the protestant reformation (1450-1565)storage.cloversites.com/.../documents/reformation.pdf · five...
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The Protestant Reformation (1450-1565)
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Key Concepts
• End of Religious Unity in the West.
• Split from the medieval church—its traditions, doctrine, practices and people
• Not the first attempt at reform, but first to go “viral.”
• Return to the Bible and biblical view of salvation.
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Five “solas”
• Sola scriptura – Scripture alone is the inspired and authoritative Word of God.
• Sola fide – Man is justified by faith alone.
• Sola gratia – Salvation comes by God’s grace alone.
• Sola Christus – Christ alone is the mediator between God and man.
• Sola Deo gloria – All glory is to be due to God alone.
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Other Reformation Ideas
• The Priesthood of All Believers • Reformed world and life view – All
vocations are pleasing to God. • “Protestant Work Ethic” • Separation of Church and State • Later emphasis on world missions. • Influence in Western governments,
parliament, congress, etc.
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Church Problems • Schemes to collect
money – Payments for ordinances – Sale of “Indulgences” for
the dead – Begging friars – Tithe on land – Bequeathing of property
• Corruption – 12-year old bishops – 3-year old popes – Moral decay – Illiterate priests – Money to monks by
politicians
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• European population was increasingly anti-clerical
• Absenteeism of church leaders
• Better educated, urban populace was more critical of the Church than rural peasantry
• Renaissance monarchs were growing impatient with the power of the Church
• Growing individualism
• Printing press, paper, outgrows Church control. (Gutenberg, 1450)
• Growing piety and religious zeal among European masses
Church Problems
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Church
Roman Catholic
Luther Lutheran
Henry VIII Anglican
Calvin Reformed
Simons Anabaptists
Knox Presbyterian
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• b. 1483
• 1505 – nearly struck by lightning. Considering it a punishment from God, he prayed to St. Anne, and promised to leave law school and become a monk.
• 1512 Ph.D in theology. Became professor at Univ of Wittenberg.
• Dominican friar Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1516
Martin Luther
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Martin Luther • He writes 95 Theses with his
ideas re justification by faith, authority of Scripture, & priesthood of all believers.
• Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. By aid of the press, the Theses spread through Germany in 2 weeks, through Europe in 2 months.
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1521, Diet of Worms – assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire. The Church condemned and Luther as a heretic and criminal with Emperor Charles V presiding.
Wartburg Castle – Luther goes into hiding at the Castle under the protection of Frederick III, Elector of Saxony. There, he translated the NT into German.
Martin Luther
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1523
Luther marries Katharina von Bora, a nun. He was 46, she was 26.
1526
Luther writes: “My Katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that I would not exchange my poverty for the riches of Croesus.”
1526
Organizes a non-Roman church.
Martin Luther
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1534
Luther finishes translation of OT into German.
1527
Luther writes A Mighty Fortress Is Our God and numerous other hymns, inspiring even J.S. Bach in his chorales.
Martin Luther
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• Henry VIII seeks a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, due to the lack of a male heir. The Church rejects the divorce. Due to meager English representation in the Catholic Church.
• Henry creates the Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it. It was a “political reformation” only at first.
• 1539 – Reformers persuade Henry to publish an English Bible.
England: King Henry VIII
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• B. 1509
• Trained as lawyer; more of a scholar than Luther
• 1530 -- From Luther’s influence, Calvin broke from Catholicism.
• 1536 – Flees to Basel, Switzerland, writing The Institutes of the Christian Religion at age 25. Pastors a church in Geneva in the same year.
France: John Calvin
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• Protestantism made illegal in France in 1534
• Persecution of the Huguenots; they flee to the Netherlands.
France
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Menno Simons & Anabaptists • Desire to return to the
primitive, first-century Church
• Ardent missionaries who were harassed for their zeal.
• Free will
• Adult “believer” baptism
• Social and economic equality
• Pacifism
• Stressed role of the Holy Spirit in the life of the believer— “inner light”
• Simplicity of life and millenarianism—living in the last days.
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Counter-Reformation
• Council of Trent (1545-1563)
• 1534 – The Society of Jesus (“Jesuits”)
Ignatius of Loyola
• The Inquisition
• Renewed religious emotionalism
Baroque Art
• Religious warfare and a new Bible