CHAPTER 2 The Properties of

MatterSECTION 1

What Is Matter?By

Mr / Ismail Etman

• Matter :Anything that has mass and takes up

space.• Everything in the universe that you can see is made up of some type of matter.

• Look around you, and tell me!

• Volume :• A measure of the size of a body or region in three

dimensional. • The amount of space taken up, or occupied, by an

object.

•Note: • Because the objects have volume, they can not share

the same space at the same time.

•Liquid Volume :• The volume of any amount of liquid, from one raindrop to an entire ocean, can be expressed in the units:

• Liters (L).• Milliliters (mL).

• How can I measure the volume of liquids? • By using a graduated cylinder.

• The surface of the liquid is curved. • To measure the volume of the most of the liquids,

• Such as water, • You must look at the bottom of the meniscus.•Meniscus :

• The curve at a liquid's surface by which one measure the volume of the liquid.

• Volume of a regularly shaped solid object :• The volume of any solid object is expressed in cubic units.

• These objects such as the cubic, parallelogram.

• Cubic --- means " having three dimensions ".• Cubic units :

• Cubic meters (m3).• Cubic centimeters (cm3).

How can I measure the volume of a regularly shaped solid object?

Volume = length x width x height

How can I measure the volume of an irregularly shaped solid object?

• You can measure the solid object by measure the volume of water that the object displaces.

• Vsolid = Vo - Vt

• Mass :• The amount of the matter in the object.• Any object has more amount of matter, has more mass.

• Note:• The mass of an object is the same no matter where in the universe the object is located.

• Any change in the amount of the matter of an object causes change in its mass

Mass and Weight Mass

The amount of the matter in the object. The more you have mass, the greater the amount of matter. The mass is always constant for an object at any place in the

universe. The mass is expressed in units :

Kilograms (kg). Grams (g). Milligrams (mg).

Mass is measured by using a balance.

Weight

Weight is the force on an object due to gravity. The more you weigh, the greater the force. Weight is relative to the amount of gravity, the weight is not constant

for an object. The weight is expressed in units :

Newton (N). Mass is measured by using a spring scale.

Measuring Mass and Weight : • One newton is about equal the weight of an object that has a mass of 100 g on Earth.

1 N = 100 g 10 N = 1 Kg

• SO, it's easy for us, by knowing the mass of an object on the Earth, to calculate its weight, and vice versa.

• Solve problems…

Inertia:• The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.

• So, we can say that:• An object at rest will remain at rest until something

causes the object to move.• Also, a moving object will keep moving at the same speed,

and in the same direction unless something acts on the object to change its speed or direction.

Note :

Question:The mass of a certain object on Earth is 6.0 kg, and the weight of

the object 60 N. The force of gravity on the Moon is about one-sixth the force of gravity on Earth.

What are the approximate mass and approximate weight of the same object on the Moon?

a. mass - 1.0 kg; weight - 10 Nb. mass - 6.0 kg; weight - 10 Nc. mass - 6.0 kg; weight - 360 Nd. mass - 36.0 kg; weight - 360 N

CHAPTER 2 The Properties of

MatterSECTION 2

Physical Properties By

Mr / Ismail Etman

Physical properties of matter can be observed without changing the identity of the matter. 

Physical property is a characteristic of a substance that doesn't involve a chemical change.

 Examples of physical properties:  

1. Conductivity.-----< How heat or electricity moves through a substance2. State.-------< The physical form of matter (solid, liquid, or gas)3. Malleability.-------< The ability of a substance to be rolled into a shape 4. Ductility.-------< The ability of substance to be pulled into wire 5. Solubility .-------< The ability of a substance to dissolve6. Density. .-------< How compact a substance is7. Compressibility .-------< The ability to be squeezed or pressed together

Density :The amount of matter in a given space.

Why density is used to identify substances?Because the density of a substance is always the same at a given pressure and temperature.

Differences in density cause Liquid layers

• The most dense layer is on the bottom.

• The least dense layer is on top.

• If the density of an object is less than the density of water, the object will float.

• And also,• if the density of an object is more than density of water, it

will sink

Solving for density:• To find an object’s density (D):• 1. First measure each of: Mass (m) & Volume (V)• 2. Then use this equation:

Example: Calculating density what is the density of an object whose mass is 25 g and whose volume is 10 Cm3?Step 1: Write the equation for density. D = m / VStep 2: Replace (m) and (V) with the measurements given in the problem.Step 3: Solve. D = 25 g / 10 Cm3 =2.5 g/Cm3

D = M / V

Physical changes:• A physical change is a change that affects one or

more physical properties of a substance.

• Physical changes don’t form new substances.• Physical change is a change of matter from one form to another

without a change in chemical properties.

Examples of physical changes:1. Freezing water to make ice cubes:

Because ice is still water.

2. When certain substances dissolve in other substances.When you dissolve sugar in water, the sugar seems to disappear.

Questions:• Which phase change increases the volume of the sample the

greatest?• A. Solid Liquid• B. Gas Solid• C. Liquid Solid• D. Liquid Gas

• Mr. Watson's students brought him a cake on his birthday because he was their favorite teacher. Before he blew out the candles, however, he asked his class to name physical properties of the candles. All of the following responses are correct except one. Which of the following is NOT a physical property of the candles?

• A. The candles are blue. • B. The candles are 10 cm tall. • C. The candles are thin. • D. The candles are able to burn.

CHAPTER 2 The Properties of

MatterSECTION 3

Chemical Properties

By

Mr / Ismail Etman

Chemical Property: It describes a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance

that has different properties. It is a property of matter that describes a substance's ability to participate in

chemical reactions.

Examples Of Chemical Properties:

1)Flammability:• The ability of a substance to burn.• When wood is burned, ash and smoke are created. These new

substances have very different properties than the original piece of wood had.

• Wood has the chemical property of flammability.

Examples Of Chemical Properties:

2) Reactivity:• The ability of two or more substances to combine and form one or

more new substances.• The iron has the chemical property of reactivity with oxygen. • When iron is exposed to oxygen, it trusts.

Note: Chemical properties can be observed only when a chemical change happened.

o You can see that wood is flammable only while it is burning. o You can observe that gold is non-flammable only when it won’t burn.

Characteristic Properties: The properties that are most used in identifying a substance.

It can be physical properties:

• Such as density and solubility.

As well as chemical properties:

• Such as flammability and reactivity.

Chemical change:• A chemical change happens when one or more substances are changed into new

substances that have new and different properties.

Examples of chemical changes:

o Soured milk smells bad because bacteria have formed new substances in the milk.

o The statue of liberty is made of orange-brown copper but it looks green from the metal’s

interaction with air.

• A change of composition:• Water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.• whether water is a solid, liquid or gas its composition is the same.• so, physical changes don’t change the composition of a substance.

• through a process called electrolysis, water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gases.

• the composition of water has changed, so you know that a chemical change has taken place.

Signs of chemical changes:- Change in odor. - Sound.

- Color. - Light

- production of heat. - Foaming.

Note : Most chemical changes are not easily reversed.

o Because the composition does change.

Many physical changes are easily reversed. o Because the composition does not change.