the process of process modeling by hajo reijers
DESCRIPTION
dr. Hajo Reijers, Associate Professor Business Process Management at Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, "process modeling"TRANSCRIPT
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The Process
of Process Modeling
Hajo Reijers
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Jakob Pinggera
Stefan Zugal
Barbara Weber
Dirk Fahland
Hajo Reijers
Irene Vanderfeesten
Matthias Weidlich
Jan Mendling
Pnina Soffer
Jan Claes
Geert Poels
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Process Models in BPM
common
understanding
identify problems in
the business process
discover opportunities
for improvement execute
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Error rates between 10% and 50% in industrial process
model collections (Mendling 2009, Fahland et al. 2009, Mendling et al. 2008)
impedes comprehensibility and maintainability
of process models (Mendling 2008, Weber & Reichert 2008, Weber et al. 2011)
• Non intention-revealing or inconsistent naming (Mendling et al. 2010)
• Redundant process fragments (Hallerbach et al. 2010)
• Large and unnecessarily complex process models (Soto et al. 2008)
Quality Problems
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Elicitation Formalization
Process Model Development Lifecycle
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Challenges
Elicitation Formalization
Good communication
between stakeholders
and effective
negotiation processes
Significant process
modeling skills and
good modeling
support
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1. Learn from process modelers
2. Investigate tool/notation impact on modeling
3. Support modeling:
• modeling methodology
• modeling notation
• modeling tools
Overall objective: Improve Formalization
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Elicitation Formalization
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Analyze Formalization as a Process
Elicitation
Formalization
Comprehension
Modeling Reconciliation
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process modeling
• motivation
• elicitation + formalization
capture as a process
• conceptual idea
• what does it look like
insights:
• dialogue document
• modeling styles
• eye-tracking
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Outline
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iterative, highly flexible process
depends on individual modeler
3 successive phases
Process of Process Modeling (PPM)
Comprehension
Modeling Reconciliation
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same product (process model)
What does the PPM look like?
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same product (process model)
record modeling steps
What does the PPM look like?
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Model recording
CREATE_START_EVENT
CREATE_ACTIVITY CREATE_EDGE
CREATE_XOR_GATEWAY
CREATE_AND_GATEWAY
MOVE_ACTIVITY
CREATE_EDGE_BENDPOINT NAME_EDGE
RENAME_ACTIVITY
DELETE_ACTIVITY
Cheetah Experimental Platform: http://bpm.q-e.at/?page_id=56
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classify modeling steps
accumulate in Modeling Phase Diagrams (PPMs)
What does the PPM look like?
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Experiments
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process modeling
• motivation
• elicitation + formalization
capture as a process
• conceptual idea
• what does it look like
some insights
• dialogue document
• attention fixation
• modeling styles
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Outline
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DIALOGUE DOCUMENT
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Dialogue document
P.J.M. Frederiks and Th.P. van der Weide: Information modeling: The process and the required
competencies of its participants. Data and Knowledge Engineering 58 (2006) 1, 4-20.
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Dialogue document
Factor of interest: Organization of dialogue
document
Factor levels: Breadth-first, Depth-first, Random
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Results: Correctness
Very similar
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Results: Modeling time
Breadth-first significantly quicker than random
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Results: Accuracy
Random has a significant higher distance
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Results – Dialogue document
Modeling is difficult
• High percentage of syntactical errors
Organization dialogue document:
• Limited effect on syntactical correctness
• Big effect on accuracy
Breadth first seems favorable:
• Modeling time lowest
• Modelers most closely follow dialogue document
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MODELING STYLES
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Modeling styles
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Approach
Understandable
models
Non-understandable
models
J. Claes, I. Vanderfeesten, H.A. Reijers, J. Pinggera, M. Weidlich, S. Zugal, B. Weber, J. Mendling, G. Poels and D. Fahland.
Tying Process Model Quality to the Modeling Process: The Impact of Structuring, Movement, and Speed. Accepted to 10th
International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM 2012)
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Structured modeling
Creating blocks ‘as a whole’ (before moving on to
the creation of the rest of the model)
ACT
ACT
X X ACT
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Movement
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Speed
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Structured modeling
Moves
Speed
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Test
maxSimulBlock understandability 0.028*
percNumBlockAsAWhole understandability 0.030*
avgMoveOnMovedElements understandability 0.049*
percNumElementsWithMoves understandability 0.648
totTime understandability 0.031*
totCreateTime understandability 0.014*
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EYE-TRACKING
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Eye-tracking
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Modeler
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creating a formal model is a process in itself
we record and measure this process of modeling
modeling is difficult
structure dialogue document has an impact
modeling styles differ – relation with model quality
in search of what makes modeling difficult
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Summary
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good modelers model quickly
good modelers model structuredly
Take away
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questions:
• can we improve the process of process modeling?
• can we develop effective modeling instructions?
• can we provide effective tool support?
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The future
X X
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Questions?
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Hajo Reijers
http://www.reijers.com
Twitter: @MultumNonMulta
S.N. Cant, D.R. Jeffery and B Henderson-Sellers: A conceptual model of cognitive complexity of
elements of the programming process. Information and Software Technology 37 (1995) 7, pp.
351-362.
J. Claes, I. Vanderfeesten, H.A. Reijers, J. Pinggera, M. Weidlich, S. Zugal, B. Weber, J.
Mendling, G. Poels and D. Fahland. Tying Process Model Quality to the Modeling Process: The
Impact of Structuring, Movement, and Speed. Accepted to 10th International Conference on
Business Process Management (BPM 2012)
P.J.M. Frederiks and Th.P. van der Weide: Information modeling: The process and the required
competencies of its participants. Data and Knowledge Engineering 58 (2006) 1, 4-20.
A. Hallerbach, T. Bauer and M. Reichert: Capturing Variability in Business Process Models: The
Provop Approach. Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice 22
(2010) 6–7, pp. 519–546.
J. Mendling: Metrics for Process Models: Empirical Foundations of Verification, Error Prediction
and Guidelines for Correctness, Springer, 2008.
J. Mendling: Empirical Studies in Process Model Verification. Transactions on Petri Nets and
Other Models of Concurrency II, Springer, 2009, pp. 208–224.
G. Miller: The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for
Processing Information. Psychological Review 63 (1956), pp. 81-87.
J. Mendling, H.A. Reijers and J. Recker, Activity Labeling in Process Modeling: Empirical Insights
and Recommendations, Information Systems 35 (2010) 4, pp. 467-482.
J. Mendling, H.M.W. Verbeek, B.F. van Dongen, W.M.P. van der Aalst and G. Neumann:
Detection and Prediction of Errors in EPCs of the SAP Reference Model, Data & Knowledge
Engineering 64 (2008) 1, pp. 312-329.
J. Pinggera, P. Soffer, S. Zugal, B. Weber, M. Weidlich, D. Fahland, H.A. Reijers and J. Mendling:
Modeling Styles in Business Process Modeling. In: Proc. BPMDS ’12 (accepted), 2012.
P. Rittgen, Quality and perceived usefulness of process models, In: Proc. SAC’10, 2010, pp. 65-
72.
A.-W. Scheer, ARIS - Business Process Modeling, 3rd ed., Springer 2000.
M. Soto, A. Ocampo and J. Munch: The Secret Life of a Process Description: A Look into the
Evolution of a Large Process Model, In: Proc. ICSP'08, 2008, pp. 257-268.
B. Weber and M. Reichert: Refactoring Process Models in Large Process Repositories In: Proc.
CAiSE'08 (2008), pp. 124-139.
B. Weber, M. Reichert, J. Mendling and H.A. Reijers: Refactoring Large Process Model
Repositories.. Computers and Industry 62(2011) 5, pp. 467-486.