The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation

What does it mean to reform What does it mean to reform something? something?

Change!!!Change!!!

Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation

October 31, 1517October 31, 1517

What was the Protestant What was the Protestant Reformation?Reformation?

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation - a - a religious movement of the 16th religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches of Protestant churches

Long-Term CLong-Term CAUSESAUSES

PPOLITICALOLITICAL: Germany difficult to : Germany difficult to govern; German princes resented govern; German princes resented Pope’s authority & wanted Church Pope’s authority & wanted Church propertyproperty

EECONOMICCONOMIC: Many merchants : Many merchants resented sending their money to resented sending their money to the Church in Romethe Church in Rome

Long-Term CLong-Term CAUSES cont.AUSES cont.

RRELIGIOUSELIGIOUS: Worldly behavior of : Worldly behavior of Popes; many members of the Popes; many members of the clergy were engaged in corruption, clergy were engaged in corruption, abusing power. abusing power.

SSOCIALOCIAL: Renaissance ideas of : Renaissance ideas of secularism & individualism were in secularism & individualism were in conflict with Church’s teachings; conflict with Church’s teachings; Gutenberg’s printing pressGutenberg’s printing press

Short-TermShort-Term CCAUSESAUSES

Indulgences – paying to be Indulgences – paying to be forgiven forgiven

95 Theses – Martin Luther’s 95 Theses – Martin Luther’s arguments posted for arguments posted for discussiondiscussion

Diet of Worms (1521) – Diet of Worms (1521) – Luther declared a heretic Luther declared a heretic for not recantingfor not recanting

Life of Martin LutherLife of Martin Luther

Studying to be Studying to be a lawyer a lawyer

Had personal Had personal religious religious experience-fearexperience-fear

Became Became Priest/teacher Priest/teacher at the Church in at the Church in Wittenberg, Wittenberg, GermanyGermany

95 Theses95 Theses

A. Salvation through faith NOT good A. Salvation through faith NOT good works or indulgences (letters of works or indulgences (letters of pardon)pardon)

B. The Bible, not the pope, is the B. The Bible, not the pope, is the ultimate authorityultimate authority

C. All people who have faith are equal; C. All people who have faith are equal; therefore, there is no need for prieststherefore, there is no need for priests

D. Priests can marryD. Priests can marry

Life of Martin LutherLife of Martin Luther Excommunicated in 1520Excommunicated in 1520 Tried at Diet of Worms in 1521Tried at Diet of Worms in 1521

– ““Here I stand…”Here I stand…” Began a religious WarBegan a religious War

John CalvinJohn Calvin Huguenot (French Huguenot (French

Protestant Protestant Switzerland) agreed with Switzerland) agreed with Luther about faith not Luther about faith not worksworks

Predestination: God has Predestination: God has chosen a few “elect” chosen a few “elect” people to save – only people to save – only God knows who is saved God knows who is saved and who is notand who is not

Established a theocracy – Established a theocracy – a government controlled a government controlled by church leaders by church leaders (Geneva)(Geneva)

Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation

Society of Jesuits – Society of Jesuits – spread Catholicism spread Catholicism through education & through education & missionary workmissionary work

Reform papacy – Reform papacy – eliminate corruption & eliminate corruption & worldlinessworldliness

Council of Trent: Council of Trent: reaffirmed Catholic reaffirmed Catholic beliefs – 7 beliefs – 7 Sacraments, good Sacraments, good works, celibacyworks, celibacy

Jesuit founder:Jesuit founder:Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius of Loyola

Henry VIIIHenry VIII15291529

Wanted a divorce Wanted a divorce to produce an heirto produce an heir

Established the Established the Anglican Church Anglican Church (Church of England) (Church of England) with the Act of with the Act of Supremacy in 1534Supremacy in 1534

No real doctrinal No real doctrinal changeschanges

Elizabeth IElizabeth I1558-16031558-1603

Restored Protestantism in Restored Protestantism in England after “Bloody” England after “Bloody” Mary by compromising Mary by compromising between Catholics & between Catholics & ProtestantsProtestants

Elizabeth disliked and Elizabeth disliked and punished extreme punished extreme Protestants and extreme Protestants and extreme Catholics who tried to Catholics who tried to convert people to their convert people to their faiths.faiths.

Short-term EffectsShort-term Effects European wars & persecutionsEuropean wars & persecutions Religious Divisions in Western Religious Divisions in Western

EuropeEurope

Short-term EffectsShort-term EffectsCouncil of TrentCouncil of Trent

The Catholic- or Counter-The Catholic- or Counter-ReformationReformation

Long-term EffectsLong-term Effects

Protestant churches spring upProtestant churches spring up Political figures (kings) gain authority Political figures (kings) gain authority

over Churchover Church Independent city-states developIndependent city-states develop Absolute power of Catholic Church Absolute power of Catholic Church

brokenbroken Catholic Church stops abuses; Jesuits Catholic Church stops abuses; Jesuits

establish schools, & seek convertsestablish schools, & seek converts

Impact on the United Impact on the United States States

Years (80) later, the Years (80) later, the Pilgrims & Puritans Pilgrims & Puritans who followed John who followed John Calvin’s strict Calvin’s strict teachings thought the teachings thought the Anglican Church Anglican Church needed to be needed to be “purified”“purified”

Some left for the Some left for the Americas; others Americas; others stayed in England & stayed in England & rebelled against King rebelled against King Charles ICharles I

Branches of ChristianityBranches of Christianity

QuestionsQuestions What was the Protestant What was the Protestant

Reformation?Reformation? What was an economic cause?What was an economic cause? What was a political cause?What was a political cause? What was a social cause?What was a social cause? What was a religious cause?What was a religious cause?

QuestionsQuestions Who wrote the 95 Thesis? Who wrote the 95 Thesis? What were some criticisms of What were some criticisms of

the Catholic Church’s teachings?the Catholic Church’s teachings? Why was John Calvin important?Why was John Calvin important? Why were Henry VIII and Why were Henry VIII and

Elizabeth I important?Elizabeth I important? Why was Ignatius Loyola Why was Ignatius Loyola

important?important?

QuestionsQuestions What were some immediate What were some immediate

effects of the Reformation?effects of the Reformation? What were some long-term What were some long-term

effects of the Reformation?effects of the Reformation? What were some effects of the What were some effects of the

Reformation on America?Reformation on America?

VocabularyVocabulary

ReformationReformation ProtestantProtestant ThesesTheses IndulgenceIndulgence Peace of Peace of

AugsbergAugsberg

a. Money given to Church in a. Money given to Church in order to obtain forgivenessorder to obtain forgiveness

b. Scholarly arguments b. Scholarly arguments meant to invite debate meant to invite debate over a topicover a topic

c. Reform of Christian faith – c. Reform of Christian faith – early attempts were early attempts were unsuccessfulunsuccessful

d. After Charles V fought d. After Charles V fought German princes, each German princes, each prince could decide religionprince could decide religion

e. Christians who protested e. Christians who protested against the Catholic against the Catholic Church formed the 3Church formed the 3rdrd branch of Christianity branch of Christianity