The Power of WindThe Power of Wind

CBE 555CBE 555Stephen KleinStephen Klein

HistoryHistory

5000 BC : Propel ships5000 BC : Propel ships 200 BC200 BC

Windmills in China pumping waterWindmills in China pumping water Persia grinding grain with vertical axisPersia grinding grain with vertical axis

1111thth Century – Widespread use in Middle Century – Widespread use in Middle EastEast

Persian Windmill

HistoryHistory

1919thth Century – Replacement by steam Century – Replacement by steam enginesengines

1890 thru Present1890 thru Present Electricity Production (Denmark)Electricity Production (Denmark) Interest varies greatly with fuel costsInterest varies greatly with fuel costs

• WWIIWWII• 1970’s1970’s• NowNow

General PrincipleGeneral Principle

Types of TurbinesTypes of Turbines

Horizontal Axis Wind Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)Turbines (HAWT)

Vertical Axis Wind Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)Turbine (VAWT)

Many different types – Most utilities use HAWT with 2-3 rotors

General DesignGeneral Design

World LeadersWorld Leaders

Capacity (MW)

US GrowthUS Growth

Production Tax Credit (1991)Production Tax Credit (1991) $0.021/kWh credit extended through 2009$0.021/kWh credit extended through 2009

Home tax credit (30%)Home tax credit (30%)

Wisconsin HistoryWisconsin History

2006 – 4.6% Energy Produced Renewable2006 – 4.6% Energy Produced Renewable 1.4% of that Wind (320,000 MWh)1.4% of that Wind (320,000 MWh) 55 Turbines in Operation55 Turbines in Operation

2005 – 150,000 MWh2005 – 150,000 MWh 1998 – First Windmills Installed1998 – First Windmills Installed

Glenmore Wind Energy ProjectGlenmore Wind Energy Project

Where Is It?Where Is It?

PhenomenaPhenomena

Lake EffectLake Effect Mountain-ValleyMountain-Valley FunnelFunnel

TheoryTheoryBernoulli Equation (total power)

Since: ,

Available Power ~ v3

Total Removed:

How much really???

Pm

vm

211 2

1P

31 PP

23

2122

1 vvAvth .P

Avm 2

Theory (Cont’d)Theory (Cont’d)

Another definition of Power:Another definition of Power:

So, can combine the two power expressions, to determine velocity at (2)So, can combine the two power expressions, to determine velocity at (2)

Can plug this expression back in for power of windmill, and compare to Can plug this expression back in for power of windmill, and compare to power available:power available:

Betz’s Law – Albert Betz – German Physicist, 1920Betz’s Law – Albert Betz – German Physicist, 1920

312222 vvvmFv P 312 vvmF

23123

212

1 vvvmvvm 2

312

vvv

2

1

3

1

3

311

23

21

312

1

2 112

1

21

221

v

v

v

v

vA

vvvv

AC

PP

Max of 0.593 at vMax of 0.593 at v33/v/v11=0.33 =0.33

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

v3/v1

C

Ideal OperationIdeal Operation

Glenmore Wind Energy FacilityGlenmore Wind Energy Facility

Two 600 kW turbinesTwo 600 kW turbines Opened February 1999Opened February 1999 De Pere, WIDe Pere, WI $2.1 million$2.1 million

Month of October ProductionMonth of October Production

Wisconsin ProjectsWisconsin Projects

Blue Sky Green Field, Fond du lac Co.Blue Sky Green Field, Fond du lac Co. Cedar Ridge Wind Farm, Fond du lac Co.Cedar Ridge Wind Farm, Fond du lac Co. Glacier Hills, Portage, WIGlacier Hills, Portage, WI

Blue Sky Green FieldBlue Sky Green Field

Started May 19, 2008Started May 19, 2008 88 Vesta V8288 Vesta V82

1.65 MW Rated1.65 MW Rated Cut in 8 mphCut in 8 mph Rated 30 mphRated 30 mph Cut out 54 mphCut out 54 mph

380,000 MWh 380,000 MWh annuallyannually

$300 Million$300 Million

Size (BSGF)Size (BSGF)

Largest Wind Farm in WILargest Wind Farm in WI Operate at 14.4 RPMsOperate at 14.4 RPMs

Tip traveling at 138 mphTip traveling at 138 mph Rotor Assembly 47 tonsRotor Assembly 47 tons

41 m blade41 m blade Nacelle (HUB) 57 tonsNacelle (HUB) 57 tons Tower 140 tonsTower 140 tons

80 m80 m

Cedar Ridge Wind FarmCedar Ridge Wind Farm

~20 mi south of BSGF~20 mi south of BSGF 41 Vestas V8241 Vestas V82 12.2 sq mile plot12.2 sq mile plot 170,000 MWh expected170,000 MWh expected Capacity factor 30-35%Capacity factor 30-35% $180 million$180 million

TTuurrbbiinnee 1177

Glacier HillsGlacier Hills

~1 hour N of Madison~1 hour N of Madison 90 windmill site90 windmill site Hope to start construction late 2009Hope to start construction late 2009

Helpful?Helpful?

~$2000 / yr lease from land owners (1/2 ~$2000 / yr lease from land owners (1/2 acre)acre)

Produce for <5 Produce for <5 ¢¢/kWh/kWh Last Alliant bill – 11Last Alliant bill – 11¢/kWh¢/kWh

550,000 MWh from Cedar Ridge and 550,000 MWh from Cedar Ridge and BSGF is 170% increase from 2006BSGF is 170% increase from 2006

Pros and ConsPros and Cons

FreeFree No emissionsNo emissions Rural AreasRural Areas No Fuel InfrastructureNo Fuel Infrastructure

IntermittentIntermittent High InvestmentHigh Investment Visual and Visual and

Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact

Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact

NoiseNoise BirdsBirds

Source/Activity Indicative noise level dB (A)

Rural night-time background

20-40

Quiet bedroom 35

Wind farm at 350m 35-45

Car at 40mph at 100m 55

Busy general office 60

Jet aircraft at 250m 105

Threshold of Pain 140

New Technology and New Technology and Aeroelastic FlutterAeroelastic Flutter

Tacoma Narrows BridgeTacoma Narrows Bridge

Windbelt / HumdingerWindbelt / Humdinger

Using similar ideaUsing similar idea Small Scale (3 to 10 W)Small Scale (3 to 10 W) 10-30 x more efficient than smallest 10-30 x more efficient than smallest

microturbinesmicroturbines ~$2 / W (CR $2.6)~$2 / W (CR $2.6)

ApplicationsApplications LED lightingLED lighting Wireless sensorsWireless sensors

ResourcesResources http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p015392.hcsphttp://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p015392.hcsp http://www.we-energies.com/environmental/bluesky_greenfield.htmhttp://www.we-energies.com/environmental/bluesky_greenfield.htm http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?vwww.youtube.com/watch?v=P0Fi1VcbpAI&feature=related=P0Fi1VcbpAI&feature=related http://video.popularmechanics.com/services/link/bcpid1214137061/bctid1233395616http://video.popularmechanics.com/services/link/bcpid1214137061/bctid1233395616 http://www.iddsummit.org/page_attachments/0000/0446/frayne.ppt#292,20,Appendix: All

seeds look the same from a distance http://www.humdingerwind.com/pdf/WB-BI.pdfhttp://www.humdingerwind.com/pdf/WB-BI.pdf http://www.focusonenergy.com/files/Document_Management_System/Marketing/W_RI_Mhttp://www.focusonenergy.com/files/Document_Management_System/Marketing/W_RI_M

KTG_WiWindMapSped100mtr0307.pdfKTG_WiWindMapSped100mtr0307.pdf http://www.awea.org/legislative/http://www.awea.org/legislative/ http://www.awea.org/pubs/documents/Outlook_2008.pdfhttp://www.awea.org/pubs/documents/Outlook_2008.pdf http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.htmlhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.html http://power.wisconsin.gov/section.asp?linkid=1177&locid=131http://power.wisconsin.gov/section.asp?linkid=1177&locid=131 http://http://renewwisconsin.org/windfarm/windwisconsin.html#proposedrenewwisconsin.org/windfarm/windwisconsin.html#proposed www.geograph.org.uk/photo/48659www.geograph.org.uk/photo/48659 Dixon, S.L., Eng, B. Dixon, S.L., Eng, B. Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of TurbomachineryFluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery. 5th Ed. . 5th Ed.

Elsevier. 1998.Elsevier. 1998. www.catpress.com/bplanet9/eeolica.htmwww.catpress.com/bplanet9/eeolica.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7o.htmlhttp://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7o.html Erickson, Wallace, etc. Erickson, Wallace, etc. A Summary and Comparison of Bird Deaths and Mortality from A Summary and Comparison of Bird Deaths and Mortality from

Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on CollisionAnthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collision. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. . USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-191. 2005. p 1029Rep. PSW-GTR-191. 2005. p 1029

http://www.awea.org/pubs/factsheets/WE_Noise.pdfhttp://www.awea.org/pubs/factsheets/WE_Noise.pdf http://www.goodcleantech.com/2008/11/humdinger_windbelt_achieves_a.phphttp://www.goodcleantech.com/2008/11/humdinger_windbelt_achieves_a.php http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/images/technical/wind-turbine.jpghttp://www.alternative-energy-news.info/images/technical/wind-turbine.jpg http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/images/technical/wind-turbine.jpghttp://www.alternative-energy-news.info/images/technical/wind-turbine.jpg