The Power of Music

VI Further Benefits of Music

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www.mind-study.org/power-of-music

Mozart sonata for violin andpiano #24 in F major (4:30)

We may choose organic food at the supermarket and avoid inhaling each others’ cigarette smoke, yet we rarely pay attention to the equally positive or negative aspects of sound, the other thing we put it our bodies. Don Campbell and Alex Doman (2011)

Sound in language

• In language:– sound is a synonym for healthy in mind and/or body– N.B.: sound judgment, sound advice,– being in tune with others, being in harmony with others

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Music and the Body

• Rock music (Campbell 1992: 15U)

• Music and the cardiovascular system (Campbell 1992: 53)

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Quotes

• After silence, that which comes closest to expressing the inexpressible is music

• Aldous Huxley (Campbell 2002:154)

• If I had my life to live over again, I would have made a rule to … listen to some music at least once every week; for perhaps the parts of my brain now atrophied would thus have been kept active through use.

• Charles Darwin

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Endorphins

• Endorphins: released by pituitary gland• Induce natural “high”• Research at Addiction Research Center, Stanford, CA

– Music produces “euphoria” in about half of subjects– Evidence: Euphoria is disrupted by injection of naloxone

(opiate blocker)• Research in Austin TX (JAMA 1996)

– Expectant mothers in labor listened to music– Half of them required no anesthesia– “Music stimulation increases endorphin release and this

decreases the need for medication. It also provides a distraction from pain and relieves anxiety”

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Stress-related hormones

• ACTH, prolactic hormone, HGH• Anesthesiologists report:

– Levels decline significantly in those listening to relaxing music– In some cases, enough decline to obviate need for medication

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Anesthesia

• In some modern hospitals, music is frequently used to ease pain and reduce the amount of anesthesia required during surgery (Mannes168)

• In England, patients who listened to classical music which undergoing local anesthesia recovered more quickly and reported fewer complications (M 168)

• In Canada patients exposed to fifteen minutes of soothing music needed half the sedatives and anesthetic drugs compared to other patients (M168)

• In Texas children needed less anesthesia during childbirth when listening to music (M168)

• At the Cleveland Clinic, surgical patients who listened to music achieved a fourfold reduction in postsurgical pain

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Physiological Responses of the Body to Music

• Physiological responses to music –Mannes 2011:19

• Hormone production –Mannes 2011: 22Lf

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Immunoglobulin A (IgA)(Campbell 2012)

• A protein, boosts immune system• Study at UC Irvine• California Pacific Chorale• Rehearsing Beethoven’s Missa Solemnis

– IgA levels increased 150%• Performing before audience

– IgA levels increased 240%

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Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

• Slows down the aging process– Osteoporosis– Muscle mass– Aches and pains– Sexual function

• Study at Michigan State University• Retirees• Two semesters of group keyboard lessons

– Increase in levels of HGH

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Alzheimer’s disease

• Professional musicians are less likely than others to get Alzheimer’s disease (Campbell 2012)

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Respiration, skin resistance, heart rate

• Experiment at Temple University– Music of Jimi Hendrix, Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, and others

• Increased respiration, reduced skin resistance, increased heart rate• Compared to control group: random background noise

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Heartbeat and Blood Pressure

• Experiment at LSU– 24 young adults– “hard-driving” rock music

• Increase in heart rate• Lower quality of workouts

– “easy-listening” or softer music• Lower heart rates• Longer workout sessions

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Music and the cardiovascular system

• Heart 2010;96:1868-1871 doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.209858• Review: The effects of music on the cardiovascular system and

cardiovascular health• Dr Hans-Joachim Trappe, Department of Cardiology and

Angiology, University of Bochum, Hoelkeskampring 40, D-44625 Herne, Germany; hans-joachim.trappe@ruhr-uni-bochum.de

• Accepted 28 September 2010Music may not only improve quality of life but may also effect changes in heart rate and heart rate variability. It has been shown that cerebral flow was significantly lower when listening to ‘Va pensiero’ from Verdi's ‘Nabucco’ (70.4±3.3 cm/s) compared with ‘Libiam nei lieti calici’ from Verdi's ‘La Traviata’ (70.2±3.1 cm/s) (p<0.02) or Bach's Cantata No. 169 ‘Gott soll allein mein Herze haben’ (70.9±2.9 cm/s) (p<0.02). ... 14

The Lullaby as therapy for infants

• Length of hospital stay—Premature babies (Campbell 1997 24U)

• Recovery from surgery (Campbell 1997 25MB)

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The Lullaby as therapy for infants

• Relaxation (Campbell 23Bf)• Experiment on consonance and dissonance

– 32 infants, age 4 months– Short selections from European folk songs– Consonant versions and dissonant versions played– Consonant versions:

• Improvement in focus• Less wiggling• Less fussiness

– Dissonant versions• More whining• They turned away from the speaker

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Stress-related hormones

• ACTH, prolactic hormone, HGH• Anesthesiologists report:

– Levels decline significantly in those listening to relaxing music– In some cases, enough decline to obviate need for medication

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Music Therapy (I)

• There are now over 5000 music therapists in hospitals, rehab units, health-care facilities, clinics, nursing homes, day-care centers, and prisons

• St. Agnes hospital, Baltimore– Patients in critical care– Listen to classical music– “Half an hour of music produced the same effect as ten milligrams of

Valium” —Raymond Bahr, M.D., director of the coronary care unit

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Music Therapy (II)

• Paul Robinson, MD, visiting professor of music and psychiatry, Kingston University, Ontario:– Patients exposed to 15 minutes of soothing music

require only 50% of recommended doses of sedatives and anesthetic drugs for painful operations

• Music before surgery (Mannes 23M)

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Music Therapy (III)

• Parkinson’s disease (Oliver Sacks) (Campbell 1997: 127)• Healing harps (Campbell 1992: 79)

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Music Therapy (IV)

• The Benedictine monks in south France (Campbell 103Mf)• Gérard Depardieu (Campbell 116Uf)

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Music Therapy (V)

• Easing labor pain– “Our little girl was born to a Mozart string quartet

and placed on my chest for me to hold. This was the most wonderful moment of my life”

—a mother quoted in Lieberman, Easing Labor Pain

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Music Therapy has achieved significant results with . .

• Blood pressure reduction• Asthma• Cancer• Depression• Epilepsy• Migraine• Insomnia• Neuromuscular disorders• Stroke rehabilitation• Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia

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Carly Simon

• Carly Simon had a stammer as a child• Her mother told her, “Don’t say it, sing it.”• That’s hew she eliminated her stammer (M 179)• She has founded a music therapy program at the Berklee

College of Music in Boston (M 168)

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Music and customer behavior

• French music in a British supermarket– French wines outsold German wines by 3 to 1 margin– North, Hargreaves & McKendrick, “The influence of in-store music on

wine selection”, Journal of Applied Psychology, no 2, (1999) 271-76• Volume of drinking at bars influenced by volume of music

– Alan Moses, “Loud music in bars hastens drinking”, HealthDay, http://www.hon,ch/News/HSN/617602.html

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Music and eating

• Restaurants can move customers through quickly by playing fast music, or make them linger by playing slow music

• Research at Johns Hopkins U– Rock music makes people eat faster and a larger volume of food– Classical music: slower rate of eating less food consumed

• Especially slow music of strings

• Results used by fast-food chains– They pipe in “bright and briskly paced” music– To induce customers to eat their (whopping) meals faster and

make room for other customers

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Music and IQ

• Students who take piano or signing lessons for at east one year gain more IQ points during that year than those who take drama lessons or no lessons at all– Karen Lurie, “Arts Smarts”, ScienCentral, www.sciencentral.com/article/view.php3?article_id=218392326

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Music and SAT scores

• College-bound seniors who had high school music experience scored 52 points higher on the verbal portions of their SATs and 37 points higher on the math portion than those without art instruction– The College Board, “Profiles of SAT and achievement test takers”

(1998), quoted in AMC Music, http://www,amc-music.com• Teenagers who play a musical instrument score significantly

higher than non-musicians– Music Educators National Conference and the College Board, “Profile

of SAT and Achievement test takers , 1998, 1996

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Music in Silicon Valley

• The foremost technical designers and engineers in Silicon Valley are almost all practicing musicians– Harvey, “Supporting music education”

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Music and Medical School

• Medical school graduates who play a musical instruments score higher on practical medical tests than those with no music training.– JAMA, quoted in Harvey, “Supporting musical education”

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Pablo Casals

• Campbell 1997, 63Bf

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Other Mozart Effects

• In monasteries in Brittany, monks play music to their animals– Cows who hear Mozart give more milk (Campbell 14)

• City squares, Edmonton, Alberta– Piped music: Mozart string quartets– To calm pedestrian traffic– Significant reduction in drug dealing

• Ohara brewery, northern Japan– Music of Mozart used in brewing sake– Density of yeast increases by a factor of ten

• Tomatis and the frog– Campbell 1997 51Bf

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Rats prefer Bach

Rats were tested by psychologists to see how they would react to Bach's music and rock music. The rats were placed into two different boxes. Rock music was played in one of the boxes while Bach's music was played in the other box. The rats could choose to switch boxes through a tunnel that connected both boxes. Almost all of the rats chose to go into the box with the Bach music even after the type of music was switched from one box to the other.

Laurence O'Donnell, Music and the Brain

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The Mozart Effect: Growth of plants (I) Don Carlson: Sitar Music

• Research of Dan Carlson– Hypothesis: Sound might prompt plants to open up their pores,

enabling them to absorb more nutrients– Got best results with sitar music– Conjecture: sitar music has vibrations similar to bird singing

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The Mozart Effect: Growth of plants (II)

• Research of Dorothy Retallak, Temple Buell College, Denver– Five small greenhouses– Corn, squash, marigolds, zinnias, petunias– All conditions the same in all five, except the sound– Results, next slide

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The Mozart Effect: Growth of plants (II)

• Research of Dorothy Retallack, Temple Buell College, Denver– Ist greenhouse: Bach

• Dramatic growth• Flowers abundant• Vines turned toward the speakers

– 2nd greenhouse: Indian classical music• Results like those for Bach

– 3rd greenhouse: loud rock• Many fewer flowers• Didn’t grow well

– 4th greenhouse country & western• Almost identical to the 5th greenhouse

– 5th greenhouse: silence

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Why Mozart?

• Tomatis has studied Mozart in relation to other music– Beethoven, Beatles, Gerschwin, Armstrong, …

• Finds that Mozart works best– Relation– Spatial perception– Effective communication– Even in Tokyo, Cape Town, Amazonia

• Why? Tomatis speculates . .– Simpler than Beethoven and Bach and others– Beneficial features include

• Rhythm• Medodies• Frequencies

– Campbell 1997, 27M,B37

The dancing cockatoo

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7IZmRnAo6s • Mannes 120ff

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Cymatics

• TED Talk: Evan Grant (4:39)• http://www.ted.com/talks/evan_grant_cymatics?language=en

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R4Bkwh9h9c• 0-14:59

• http://www.cymaticsconference.com

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alT1KfE8_sk• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alT1KfE8_sk• 13:20 – 15:20

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Boy breaks wine glass with voice

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sH7XSX10QkM

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Bach, Prelude in C

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The rest of the story

• Charles Gounod, Meditation sur le Premier Prelude de S. Bach • An improvisation, 1853• Transcribed by Pierre-Joseph-Guilaume Zimmerman

– Future father-in-law of Gounod– Published arrangement for violin or cello with piano and harmonium

• Version with words by Alphonse de Lamartine– Le livre de la vie (the book of life), 1853

• Ave Maria, 1859, Jacques Léopold Heugel• Schubert’s Ave Maria is also a contrafactum

– Originally Ellen’s Third Song (1825)– One of a set of seven songs based on Sir Walter Scott’s The lady of the

Lake

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T h a t ‘ s i t !