in

Palm Oil Mill at

Sinpun, Surat Thani,

Thailand

S.P.O. Agro

Industry

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

20 18,155 1 MW

50 Wastewater

Treatment with Biogas System in

Palm Oil Mill at

Bangsawan, Surat

Thani, Thailand

Thai Talow and

Oil Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil factory’s

wastewater

20 18,396 1 MW




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

51 Wastewater

Treatment with Biogas System in

Palm Oil Mill at

Kanjanadij, Surat

Thani, Thailand

Sang Siri Aro

Industry Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from


wastewater

20 18,359 1 MW

52 Eiamheng Tapioca

Starch Industry

Co.,Ltd. Tapioca

starch wastewater

biogas extraction and


Nakhonratchasima

Province, Kingdom of Thailand

Eiamheng

Tapioca Starch

Industry Co.,

Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

21 394,125 1.4 MW

x 2

Units

53 Bionersis Project

Thailand 1

Bionersis

(Thailand) Ltd.

Electricity from

landfill

10 71,474*

118,609**

2 MW

54 Green Glory

Wastewater

Treatment and

Electricity

Generation in

Suratthani, Thailand

Green Glory

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

12 17,132*

16,916**

500 KW

x 2

Units

55 Southern Palm Wastewater

Treatment and

Electricity

Generation in

Suratthani,Thailand

The Southern Palm (1978)

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

12 18,343* 18,622**

500 KW x 2

Units

56 Biomass gasification

for electricity

generation in Lop

Buri Province by

A+Power Co.,Ltd.

A+Power

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

Mimosa

30 6,240 0.9 MW

x 2

Units

57 Pitak Palm Wastewer Treatment and Biogas

Utilization Project

Pitak Palm Oil Co.,Ltd.


factory’s

wastewater

15 12,116 1063 KW

58 Chok Chai Starch

Wastewater

Treatment and

Energy Generation

Project in Uthai

Thani, Thailand

Chok Chai

Starch Co., Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

15 60,826 0.45

MW




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

59 Avoidance of

methane emission

from the wastewater

treatment facility in

K.S. Bio-Plus Co.

K.S. Bio-Plus

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

20 59,505 0.952

MW x 3

Units

60 T.H. Pellet

Wastewater

Treatment and Heat

and Electricity Generation in

Nakhon Ratchasima

T.H. Pellet Co.,

Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava


10 49,088 0.952

MW

61 Siam Cement (Kaeng

Khoi) Waste Heat

Power Generation

Project (KK3-5

Project)

Cementhai

Energy

Conservation

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

heat waste

10 64,209 25 MW

62 Siam Cement (Thung

Song) Waste Heat

Power Generation

Project (TS46 Project)

Cementhai

Energy

Conservation

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

heat waste

10 52,252 25 MW

63 Siam Cement (Ta

Luang) Waste Heat

Power Generation

Project, Khaw Wong

Plant (KW Project)

Cementhai

Energy

Conservation

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

heat waste

10 50,033 18 MW

64 Siam Cement

(Lampang) Waste

Heat Power

Generation Project

(LP Project)

Cementhai

Energy

Conservation

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

heat waste

10 26,784 12 MW

65 UPOIC Wastewater Treatment for Energy

Generation, Krabi

United Palm Oil Industry Public

Company

Limited


factory’s

wastewater

10 35,448 1.904 MW

66 Univanich TOPI

Biogas Project

Univanich Palm

Oil Public

Company Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

7 41,174 2.856

MW

67 Chantaburi Starch

Wastewater


Utilization Project

Chantaburi

Starch Power

Co., Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassavafactory’

s wastewater

15 41,034 0.950

MW x 2

Units




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

68 Advanced wastewater

management at Rajburi Ethanol Plant

Rajburi Ethanol

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

Ethanol factory’s

wastewater

15 70,557 -

69 Thachana Palm Oil

Company

Wastewater


Thailand

Thachana Palm

Oil Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

15 28,052*

23,844**

1.063

MW x 2

Units

70 Boiler Fuel Switching

to Biomass at

Kamphaeng Phet

Factory, Ajinomoto

Thailand

Ajinomoto

Co.,(Thailand)

Ltd.

Heat from

Biomass

(paddy)

30 151,502 -

71 Biogas project,

Cargill Siam Borabu

Cargill Siam

Ltd.

Electricity from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

21 58,926*

52,881**

1.364

MW x 2

Units

72 Energy efficiency

improvement of Mae

Moh power plant

through retrofitting

the turbines

Electricity

Generating

Authority of

Thailand

(EGAT)

Increase

efficiency of

electricity

production by

Low Pressure

Turbine

(Retrofit) installation

13 29,041 300

MW

73 Srijaroen Palm Oil

Wastewater


Krabi Province,

Thailand

Srijaroen Palm

Oil Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

15 21,525*

20,429**

1.063

MW

74 Chaiyaphum Starch

Plant Wastewater

Treatment and

Energy Generation

Project in Thailand

Mama

Development

Co., Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

15 57,177 1 MW

75 Sangpetch Tapioca

Flour Wastewater

Treatment and

Energy Generation

Project in Thailand

Mama

Development

Co., Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s

wastewater

15 55,718 1 MW




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

76 Methane recovery

and utilization project at S. S. Karnsura Co.,

Ltd., Ubon

Ratchathani, Thailand

Thai Beverage

Energy Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

liquor

20 54,112 -

77 Methane recovery

and utilization project

at Athimart Co., Ltd.,

Buri Ram, Thailand

Thai Beverage

Energy Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

liquor

20 43,363 -

78 Saraff Biogas

Wastewater


Utilization Project

Saraff Biogas

Energies Co.,

Ltd.

Electricity from

oil cake’s

wastewater in

Biomass

thermal and electricity

generation

25 25,075 1.364

MW

79 Saraff Energy EFB to

electricity project

Saraff Energies

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

oil cake

25 46,615 9.5 MW

80 Lam Soon

Wastewater

Treatment for Energy

Generation, Trang

Lam Soon

(Thailand) PLC.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

20 21,667 0.952

MW

81 Jaroensompong

Corporation

Panomsarakham Landfill Gas to

Energy Project

Jaroensompong

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

landfill

10 93,320 1.02

MW X

2 Units

82 New installation of

an environmental

friendly can

production line at

Bangkok Can

Manufacturing

Co.Ltd.,Thailand

Bangkok Can

Manufacturing

Co., Ltd.

Increase

efficiency of

energy usage in

canning

process(TULC)

25 834 -

83 Decha Bio Green

Rice Husk Power Generation 7.5 MW

Decha Bio

Green Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

paddy

21 29,620*

28,237**

7.5 MW

84 Chiang Mai Landfill

Gas to Electricity

Project

Dynamic

Energy Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

landfill

21 81,366 1.26

MW x3

U.

85 Bangkok Kamphaeng

Saen East: Landfill

Gas to Electricity

Project

Green power

Co., Ltd. and PS

Natural Energy

Co., Ltd

Electricity from

landfill

21 280,871 1.063

MW x 9

Units




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

86 Bangkok Kamphaeng

Saen West: Landfill Gas to Electricity

Project

Zenith Green

Energy Co., Ltd. and Progress

Energy Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

landfill

21 273,424 6 MW

87 Thaisaree Rice Husk

Power Plant Project

FoxSys Co.,

Ltd.

Electricity from

paddy

21 15,799 6 MW

88 Blue Fire Bio

WWtreatment&

biogas utilization Pro.

Blue Fire Bio

Co., Ltd.

Electricity and

heat from

Cassava

factory’s WW

15 58,079 1 MW

x2 U.

89 Application of Biogas

System in Palm oil

Factory Wastewater

Management by

Modern Green Power Co.,Ltd.

Modern Green

Power, Krabi,

Thailand

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

20 50,005 1.063

MW x 2

Units

90 Kangwal Polyester

Biomass to Energy

Project

Kangwal

Polyester

Co.,Ltd.

Heat from

paddy

20 30,462 -

91 Active Synergy

Landfill Gas Power

Generation Project

Nakhon Pathom

Active Synergy

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

landfill

10 32,661 1 MW

92 S.K. Power

Wastewater Project

S.K. Power Co.,

Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil


15 61,712 1,416

kW x 2

Units

93 Trang Palm Oil

Wastewater


Trang Province

Trang Palm Oil

Co., Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

15 23,630 1.063

MW x 2

Units

94 1 MW Sirindhorn

Solar Cell, Thailand

Electricity

Generating

Authority of

Thailand

Electricity from

sun shine

25 851.10 1 MW

95 KI Biogas Co., Ltd.

Wastewater Treatment for Energy

Generation, Nakhon

Ratchasima

KI Biogas

Co.,Ltd.

Electricity from

Ethanol factory’s

wastewater

15 71,745 1 MW

x 4 Units

96 ES Bio-Energy

Wastewater

Treatment for Energy

Generation, Srakaew

ES Bio-Energy

Co.,Ltd.

Heat from

Ethanol

factory’s

wastewater

20 103,240 -




development/

Project design

consultant


period

(Year)

GHG

reduction

(ton CO2/yr)

Electric

generation

(MW)

97 Wastewater

Treatment Project at Thaindo Palm Oil

Factory, Lam Thap,

Krabi Province,

Thaindo Palm

Oil Factory Co., Ltd.

Electricity from


wastewater

15 20,875 0.5 MW

x 2 Units

98 Univanich Siam

Biogas to Energy

Project, Thailand

Univanich Palm

Oil Public

Company Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

21 27,194 0.952

MW

99 VG Energy' s Waste

to Power at

Vichitbhan Palm oil

Co., Ltd.

VG Energy Co.,

Ltd.

Electricity from

Palm oil

factory’s

wastewater

20 66,801 5.6 MW

100 VG Energy' s Waste

to Power at Vichitbhan Plantation

Co., Ltd.

VG Energy Co.,

Ltd.

Electricity from


wastewater

20 48,678 2.8 MW

* Forecast greenhouse gas reduction volume in PDD as submit to TGO

** Greenhouse gas reduction volume as register with CDM EB

*** Greenhouse gas reduction volume as approved from CDM EB

Source: [4]

2.4.4 Benefits from the Implementation of The Clean Development

Mechanism projects to Thailand

Table 2-6 Benefits from Clean Development Mechanism implementing to Thailand

Environmental Benefits Economic Benefits Social Benefits

Local Level

- Preservation of environment in

the local area where project is

being implemented.

- Reduction in the amount of

waste generated by using it as a

catalyst for energy production.

- Reduction in the use of non-

renewable energy.

- Projects relating to renewable energy

will incorporate agricultural products

such as palm, coconut, sunflower,

jatropha as raw materials.

- Farmers will be able to sell waste

material such as sugarcane leaves, rice

husks and wood chips for use in CDM

projects.

- Benefits the local labor market.

- Improved quality of lives

from improved environmental

quality.

- Provides more choices in

conducting business practices

that are beneficial to the

environment.



Environmental Benefits Economic Benefits Social Benefits

National Level

- Projects relating to renewable energy

will incorporate agricultural products

such as palm, coconut, sunflower,

jatropha as raw materials.

- Farmers will be able to sell waste

material such as sugarcane leaves, rice

husks and wood chips for use in CDM

projects.

- Benefits the local labor market.

- Products are generated by cleaner

production processes.

- Reduces the dependence on imported

energy.

- Benefits the national economy.

- Tax benefits from the trading of

CERs which can be used to offset the

costs of funding environmental

protection and energy conservation.

- Play a role in the

management of a global issue.

- Increases the negotiating

capability at the international

arena

Source: [4]

Thailand has voluntarily reduced Greengouse Gas emissions though the

implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism twenty four project have been

resisted at the UNFCCC Executive Board with an estimated total emission reduction

of 1.7 MtCO2e per year

2.5 Biogas

Compositions of biogas are Methane (CH4), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) by anaerobic digestion of the organic technology.



Table 2-7 The composition of biogas

Composition Percent

CH4

CO2

H2

N2

H2S

O2

50-70

30-50

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

Source: [14]

Normally, biogas can be used as energy. The properties of it should have

heat value, heat capacity, ignition velocity and others

Table 2-8 The properties of biogas

Property Value Unit

Heat value

Ignition velocity

Theoretical A/F ratio

Air burning temperature

CH4 ignition temperature

Heat capacity (Cp)

Density

21

25

6.19

650

600

1.6

1.15

MJ/m3

cm/s

m3a/m

3g

oC

oC

kJ/m3-

oC

kg/m3

Source: [14]

2.5.1 Factor of organic digestion and gas generator [15] 1) Raw Materials

Raw materials can obtain from livestock and poultry wastes

such as food-processing, crop residues, aquatic weeds, water hyacinth, filamentous

algae, seaweed and waste from the agriculture.

2) Influent Solids Content



Biogas is efficient if fermentation materials, the raw-material

ratio to water should be 1:1 in the slurry; this corresponds to a total solids

concentration of 8 - 11 per cent by weight.

3) Loading

The loading rate should be the weight of total volatile solids

(TVS) added per day per unit volume of the digester or the weight of TVS added per

day per unit weight of TVS in the digester, after that is normally used for smooth

operation of the digester. Higher loading rates have been used when the ambient

temperature is high.

4) Seeding

The seed material should be twice the volume of the fresh

manure slurry during the start-up phase, with a gradual decrease in amount added over

a three-week period. If the digester accumulates volatile acids as a result of

overloading, the situation can be remedied by reseeding, or by the addition of lime or

other alkali.

5) pH

Methanogenic bacteria grows and generates gas generation in

pH range for anaerobic digestion of 6.0 - 8.0; efficient digestion occurs at a pH near

neutrality.

6) Temperature

With a mesospheric flora, digestion proceeds the best at 30 -

40 oC; with thermophiles, the optimum range is 50 - 60

oC.

7) Nutrients

The most important nutrients are carbon and nitrogen. A

critical factor for raw material is the over all C/N ratio to maintain microbiological

activity in the digester that is crucial to gas generation and related to nutrient

availability.

Domestic sewage, animal and poultry wastes are examples of

enrich materials that provide nutrients for the growth and multiplication of the

anaerobic organisms. They are plenty of carbohydrate substances that are essential for

gas production. Excess availability of nitrogen leads to the formation of NH3, the



concentration of which inhibits further growth. Ammonia toxicity can be remedied by

low loading or by dilution. In practice, it is important to maintain a C/N ratio, by

weight, closed to 30:1 for achieving an optimum rate of digestion.

8) Toxic Materials

The toxic substances are the soluble salts of copper, zinc,

nickel, mercury, and chromium. The other such as, salts of sodium, potassium,

calcium, and magnesium may be encouraged toxic action. Pesticides and synthetic

detergents may also be troublesome to the process.

9) Stirring

When solid materials are not well shredded in the digester, gas

generation may be impeded by the formation of a scum that is comprised of these low-

density solids. The scum hardens, disrupting the digestion process and causing

stratification. Agitation can be done either mechanically with a plunger or by means of

rotational spraying of fresh influent. Agitation, normally required for bath digesters,

ensures exposure of new surfaces to bacterial action, prevents viscid stratification and

slow-down of bacterial activity, and promotes uniform dispersion of the influent

materials throughout the fermentation liquor, thereby accelerating digestion.

10) Retention Time

A normal retention time for the biogas digestion to be 2-4

weeks. And other factors such as temperature, dilution, loading rate are properly and

high temperature would influence reducing retention time.

2.5.2 Kind of biogas plant [16] Two kind of biogas plant are classified by operation function of raw

material and efficiency.

1) Slowly or waste plant



1.1) Fixed dome digester

Figure 2-6 Fixed dome digester

Source: [16]

1.2) Floating drum digester or Indian digester

Figure 2-7 Floating drum digester or Indian digester

Source: [16]



1.3) Plastic covered ditch or plug flow digester

Figure 2-8 Plastic covered ditch or plug flow digester

Source: [16]

2) Rapid or waste water plant.

2.1) Anaerobic Filter (AF) Microorganisms or

bacteria. The filter are stones, plastics fibers, bamboo, the bacteria grows on filter,

gases storage in plastic and protect sun shine by wood.

2.2) Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

that use sludge in pond to filter. Controlling by wastewater upflow, mini-sludge are

rise and overflow remained hard sludge in pond.

2.5.3 The benefits of biogas [16]

The benefits of biogas are increased energy saving, improving public

health and reduced emissions to the environment. The following are additional

potential benefits of biogas.

1) Biogas is renewable resource and can reduce emission and

energy saving.

2) Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by preventing methane

released into the atmosphere.

3) The production creates jobs and benefits of local

economy. Efficiency are lower than other fuel but it alternative energy. Biogas 1 m3



can change to;

- Heating 3,000-5,000 kcal can boil 130 kg. at temperature

20 oC

- Lamp 60-100 watt lifetime 5-6 hour

- Electricity generation 1.25 KW

- Use engine 2 horsepower lifetime 1 hour

- Family 4 persons can cook 3 time

4) It can reduce the cost of landfill.

5) Anaerobic digestion systems (non-landfill) can treat waste

naturally, reduce the amount of material that must be land filled, reduce waste odors,

and produce sanitized compost and nutrient-rich liquid fertilizer.

2.6 Food processing industry in Thailand [17]

Food processing industry is industry which gains raw material from

agriculture such as vegetables, domestic animal and fishery with technology in order

to comfortable consumption and preservation.

Food processing industry was started in the first of National economic and

social development plan (1961 – 1965) because of low capital and various kinds of

local raw materials to feed in process. Beginning of implement that required reduces

importing after that direction of food processing industrial emphasize to exporting.

Thailand is the fourteenth of food processing industrial exporting

from International Trade Statistics. The top three of food exports

are shrimp, pineapple and chicken.



Figure 2-9 Thailand ranking of international trade 2001 [17]

Table 2-9 Seafood processing industry trading of 2009

Kind of food Dosmetic Export

Canning tuna/sardine 35,262.37 426,915.78

Frozen Shirmp 4,483.53 104,361.31

Frozen Fish

Frozen squid

10,381.24

1,608.41

39,658.87

23,938.94

Source: The Office of Industrial Economic [17]

2.6.1 Structure of food processing industrial.

The Federation of Thai Industries separate food processing industrial into

12 kinds of raw material [17]

1) Meat such as pork, beef, chicken

2) Fishery such as shrimp, fish, crab, shell etc.

3) Vegetable and fruit

4) Cereal and rice such as powder

5) Spices

6) Milk

7) Sugar

100

66.4

Exporter

195

countries

Thailand

3.5%

Total income

15 countries

export value

$289.95

billion



8) Beverage

9) Tea, coffee

10) Oil and lipid

11) Feed

12) Supplementary food

2.6.2 Production processing & technology

There are six kinds of technology in food processing industry;

1) Thermal process technology such as sterilization,

pasteurization, canning

2) Frozen and freezing technology (Temperature < -18 oC)

3) Dehydration technology

4) Fermentation technology such as pickling

5) Milling technology use in rice mill factory

6) Radioactivity and microwave

Technologies in Thailand food processing industry mostly use

basic technologies for example heating, boiling, retort pouch, oven. For high

technology need to import and only use in large industry for example Individual Quick

Frozen (IQF) for spiral frozen, freeze dry, spray dry

2.6.3 Safety food and quality controlling

For quality control and food safety in food processing, there are two

standard systems. [18]

1) HACCP : Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point

The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point was establishing

by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can analyze about hazard of microbe,

critical control point and contaminated protective. The system can reduce lead time

and production defect.

2) GMP : Good Manufacturing Practice

This is standard guide line to control production process about

quality and delivery. Main ideas are 1) general principle of food hygiene as umbrella



Good Manufacturing Practice about production packaging and keeping product 2)

specific Good Manufacturing Practice.

2.6.4 Producer structure

Department of Industrial Work (DIW) classified industrial size by capital;

small < 10 million baht, middle 10 – 100 million baht and large > 100 million baht.

There are 10,035 factories or 83.44%, 1,568 factories or 13.04% factories and 424 or

3.53%, respectively.

Table 2-10 Food processing industrial on 2001

No. Factory Total <10 10-100 >100

(Million baht)

Meat and meat product

1 Slaughter, meat preservation, meat product etc. 004(1-7) 627 514 76 37

Fishery

2 Canning fishery, freeze 006(1-5) 550 364 139 47

Vegetable and Fruit process

3 Canning vegetable and fruit 008(1-2) 572 374 169 29

Cereals and products

4 Powder, mill and seed grinding 009(2-6) 4,446 4,216 188 42

5 Bread and powder products 010(1-3) 1,679 1,499 146 34

Spices

6 Baking powder, fish sauce, monosodium glutamate,

shrimp paste 013(1-8)

482 407 65 10

Milk and products

7 Powdered milk, yogurt 005(1-6) 178 118 47 13

Sugar and candy

8 Syrup, sugar 011(1-7) 189 120 14 55

Beverage

9 Alcohol 016 62 13 13 36

10 Ethyl alcohol 017 8 2 3 3

11 Wine 018

7 5 2 -



No. Factory Total <10 10-100 >100

(Million baht)

12 Beer 019(1-2) 22 8 4 10

13 Drinking water, mineral water, soft drink 020(1-4) 296 212 57 27

Tea, coffee, coco

14 Tea leaf, coffee, coco, chocolate, candy 012(1-11) 485 402 66 17

Oil and lipid

15 Oil products, cheese 007(1-5) 318 225 68 25

Feed

16 Feed products 015(1-2) 643 413 196 34

Others

17 Ice 014 1,463 1,143 315 5

Total 12,027 10,035 1,568 424

Source: [17]

The raw material is important factor especially the location, for example, the

fishery industries are located in Songkla, Samuthsakorn, Samutsongklam because of

there are closed to marine. The fruit industries are located in Nakornpratom, Rayong,

Chantaburi, Chaingmai, Lampoon because there are many farms and plants.

2.7 Relevant research

Hincheeranan S. studied about the estimation of greenhouse gas emission

factor for an electricity system in Thailand, 2007. The range of carbondioxide

emission from power plant was 50% of operating margin (OM) and build margin

(BM) emission. For operating margin calculated by simple operating margin refered to

3 year electricity generation (excluded LC/MC power plant), and build margin was

calculated by carbondioxide emissions from new power plant that was 20% of all. The

result of calculated operating margin (2548-2550) was 0.5716 and build margin was

0.4398 (2550). Therefore carbondioxide emission of power plant in 2550 was 0.5057

tCO2/MW [19].

Utachkul U. researched the potential of greenhouse gas reduction from

Clean Development Mechanism implementation in cassava starch and palm oil



industries in Thailand by collect data from Department of Industrial Work, The

Provincial Industry Office, Pollution Control Department etc. The potential of biogas

generation were analyzed to value greenhouse gas reduction and electricity generation.

From the results of 86 cassava starch and 53 palm oil mills; the value was agreed with

Certified Emission Reduction in cassava starch (28,956.81 ton CH4/year or equivalent

to 608,093.10 ton CO2eq/year) and the palm oil mill (57,899.27 ton CH4/year or

1,215,884 ton CO2eq/year) in equivalent carbon credit. The results from electricity

generated; the cassava starch (512,412,738.50 m3/year or 614,895,286.20 unit/year or

1,537.27 million baht/year) and the palm oil mill (106,095,782.00 m3/year or

127,314,938.40 unit/year or 318.29 million baht/year) [20].

Paepatung N. et al studied the assessment of palm oil mill effluent as

biogas energy source in Thailand. The trends of biogas potential from POME were

investigated by reviewing data, field survey, sampling analysis, BMP test, and

interviewing from 10 oil palm mills. The potential of biogas production in 2006 was

approximately 105 million m3

provided 60 million m3

of methane. The equivalent

energy content is approximately 84 ktoe, equal to 15 MW or 84 million liters for fuel

oil. The potential trend of biogas production in 2029 could be estimated for 420

million m3. The incentive of biogas production from palm oil mills was environmental

concern more than renewable energy concern, because energy sources were already

exceeded. The major problems included 1) lacking of alternative biogas systems 2)

lacking of information on performance and cleaning system 3) equipment and

generator engines were not suitable 4) there was no standard guideline/user manual for

the biogas engines. Therefore, system demonstration, financial support on biogas

technology research, suitable technology development, and biogas purification system

were needed [21].

Ise W. studied potential of greenhouse gas abatement from waste

management and resource recovery activities in Australia. The result of carbon

abatement potential were 37.818 million tones of greenhouse gas (MtCOe) that could

be delivered through innovative resource recovery and improved waste management

practices. There was a need for further analysis on the potential carbon abatement

benefits of improved resource recovery and waste management activities, including

the economic benefits and costs of each option and their life cycle considerations [6].



Naksagul N.et al studied the production of biogas from coconut milk

wastewater by using 16.8 Litre effective volume laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic

sludge blanket (UASB). The synthetic coconut milk wastewater with the average

influent Chemical Oxygen Demand of 963 mg/l were fed and operated for 6 months

with the 4 HRT ranging between 16-28 h. The pH, Temperature, COD, TS, SS, TDS,

TP, TKN and Grease and Oil concentrations in synthetic coconut milk wastewater

ranged between 6.6-7.3, 29-32 0C, 636-1204 mg/L, 684-1372 mg/L, 352-653 mg/L,

210-428 mg/L, 4.47-4.90 mg/L, 10.64-47.6 mg/L and 175-260 mg/L, respectively.

Average biogas production was 195 L when 1 kg Chemical Oxygen Demand was

removed. Regarding to biogas composition, methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and

other gases were found at averages of 75.52%, 14.08%, 8.27% and 2.13%,

respectively. The relationship of gCOD removed and liter of biogas produced was Y =

1.565X0.265

(Y: biogas production (L/d) X: gCOD removed/d) with r2 of 0.61 [22].

Prasertsan S.and Sajjakulnukit B. researched about biomass and biogas

energy situation in Thailand. From the data in 1997 the amount of agricultural residues

was about 61 million ton/year. The promising residues were rice husk, bagasse, oil

palm and rubber wood; merely due to their availability at mills, which heat-power

cogeneration is feasible. Biomass resources are from industrial wastewater and live

stocks manure, which have potential of 7,800 and 13,000 TJ/year, respectively. The

high potential industries were starch, sugar, distillery and monosodium glutamate

production, respectively and for the livestock, cattle residues showed the highest

energy potential [23].

Yamchaong P. studied about noodle soup wastewater treatment and biogas

production by a conventional anaerobic digester. The result were two types; 1) about

efficiency of wastewater treatment in Chemical Oxygen Demand removal at the HRT

20, 25, 30 and 35 days was 83.01% , 87.17% , 89.72% and 88.91% . In BOD removal

was 89.36%, 90.40%, 92.28% and 91.41%. In TS removal was 58.54%, 61.88%,

65.13% and 63.36%. In TVS removal was 76.35%, 79.02% , 83.34% and 82.35% as

respectively. 2) The biogas production and composition at the HRT 20, 25, 30 and 35

was 0.118, 0.102, 0.127 and 0.103 m3/kgCODremoved or the equivalent of 1.531, 1.750,

2.684 and 2.498 m3 biogas/m

3feeding wastewater, respectively. Furthermore, the proportion



methane gas of the biogas was 36.43%, 43.50%, 46.64% and 35.92% respectively at

the same hydraulic retention time [24].



CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Population and sample size

Population: 111 seafood processing factories as following the list of the

Department of Industrial Work on December 31th, 2009.

Sample size: Type 3 factory by the Department of Industrial Work, are

>50 horsepowers and >50 manpowers of factory.

3.2 Method

3.2.1 Data collecting: collect primary and secondary data by questionnaire

from the following source as below;

1) Seafood processing factory

2) The Provincial Industry Office

3) Department of Industrial Work (DIW)

4) Pollution Control Department (PCD)

5) Consultants/biogas plant construction

6) The Energy for Environment Foundation

7) Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public

oganization)

3.2.2 Calculation

The production analysis, biogas production, volume and value of

electricity, volume and value of CERs will calculate the equations following.

1) Material utilization rate calculation

Material utilization ratio will calculate as the equation following.

Material utilization ratio = Total production capacity/Total raw material … (3-1)


Nantira Duangkamfoo Methodology /50

2) Wastewater production rate calculation

For wastewater production rate will calculate by using production

capacity, raw material and wastewater volume from collection, as the equation

following.

Wastewater production rate = Total wastewater /Total production capacity

(ton of production)

Wastewater production rate = Total wastewater /Total raw material … (3-2)

(ton of raw material)

3) Biogas production calculation

Biogas production will estimate by using the biogas production rate and

volume of wastewater of seafood industries, as the equation.

Biogas (m3/year) = a (m

3/m

3) x b (m

3/year) … (3-3)

Where as:

Parameter Description Value/unit

a Biogas production rate from food

process industry wastewater

2.31 m3/m

3 wastewater

[24];[25];[26]

b Wastewater production of

seafood industry

m3/year

4) Volume and value of electricity calculation

- Volume of electricity generating

The electricity will be estimated from the volume of biogas from equation

above (3-3) as equation.

Electricity (unit/year) = Biogas (m3/year) x 1.20 (unit/m

3) … (3-4)



Where as:


Biogas Biogas production of seafood industry m3/year

1.20 The generating electricity per 1 m3 of biogas 1.20 unit/m

3

[27]

- Electricity valuation calculation

Electricity value (unit/year) x price per unit (Baht/unit) … (3-5)

Where as:


Electricity Volume of generating electricity of food industry unit/year

Price per unit The price per unit of electricity 1.67 Baht/unit

[28]

5) Volume and value of CERs calculation

- Greenhouse gas emission reduction calculation

In this research the volume of greenhouse gas emissions reduction (CERs)

will be estimated by Clean Development Mechanism project that was implemented

and the greenhouse gas volume estimation, only methane will be estimated as equation

following.

CH4 reduction (kg/yr) = TotalCOD(kgCOD/yr) x B0(kgCH4/kgCOD) x MCF x c (3-6)

Where as:


Total COD Total COD per year of wastewater kgCOD/year

B0 Maximum methane produce capacity of

wastewater

0.25

kg/CH4/kgCOD

[8]


Nantira Duangkamfoo Methodology /52


MCF Methane conversion factor that express what

proportion of the effluent would be anaerobically

digested

0.738

[29]

c Percentage of emission reductions 0.8

[20]

The amount of carbon credit will only calculate in relation to ton of carbon

dioxide equivalents. Thus the calculation has to calculate methane in from of ton of

carbon dioxide equivalents as the equation following.

CO2 (ton/year) = 23 x CH4 (kg/year) x 1 (ton) / 1,000 (kg) … (3-7)

Where as:


25 Global Warming Potential of methane 25 [8]

CH4 CH4 reduction from seafood industry kg/year

1/1000 The conversion factor of kg to ton 1 ton/1000 kg

- Greenhouse gas valuation calculation (CERs value)

CERs (Baht/year) = CO2 (ton/year) x d (Baht/ton) … (3-8)

Where as:


CO2 Greenhouse gas emission reduction from food

process industry in form of ton CO2/year

ton/year

d Price per unit of CERs 469.18 Baht/CERs

[30]



3.3 Analysis and interpretation

- Biogas production (m3/year, m

3/ton production, m

3/ton raw material)

calculation and presentation.

- Volume of electricity (unit/year)

- Value of electricity (Baht/year)

- Greenhouse gas reduction (ton CO2eq/year, ton CO2eq of anaerobic

system/year, ton CO2eq of aerobic system/year, ton CO2eq/ton production, ton

CO2eq/ton raw material)

- Value of Certified Emission Reduction (Baht/year, Baht of anaerobic

system/year, Baht of aerobic system/year, Baht/ton product, Baht/ton raw material)

The data will be calculate by each formula as shown above and presented

with table and graph form.


Nantira Duangkamfoo Results and Discussion / 54

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To study the greenhouse gases reduction potential from the Clean

Development Mechanism of seafood processing industries in Thailand was obtained

by using self-administered questionnaire and examine by gathering the primary and

secondary data. The results and discussion were presented in accordance with the

following topics:

4.1 Data collection

4.2 Production analysis and wastewater production rate

4.3 The estimation of biogas

4.4 The electricity production

4.5 The estimation of volume and value of Certified Emission Reduction

4.1 Data collection

The data of seafood processing industries were obtained from 111 plants

by questionnaire and examined; return 91 plants and no return 20 plants as shown in

Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-1 The summary data of collection

82%

18%


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 55

Table 4-1 The number of data in the each province of seafood processing industry.

Province Mailed Returns No returns

Bangkok

Chacheurngchao

3

1

3

1

0

0

Chonburi 2 2 0

Chumporn 1 1 0

Jantaburi 2 1 1

Krabi 1 1 0

Nakornpatom 1 1 0

Prajinburi 1 1 0

Petchaburi 2 2 0

Ranong 1 1 0

Ratchaburi 2 1 1

Rayong 4 1 3

Samutprakarn 22 22 0

Samutsakorn 50 37 13

Satoon 1 1 0

Songkla 11 11 0

Suratthani 3 2 1

Tak 1 0 1

Trang 2 2 0

Total 111 91 20

Percentage 100 82 18

The data of seafood processing industries were collected 91 plants from

111 plants, equal to 82% returnable. The top three provinces in collected samples were

Samutsakorn, Samutprakarn and Songkla, respectively



Table 4-2 The wastewater treatment system of seafood processing industry.

Province

Biogas system No biogas system (plant)

(plant) Activated sludge Aerator Stabilization

pond

Oxidation

ditch

Bangkok

Chachurngchao

1

1

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Chonburi - 1 1 - -

Chumporn - 1 - - -

Jantaburi - 1 - - -

Krabi - 1 - - -

Nakornpatom - 1 - - -

Prajinburi - - - 1 -

Petchaburi - 2 - - -

Ranong - 1 - - -

Ratchaburi - 1 - - -

Rayong - - 1 - -

Samutprakarn 1 17 4 - -

Samutsakorn 5 24 8 - -

Satoon - 1 - - -

Songkla 2 6 2 - 1

Suratthani - 1 - 1 -

Trang - 2 - - -

Total 10 62 16 2 1

The collected wastewater treatment data from seafood processing

industries 91 plants were 62 plants of activated sludge, 16 plants of aerator, 2 plants of

stabilization pond, 1 plant of oxidation ditch and 10 plants of anaerobic system had

biogas generating.

Among the sampled factories, there were 81 factories used aerobic

wastewater treatment system (89%) and 10 factories that used anaerobic wastewater

treatment system (11%) which can produce biogas as shown in Figure 4-2.



Figure 4-2 The wastewater treatment system of seafood processing industrial factories

The total of 111 self-administered questionnaires were mailed to the

sampled seafood processing industries. Ninety one filled-out questionnaires were

returned while 18 questionnaires did not return and 2 did not return due to their

businesses were closed. Therefore, the return rate was 82 percent. It was found that the

first three provinces with the highest number of seafood processing industries were

Samutsakhon, Samutprakan and Songkhla (37, 22 and 11 factories, respectively).

As the return rate of the mail questionnaires or electronic questionnaires

were found to be less than 100 percent, it revealed that this mail survey was quite easy

to administer for data collection since there was a high risk to get the high percentage

of returns. The return rate depended largely on the cooperation or interest of the

industrial factories. Therefore, the follow-ups were conducted by the researcher

through visit to the factories also.

4.2 Production analysis and wastewater production rate

The production analysis and wastewater production rate were calculated by

equations as shown below;



The material utilization ratio were calculated by using equation (3-1)

The material utilization ratio = Total production capacity (ton/year)

Total raw material (ton/year)

Table 4-3 The calculation of the material utilization ratio of seafood industry

factories

Parameter Description Value Source

Total production

capacity

Total production capacity of 91 plants 2,693,623

ton/year

From the data

collected

Total raw

material

Total raw material of 91 plants 3,210,517

ton /year

From the data

collected

The material

utilization ratio

The material utilization ratio of 91 plants

= Total production capacity

Total raw material

= 2,693,623

3,210,517

= 1 or 84%

1.19

1:1.19 or

84%

From the

calculation

by equation

(3-1)

Among 91 sampled seafood processing industrial factories, the total

production capacity was found to be 2,693,623 ton/year and the total raw materials

used were 3,210,517 ton/year, thus, the material utilization ratio was 1 : 1.19 or 84

percent of the raw materials.

The wastewater production rate were computed by using the equation (3-2)

Wastewater production rate = Total wastewater (m3/year)

Total production capacity (ton/year)



Table 4-4 The calculation of wastewater production rate of seafood processing

industry factories.


Total

wastewater

Total wastewater volume of 91 plants 22,555,062

m3/year

From the data

collected

Total production

capacity

Total production capacity of 91 plants 2,693,623

ton/year

From the data

collected

Total raw

materials

Total raw material of 91 plants 3,210,517

ton /year

From the data

collected

The wastewater

production rate

The wastewater production rate

= Total wastewater

Total production capacity

= 22,555,062

2,693,623

= 8.37

8.37 m3/ton of

production

From

calculation by

equation (3-2)

= Total wastewater

Total raw materials

= 22,555,062

3,210,517

= 7.03

7.03 m3/ton of

raw materials

From

calculation by

equation (3-2)

Table 4-5 The production of seafood processing industry analysis

Title Unit Min - Max Average Modality

Production capacity

Raw materials

Material utilization ratio

Wastewater volume

Wastewater production

rate


rate

Ton/year

Ton/year

-

m3/year

m3/ton

production

m3/ton

material

12 – 912,000

60 – 948,000

17% – 100%

1,800 - 1,080,000

0.11 – 150

0.11 - 130

29,600

35,280

84%

247,858

8.37

7.03

12,000;14,400

18,000

100%

36,000

2.5

20.0

Seafood processing

industry

Plant 91



Table 4-6 The production of seafood processing industry analysis.

Title Result Unit

Number of samples 91 plant

Production capacity 2,693,623 ton/year

Raw material 3,210,517 ton/year

The material utilization ratio 1 : 1.19 -

Percentage

Wastewater volume

84

22,555,062

-

m3/year

Wastewater production rate


8.37

7.03

m3/ton of production

m3/ton of raw material

From the sampled 91 factories, the wastewater volume was found to be

22,555,062 m3/year with the wastewater production rate of 8.37 m

3/ton of production

and 7.03 m3/ton of raw material which means that one ton of productions and one ton

of raw materials caused 8.37 m3 and 7.03 m

3 of wastewater respectively. This biogas

production was agreed with water utilization volume of 8.9 m3/ton of the seafood [31].

All of 91 sampled seafood processing industrial factories were very

different in regarding to production process and production capacity. But it was found

that the minimal value of wastewater production rate was 0.11 m3/ton and the

maximum value was 150 m3/ton whereas the difference of the two values were quite

high due to the fact that some factories were only frozen seafood industry which

caused low level of wastewater volume. On the contrary, canning industry production

factories which need the complicated production processes that caused higher level of

wastewater volume. This finding was congruent with the study regarding wastewater

volume found in tuna production process. The wastewater volume was found to be

13.0 m3/ton of raw materials [32]. Therefore, the value of 8.37 m

3/ton of production

found in this study was only the representative of the mean of this study.



4.3 The estimation of biogas

The biogas productions were estimated from wastewater capacity by

applying the equation (3-3) as shown below:

Biogas production (m3/year) = a (m

3/m

3) x b (m

3/year)

Table 4-7 The calculation of biogas production of seafood processing industry.


a Biogas production rate of seafood

industry wastewater (m3/m

3)

2.31 m3/m

3 Appendix A

b Wastewater production of 91 plants

(m3/year)

22,555,062

m3/year

From the data

collected

Biogas

production

(m3/year)

The biogas production of 91 plants

= (a) x (b)

= 2.31 x 22,555,062

= 52,102,193 m3/year

52,102,193

m3/year

From

calculation by

equation (3-3)

Table 4-8 The biogas production of seafood processing industry.

Parameter Value Unit


Rate of wastewater per ton of production

Biogas production

-Aerobic system

-Anaerobic system

22,555,062

2.31

52,102,193

44,440,385

7,661,808

m3/year

m3/m

3

m3/year

m3/year

m3/year

The biogas production of this study was estimated by using the average

biogas production derived from the studies of biogas production rate from foods

carried out was 2.31 m3/m

3 [24];[25];[26]. The calculation result of the total biogas

production was 52,102,193 m3/year. Besides this study, 7 factories with anaerobic

wastewater system could produce biogas of 7,661,808 m3/year. When comparison was

made between this value and the value from the calculation, the biogas production of

the factories with anaerobic wastewater treatment system was 14.70 percent therefore



the rest of 44,440,385 m3/year was 85.30 percent. This percentage was belonging to

the factories with aerobic wastewater treatment system whereas biogas could not be

produced, but if this system had been changed to anaerobic system, biogas will be

produced.

The potential of biogas production in seafood processing industries of this

study were agreed with the palm oil industries; 105 million m3/year of biogas [21].

Therefore, if the factory owners were promoted to realize the benefits of methane

which could be used as replaceable energy from fossil fuel, it can save the expense

cost of energy as well as lowering the expense for wastewater treatment. In seafood

industries biogas can be used in the production in boiling or steaming, etc. It will be

one alternative fuel lower the expense cost for energy. The study biomethanation

technology of seafood processing industry in Thailand by Thaibiogas project of

Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy, Thailand; found that only 21

million m3/year [33]. And found that the minimum factory area should be size of 400

m3 or above in order to produce worth while biogas to the investment [34]. It was

found that 51 samples of seafood factories had capably to produce biogas (56%).

4.4 The electricity production

The electricity volume and value were estimated from the volume of

biogas production by using equations (3-4) and (3-5) as shown below;

Electricity (unit/year) = Biogas (m3/year) x 1.20 (unit/m

3)

Electricity valuation = Electricity volume (unit/yr.) x price/unit (Baht/unit)

Table 4-9 The calculation volume of generating electricity.


Biogas Biogas of 91 plants (m3/year) 52,102,193

m3/year

From

calculation by

equation (3-3)

1.20 The generating electricity per 1 m3 of biogas 1.20 unit/m

3 [27]

Electricity The electricity production of 91 plants

= 52,102,193 x 1.20

= 62,522,632

62,522,632

unit/year

From

calculation by

equation (3-4)



Table 4-10 The calculation value of generating electricity.


Price per unit

(Baht/unit)

Price per unit 1.67 Baht/unit [28]

Electricity value

(Baht/year)

The electricity value of 91 plants

= 62,522,632 x 1.67

= 104,162,705

104,162,705

Baht/year

From

calculation by

equation (3-5)

Table 4-11 The volume and value of electricity, by aerobic and anaerobic wastewater

treatment systems

Parameter Value Unit

The volume of generating electricity

-Aerobic system

-Anaerobic system

The value of generating electricity

-Aerobic system

-Anaerobic system

62,522,632

53,328,462

9,194,170

104,162,705

88,845,218

15,317,487

unit/year

unit/year

unit/year

Baht/year

Baht/year

Baht/year

In assessing the volume and value of electricity produced biogas as shown

in Table 4-10 and 4-11, the rate of generating electricity from biogas at 1.20 unit/ m3

was used. According to the data of the Ministry of Energy [27], the volume of

generating electricity was found to 62,522,632 unit/year, the volume of generating

electricity from the aerobic wastewater treatment system was 53,328,462 unit/year and

from the anaerobic wastewater treatment system was 9,194,170 unit/year. The total

values of generating electricity was found to be 104,162,705 Baht/year, 88,845,218

Baht/year from the aerobic wastewater treatment system and 15,317,487 Baht/year

from the anaerobic wastewater treatment system. These values were calculated based

on the electricity rate of the large-size business by using Time-of-Day Rate : TOD,

and these types of the factories have used the pressure of 69 kilovolt and over. The

cost of the electricity was 1.67 Baht/unit [28] that excluded Float time or Fuel

Adjustment Charge (at the given time) and value added tax chart.



Table 4-12 The electric generating of seafood processing industry analysis

Title Unit Min - Max Average Modality

The volume of electricity

The value of electricity

unit/year

Baht/year

4,990 -

2,993,760

8,313 –

4,987,604

687,062

1,144,645

99,792

166,253

Data from Table 4-12 showed that the assessment outcome were similar to

the data concerning wastewater volume and biogas production volume presented in

sector 4.1-4.2 whereas there was a big difference due to the same causes which were

production process and production capability. As it was evident that the minimum of

the volume of electricity was only 4,990 unit/year comparing to the maximal volume

of electricity of 2,993,760 unit/year while the minimal and the maximal values of

electricity were 8,313 and 4,987,604 Baht/year respectively. These findings showed

the big difference clearly.



Table 4-13 The summary production analysis of 91 seafood processing industry.

Parameter Aerobic system Anaerobic

system Total

Total production capacity

(ton/year)

Total raw material

(ton/year)


(m3/year)


(m3/ton of production)


(m3/ton of raw material)

Biogas production

(m3/year)

The volume of electricity

(unit/year)

The value of electricity

(Baht/year)

2,174,575

2,681,317

19,238,262

8.85

7.17

44,440,385

53,328,462

88,845,218

519,048

529,200

3,316,800

6.39

6.27

7,661,808

9,194,170

15,317,487

2,693,623

3,210,517

22,555,062

8.37

7.03

52,102,193

62,522,632

104,162,705

It was found that the outcome of the value of electricity was agreed with

the volume of wastewater production of the sampled seafood processing industrial

factories. The data showed that the factories with a high volume of wastewater

production will have a high capacity to produce biogas. On the contrary, the factories

with a low volume of wastewater production will have a low capacity to produce

biogas. This situation will also affect the volume of generating of electricity as well,

because the volume of wastewater production was used for assessing the volume of

biogas and electricity.

When comparing the seafood processing industrial factories with other

types of factories, for example, cassava starch factories where the volume of electricity



produced was 614,895,256 unit/year [20], the volume of electricity production from

the seafood processing industrial factories was less than of the cassava starch

industrial factories. But, there are many seafood processing industrial factories all over

Thailand and if these factories used the anaerobic wastewater system that can produce

biogas, high volume of electricity can be produced from these biogas. As the evidence

was found in the data survey by Thaibiogas project of Energy Policy and Planning

Office, Ministry of Energy of 66 seafood and canned food industrial factories that had

capacity to produce biogas, with the size of over 400 m3, it was found that there were

16 factories (25%) where biogas technology has been used while 50 factories (75%)

did not operate that technology [34].

Thus, if the promotion has been done strongly implement at by the

government and non-government organizations, Thailand will be able to possess

energy to replace fossil fuel that cause many types of pollution at the present time

including being able to lower the cost of wastewater treatment of the factory owners.

For each time of wastewater treatment, the factories have to spend electricity energy,

the cost of materials used for wastewater treatment, for example, chemical substances,

human resources, etc. which caused the higher cost of productivity investment.

4.5 The estimation of volume and value of Certified Emission

Reductions

The calculation of volume and value of Certified Emission Reductions

(CERs) from seafood processing industry with wastewater treatment system capacity,

if these factories would like to implement biogas system or the Clean Development

Mechanism project (CDM). The estimation greenhouse gas emission reduction used

equation (3-6);

CH4 reduction (kg/yr) = Total COD (kgCOD/yr) x B0 (kgCH4/kgCOD) x MCF x 0.8



Table 4-14 The calculation methane (CH4) from seafood processing industry

wastewater treatment.


Total COD Total Chemical Oxygen Demand per year from

wastewater treatment of 91 seafood industries

= wastewater (m3/year) x 4.22 kgCOD/m3

= 22,555,062 x 4.22

= 95,182,362

95,182,362

kgCOD/year

From

collection

B0 Maximum methane producing capacity of

wastewater

0.25

kgCH4/kgCOD

[8]

MCF Methane conversion factor that express what

proportion of the effluent would be anaerobically

digested

0.738 [29]

0.80 The reduction of greenhouse gas emission from

baseline process, which was 80% or 0.80

0.80 [20]

CH4

reduction

Methane reduction

= 95,182,362 x 0.25 x 0.738 x 0.80

= 14,048,917

14,048,917

kg/year

From

calculation by

equation (3-6)

The result of the estimated calculation of the sampled factories’ capacity to

reduce greenhouse gas emission in the form of methane which was done by

multiplying Chemical Oxygen Demand value by the maximal value of methane

producing capacity of wastewater, methane conversion factor and the value of

greenhouse gas emission reduction was 14,048,917 kg/year. This value then can be

converted to carbon dioxide by the following calculation:

The estimation greenhouse gas emission reduction was calculated by using

the equation (3-7)

CO2 (ton/year) = 25 x CH4 (kg/year) x 1 (ton) / 1,000 (kg)



Table 4-15 The greenhouse gas emission reduction from wastewater treatment system

of seafood processing industry in the form of carbon dioxide (ton/year)


25 Global warming potential of methane 25 [8]

CH4 Methane reduction from seafood processing

industry

14,048,917

kgCOD/year

From

calculation by

equation (3-6)

1/1000 The conversion factor kg to ton 1/1000 kg -

CO2 CO2 = 25 x 14,048,917 x 1

1000

= 351,223

351,223

ton/year

From

calculation by

equation (3-7)

The converted carbon dioxide from methane was found to be 351,223

ton/year. Regarding to the capability of greenhouse gas, capability of methane was

found to be 25 times of the capability of carbon dioxide [8]. After the value of carbon

dioxide volume has been calculated, the next step was to calculate the value of

greenhouse gas emission reduction of carbon dioxide in the form of Certified Emission

Reductions ton/year, as follows: The estimated greenhouse gas valuation was

calculated by using the equation (3-8)

CERs (Baht/year) = CO2 (ton/year) x price per unit of CERs (Baht/ton)

Table 4-16 The value of greenhouse gas emission reduction from wastewater

treatment system of seafood processing industry.


CO2 Greenhouse gas emission reduction in

the form of ton CO2/year

351,223 ton/year From calculation

by equation (3-7)

Price Price per unit of CERs 469.18 Baht/CERs [30]

CERs Certified Emission Reductions

= 351,223 x 469.18

= 164,786,767

164,786,767

Baht/year

From calculation

by equation (3-8)



By using the value of greenhouse gas emission reduction of 11.76 Euro $

per ton CO2/year, the price per unit of Certified Emission Reductions in accordance

with the market in December, 2010 [30], the rate of Euro Baht was 39.89 Baht: 1 Euro

[35]. The price per unit of Certified Emission Reductions was 469.18 Baht/CERs

therefore, the value of greenhouse gas emission reduction was 164,786,767 Baht/year.

Table 4-17 The reduction of methane and Certified Emission Reductions value from

wastewater treatment system of seafood processing industry.

Parameter None biogas

system

Biogas system Total


(m3/year)

Total COD

(kgCOD/year)

Methane reduction

(ton/year)

Carbon dioxide equivalent

(ton/year)

CERs value

(Baht/year)

19,238,262

81,185,466

11,983

299,574

140,554,302

3,316,800

13,996,896

2,066

51,649

24,232,465

22,555,062

95,182,362

14,049

351,223

164,786,767

The assessment result of volume of greenhouse gas emission reduction

capacity in seafood processing industrial factories was found to be 351,223 ton CO2

eq/year, 299,574 ton CO2 eq/year and 51,649 ton CO2 eq/year of the factories with

aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment systems respectively. For the value, it was

found to be 164,786,767 bath/year, 140,554,302 and 24,232,465 bath/year of the

factories with aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment systems respectively. These

values were recognized as a quite high level. If these values could be really developed,

the country can be able to develop income from selling the volume of greenhouse gas



emission in the world market. Therefore, it is strongly to promote the seafood

processing industry to participate in Clean Development Mechanism project.

Table 4-18 The potential of electricity generated and greenhouse gas emission

reduction of seafood processing industry

Title Volume/value

Biogas generated (m3/year)

Biogas generated of anaerobic system (m3/year)

Biogas generated of aerobic system (m3/year)

Biogas generated of production (m3/ton)

Biogas generated of raw material (m3/ton)

52,102,193

7,661,808

44,440,385

19.37

16.22

Electricity generated (unit/year)

Electricity generated (Baht/year)

62,522,632

104,162,705

Greenhouse gas reduction (ton CO2eq/year)

Greenhouse gas reduction of anaerobic system (ton CO2eq/year)

Greenhouse gas reduction of aerobic system (ton CO2eq/year)

Greenhouse gas reduction (ton CO2eq/ton production)

Greenhouse gas reduction (ton CO2eq/ton raw material)

351,223

51,649

299,574

0.13

0.11

CERs value (Baht/year)

CERs value of anaerobic system (Baht/year)

CERs value of aerobic system (Baht/year)

CERs value production (Baht/ ton)

CERs value raw material (Baht/ton)

164,786,767

24,232,465

140,554,302

61.17

51.32

Table 4-18 was concerned with the summary of the study in regard to

biogas, electricity generated carbon dioxide volume, and greenhouse gas reduction of

91 sampled seafood processing industrial factories.

At present, the Clean Development Mechanism project in Thailand

approved 133 projects [36], almost that of cassava industry and palm oil industry but

not found of seafood processing industry so, need to the promote developing in

seafood processing industry to implementing this project. However, this technology



need high investment cost. If the promotion of this development will be done

seriously, it is necessary to get assistance from government organizations. Even

though Thailand has not had treaty for the reduction of greenhouse gas emission there

was more government organizations should start to be aware of the development this

project for replaced fuels usage and reduced greenhouse gas emission.

Therefore, the government organizations should enhance non-government

organizations knowledge about implementing the Clean Development Mechanism

program in order to help them understanding and awaring of the importance for

participation in the program. Later on, financial support should be supported by the

government organizations.


Nantira Duangkamfoo Conclusion and Recommendations / 72

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

5.1.1 Collection of data

The collection of this study was done by mailing 111 self-administered

questionnaires. The number of returns was 91 (82%). The highest number of returned

questionnaires was found from Samutsakhon, Samutprakan, and Songkhla Provinces.

The rest of the 20 questionnaires mailed out (18%), there were no responses from 2

factories that were closed while 18 factories did not respond.

In regard to the wastewater treatment system, of the sampled factories,

there were 81 factories that were found to have aerobic wastewater treatment among

these factories; 62 factories used the method of activated sludge, 16 factories used the

method of aerator, 2 factories used the method of stabilization pond while 1 factory

used oxidation ditch. And 10 sampled factories had anaerobic wastewater treatment

system.

5.1.2 Production capacity and wastewater production rate

It was found that the total production capacity of 91 factories was found to

be 2,693,623 ton/year, the total raw materials used was 3,210,517 ton/year, and the

material utilization ratio was 1 : 1.19 or 84 percent of the raw materials.

The total wastewater volume of all sampled factories was 22,555,063

ton/year and the wastewater production rate was 8.37 m3/ton of production and 7.03

m3/ton of raw materials.

5.1.3 The estimation of biogas

According to the estimation made, the total biogas production of 91

factories should be 52,102,193 m3/year, 7,661,808 m

3/year can be produced from the

factories with the anaerobic wastewater treatment system (15%) while the rest of



44,440,385 m3/year (85%) were the estimated biogas production of the factories with

the aerobic wastewater treatment system where biogas can not be produced but if the

wastewater treatment system has been changed to anaerobic system, biogas can be

really produced.

5.1.4 The electricity production

The estimated generating electricity volume of 91 factories was found to

be 62,522,632 unit/year in which the electricity production from aerobic wastewater

treatment system was 53,328,462 unit/year while the estimated electricity production

from anaerobic wastewater treatment system was 9,194,170 unit/year. Regarding to

this value of electrical generation, the total value was found to be 104,162,705

Baht/year, 88,845,218 Baht/year from the aerobic wastewater treatment system and

15,317,487 Baht/year from the anaerobic wastewater treatment system respectively.

5.1.5 The estimation of volume and value of CERs

The assessment of volume and value of greenhouse gas emission reduction

in the sampled seafood processing industrial factories showed that the greenhouse gas

emission reduction in the form of ton CO2/year was 351,223 ton/year, the volume of

greenhouse gas emission reduction capacity in the aerobic and anaerobic wastewater

treatment systems were 299,574 ton CO2 eq/year and 51,649 ton CO2 eq/year

respectively. In regard to the estimated value of Certified Emission Reduction, the

total value was found to be 164,786,767 Baht/year, 140,554,302 Baht/year and

24,232,465 Baht/year from the aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment system

respectively.

5.2 Recommendations

5.2.1 Recommendations from the results of the study

1. Collecting data by mailing self-administered questionnaires

to the sampled factories and waiting for the returns showed that the return rate was

quite low comparing to administering by the researcher. Therefore, this method of data

collection could not make the estimation of the number of returned questionnaires.



This type of data collection had a high risk and the data received may not be adequate,

not be detailed enough, and did not serve the research objectives. This problem may be

due to the fact that the respondents did not understand the questions but they could not

contact the researcher for clarification therefore, they answered based on their own

understanding which may not serve the objectives set. This mail survey was different

from person-to-person interview in which the respondents can ask questions about the

questions or other problems that they may have. Therefore, some responses received

of this project were not clear or not complete.

Thus, the recommendation was to add the respondent’s name

and telephone number in the questionnaire so the researcher could contact the

respondent if the data received were not clear.

2. It was found that some data were not the data of the

specific period of time; for example, some factories gave the average data per year

while some gave the average data of the month that the data were collected. Thus, the

data should be checked for the completeness before processing for data analysis.

3. There were a various of the types of the industrial

factories, for example, canned fish factory, frozen seafood factory, seafood processing

plants, clam drying plant, cold storage, etc. therefore, these processes were different,

some factories had simple processes, for example, cold storage, clam-drying plant

while some factories had complicated processes, for example, canned fish factory,

seafood processing plant, etc. Then, the data collected were very different so the

means of the variables were only the representatives of the seafood processing

industry not for each specific type of production.

4. The results of this study were only the estimation of the

volume and values of the biogas, energy and greenhouse gas emission reduction from

wastewater treatment not included from waste, energy etc. and the data studied were

not the real data from the production of biogas or selling and buying in the market

Certified Emission Reduction. However, if the factories participated in the Cleaning

Development Mechanism program, the energy and the value of greenhouse gas

emission reduction can be made. The results of this study can be used for promoting

the participation in the Clean Development Mechanism Program in the future.



5. It was found that the promotion of the Clean Development

Mechanism Program among the seafood processing industry was rare comparing with

other types of industries, for example, palm oil, cassava starch, etc. even though the

number of seafood processing factory was quite high. Therefore, Thai government

should support and promote the implementation of the Clean Development

Mechanism Program in seafood processing industries, as it was found in this study and

from the survey of Thaibiogas that there are many seafood processing factories with

high potential to produce biogas.

6. As it was found from this study that there were many

seafood industrial factories with potential to produce biogas but they have not started

yet. The main reasons for not implement the project in regard to biogas production

were the high cost of investment which may not be worthwhile with the high cost of

investment and the lack of knowledge and understanding about the implementing

process. Therefore, the government should promote and support the investment and

education program about biogas production.

5.2.2 Recommendations for further studies

1. The study should be done about potential for greenhouse

gas emission reduction in other types of industry that have a high volume of

wastewater production or Chemical Oxygen Demand, for example, alcohol

production, feed processing, sugar, slaughter house etc. where is the high number of

these types of industry were found in Thailand. The aim of this study should be to

investigate the feasibility as well as to promote the participation of the Clean

Development Mechanism Project.

2. For the next study, the scope of the study should be

extended to the utilization of biogas since there were many factories with anaerobic

wastewater treatment system could produce biogas but the gas has not been utilized

except for only solving the problem about the smell of wastewater. This meants that

greenhouse gas emission reduction has not been done. Therefore, the study should be

focused on utilization and the volume of utilization in order to be confident that the

industrial factories have really reduced greenhouse gas emission.



3. For the up to date data should have re-study in every five year

because of the economic and politics are variable so, have an affect on industrial

direction. In order to plan for the Clean Development Mechanism project development

and promotion. And that conform to period of The National Economic and Social

Development Plan, Business Trade and Industrial census by The National Statistical

Office Thailand.



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Nantira Duangkamfoo Appendices / 82

APPENDICES



APPENDIX A

Value in the calculation of seafood processing industry

Parameter Calculation

value

Source value Source

Production capacity (ton/year) - 2,693,622.76 Collected data

Raw material (ton/year) - 3,210,516.56 Collected data

Wastewater (m3/year) - 22,555,062.00 Collected data

Biogas (m3/m

3) 2.31 0.1125

4.4675

2.35

[24]

[25]

[26]

The generating electricity - 1.20 [27]

The electricity price

(Baht/unit)

- 1.67 [28]

COD (kgCOD/m3) 4.22 - Collected data

B0 (kgCH4/kgCOD) - 0.25 [8]

MCF - 0.738 [29]

The reduction of GHGs

emission

- 0.8 [20]

Global warming potential of

methane

- 25 [8]

Price of CERs 11.76 EUR/ton Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management

Organization on December 2011

1 EUR = 39.89 Baht Bank of Thailand on 24 December 2010



APPENDIX B-1

The calculation of biogas generation

Equaltion (3-3):

Biogas production (m3/year) = a (m

3/m

3) x b (m

3/year)


a

(m3/m

3)

Biogas production rate of seafood

processing industry

2.31 Appendix A

b

(m3/year)


- Aerobic system

- Anaerobic system

19,238,262.00

3,316,800.00

Collected

data

Biogas

generation

(m3/year)

Biogas generation

- Aerobic system

= 2.31 x 19,238,262

= 44,440,385.22

- Anaerobic system

= 2.31 x 3,316,800

= 7,661,808.00

- Total

= 2.31 x 19,238,262

= 52,102,193.22

44,440,385.22

7,661,808.00

52,102,193.22



APPENDIX B-2

The calculation of electricity generation

Equaltion (3-4): Electricity (unit/year) = Biogas (m3/year) x 1.20 (unit/m

3)


Biogas

generation

(m3/year)

Biogas generation

- Aerobic system

- Anaerobic system

- Total

44,440,385.22

7,661,808.00

52,102,193.22

APPENDIX

B-1

1.20

(unit/m3)

The generating electricity per 1 m3

of biogas

1.20 (unit/m3) [27]

Electricity

(unit/year)

Electricity generating

- Aerobic system

= 44,440,385.22 x 1.20

= 53,328,462.26

- Anaerobic system

= 7,661,808.00 x 1.20

= 9,194,169.60

- Total

= 52,102,193.22 x 1.20

= 62,522,631.86

53,328,462.26

9,194,169.60

62,522,631.86



APPENDIX B-3

The calculation of electricity value

Equaltion (3-5):

Electricity valuation = Electricity volume (unit/year) x price/unit (Baht/unit)


Electricity

(unit/year)

Electricity generating

- Aerobic system

- Anaerobic system

- Total

53,328,462.26

9,194,169.60

62,522,631.86

APPENDIX

B-2

price/unit Electricity price per unit 1.67 Baht/unit [28]

Electricity

value

Electricity value

- Aerobic system

= 53,328,462.26 x 1.67

= 88,845,218.13

- Anaerobic system

= 9,194,169.60 x 1.67

= 15,317,486.55

- Total

= 62,522,631.86 x 1.67

= 104,162,704.69

88,845,218.13

15,317,486.55

104,162,704.69



APPENDIX B-4

The calculation of greenhouse gas reduction

Equaltion (3-6):

CH4 reduction (kg/yr) = Total COD (kgCOD/yr) x B0 (kgCH4/kgCOD) x MCF x 0.8


COD

(kgCOD/m3)

Chemical Oxygen Demand 4.22 Collected

data

Total COD

kgCOD/year

Total Chemical Oxygen Demand per

year from wastewater treatment of

91 seafood processing industries

= wastewater (m3/year) x

COD(kgCOD/m3)

- Aerobic system

= 19,238,262 x 4.22

= 81,185,465.64

- Anaerobic system

= 3,316,800 x 4.22

= 13,996,896.00

- Total

= 22,555,062 x 4.22

= 95,182,361.64

81,185,465.64

13,996,896.00

95,182,361.64

B0

(kgCH4/

kgCOD)

Maximum methane producing

capacity of wastewater

0.25 [8]

MCF Methane conversion factor that

express what proportion of the

effluent would be anaerobically

digested

0.738 [29]

0.8 The reduction of greenhouse gas

emission from baseline process,

which was 80% or 0.80

0.80 [20]




CH4

reduction

(kg/year)

Methane reduction

- Aerobic system

= 81,185,465.64 x 0.25 x 0.738 x 0.80

= 11,982,974.73

- Anaerobic system

= 13,996,896.00 x 0.25 x 0.738 x 0.80

= 2,065,941.85

- Total

= 95,182,361.64 x 0.25 x 0.738 x 0.80

= 14,048,916.58

11,982,974.73

2,065,941.85

14,048,916.58



APPENDIX B-5

The calculation of greenhouse gas reduction in form of CO2 equivalent

Equaltion (3-7):

CO2 (ton/year) = 25 x CH4 (kg/year) x 1 (ton) / 1000 (kg)


25 Global warming potential of

methane

25 [8]

CH4

(kgCOD/year)

Methane reduction from seafood

processing industry

- Aerobic system

- Anaerobic system

- Total

11,982,974.73

2,065,941.85

14,048,916.58

APPENDIX

B-4

1/1000

(kg)

The conversion factor kg to ton 1/1000

CO2

(ton/year)


- Aerobic system

= 25 x 11,982,974.73 x 1 / 1000

= 299,574.37

- Anaerobic system

= 25 x 2,065,941.85 x 1 / 1000

= 51,648.55

- Total

= 25 x 14,048,916.58 x 1 / 1000

= 351,222.91

299,574.37

51,648.55

351,222.91



APPENDIX B-6

The calculation of CERs value

Equaltion (3-8):

CERs (Baht/year) = CO2 (ton/year) x price per unit of CERs (Baht/ton)


CO2

(ton/year)


- Aerobic system

- Anaerobic system

- Total

299,574.37

51,648.55

351,222.91

APPENDIX

B-5

price per unit

of CERs

(Baht/ton)

price per unit of CERs 469.18 [30]

CERs

(Baht/year)

Certified Emission Reduction

- Aerobic system

= 299,574.37 x 469.18

= 140,554,302.08

- Anaerobic system

= 51,648.55 x 469.18

= 24,232,464.92

- Total

= 351,222.91 x 469.18

= 164,786,767.00

140,554,302.08

24,232,464.92

164,786,767.00



APPENDIX C

THE QUESTIONAIRE

แบบสอบถามเพอการวจย

เรอง การศกษาศกยภาพการลดการปลอยกาซเรอนกระจกภายใตเงอนไขการด าเนนโครงการกลไกการพฒนาทสะอาดในอตสาหกรรมอาหารทะเล 1. ขอมลทวไป

1.1 ชอโรงงาน/บรษท 1.2 เลขทะเบยนโรงงาน ทตงโรงงาน

1.3 โทรศพท (Tel.) โทรสาร (Fax.)

E-mail Web Site 1.4 ประกอบกจการ 1.5 จ านวนพนกงาน คน 1.6 เวลาท างาน ชม./วน

2. การใชทรพยากร วตถดบ น า ไฟฟาและพลงงานอนๆ 2.1 วตถดบ

ชนดของวตถดบ ปรมาณ (ตน/เดอน) ผลผลต (ตน/เดอน)

2.2 ทรพยากรน า ลบ.ม./เดอน 2.3 ปรมาณการใชไฟฟา kWh/เดอน 2.5 ปรมาณการใชแกส LPG ลตร/เดอน 2.6 น ามนเชอเพลง ลตร/เดอน 2.7 พลงงานงานทางเลอกอนๆ (ถาม)



3. การจดการน าเสยจากกระบวนการผลต(เขาระบบ) 3.1 ปรมาณน าเสย ลบ.ม./เดอน 3.2 คณลกษณะของน าเสย

pH อณหภม o C COD มก./ล. BOD5 มก./ล. TKN มก./ล. SS มก./ล. TDS มก./ล. Grease & oil มก./ล.

3.3 การจดการน าเสย/ระบบบ าบดน าเสย………………………..……………………………………. 4. กจกรรมการสงเสรมอนรกษพลงงานไดแก การผลตแกสชวภาพ พลงงานแสงอาทตย ชวมวลฯลฯ 4.1 การผลตแกสชวภาพ ด าเนนการแลวตงแต ป แหลงทมา

- หนวยงานทใหการสนบสนน ด าเนนงานดวยตนเอง หนวยงานภายนอก (ระบ)

- ปรมาณแกสชวภาพทผลตได ลบ.ม./เดอน - การใชประโยชน

คาดวาจะด าเนนการ ในป ยงไมไดด าเนนการ เพราะ

4.2 พลงงานแสงอาทตย ด าเนนการแลวตงแตป แหลงทมา


- ปรมาณพลงงานแสงอาทตยทผลตได kW/เดอน - การใชประโยชน




4.3 พลงงานชวมวล ด าเนนการแลวตงแต ป แหลงทมา


- ปรมาณชวมวลทใช กก./เดอน - การใชประโยชน


4.3 พลงงานอนๆ ด าเนนการแลวตงแต ป แหลงทมา


- ปรมาณพลงงานทผลตได /เดอน - การใชประโยชน

คาดวาจะด าเนนการในป ยงไมไดด าเนนการ เพราะ

5. ปญหาและอปสรรคในการด าเนนการอนรกษพลงงาน 6. การสงเสรมและสนบสนนจากภาครฐทตองการเพมเตม (ระบ)

7. ความร ความเขาใจ กลไกการพฒนาทสะอาด ไมม คอ ไมมหรอมนอยมาก / ไมสนใจทจะศกษาโครงการฯ น ปานกลาง คอ มเขารระดบปานกลาง/รหลกการเบองตน/ก าลงอยในชวงศกษาโครงการฯ มาก คอ มความร ความเขาใจด / เคยผานการอบรมมาแลว / ก าลงด าเนนการโครงการฯ ผกรอกขอมล ต าแหนง โทรศพท โทรสาร E-mail


Nantira Duangkamfoo Biography / 94

BIOGRAPHY

NAME Nantira Duangkamfoo

DATE OF BIRTH 17th August 1980

PLACE OF BIRTH Lampang, Thailand

INSTITUTIONS ATTENDED Rajabhat Institute Chiang Mai, 1999-2003

Bachelor of Science and Technology

(Environmental Science)

Mahidol University, 2008-2011

Master of Science (Technology of

Environmental Management)

HOME ADDRESS 89 Moo 5, Tambon Phichai, Amphur

Muang, Lampang 52000

Tel. 0 5433 5550

E-mail : [email protected]

EMPLOYMENT ADDRESS Thai Auto Conversion Co.,Ltd.

159 Moo 16, Theparak rd., Tambon

Bangsaothong, Amphur Bangsaothong,

Samutprakarn 10540

Tel. 0 2313 1371

E-mail : [email protected]


mailto:[email protected]

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